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ESTABLISHING COST-EFFECTIVE WELLHEAD PROTECTION  ZONES TO CONTROL NITRATE POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURE ACTIVITIES   Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 12th International  Conference  on Environmental  Science and Technology 8 - 10 September 2011 Rhodes island, Greece  I. SIARKOS M. KATIRTZIDOU  D. LATINOPOULOS
Groundwater  Aquifers in a state of exhaustion   Pollution   because of  human activities  Difficult and slow diagnosis of pollution Two-stage methodological approach  ,[object Object],Measures Determination of protection zones Identification of potential pollution sources + Set of alternative scenarios Less expensive policy/cost-effective control + Major freshwater resource
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Moudania Basin Agricultural activities + Intensive irrigation Α)  Geographical features
Characteristics: Area:  127.22 km 2 Av.Altitude:  211m Av.Ground slope:  1.8% Types of rock:  loose & rocky formations ,[object Object],Loose formations More hydrological interest Α)  Geographical features
Assumptions a )  Constant pumping rate b )  Unaffected from nearby wells c )  Exclusive water supply 41  water-supply wells (8 .6 %  of total ) ,[object Object],B )  Water-supply wells
[object Object],C )  Agricultural activities
Equations used: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Where:  Q - well pumping rate K  - hydraulic conductivity b - saturated thickness of the aquifer  i - hydraulic gradient n e  - aquifer effective porosity  t  - time of travel  ,[object Object],Method Analytical Methods Uniform flow equations Darcy’s Law Criterion Time of Travel (ToT) A )  Theoretical framework
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],“ Time of Travel” limits Categories of protection zones Level of  protection A )  Theoretical framework
Delineation of Zone II ,[object Object],Agricultural pollution Diffuse source of pollution Inside this protection zone the use of both  pesticides  and  chemical   fertilizers   is prohibited A )  Theoretical framework
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Drinking water standards (50mg/l) (Council Directive 91/676/EEC) Wells selected Effect of cropping patterns Concentration of nitrates   Selection  criteria a)  Main crop type  in the land parcels around the well b) Results of  chemical analyses  of water samples B )  Well selection
[object Object],Well Area of zone II (m 2 ) Perimeter of zone II (m) W 8 58 , 690 1,059 W 23 15,150 477.3 W 40 45,690 909.2 C) Drawing of protection zones
[object Object],Rely mainly on financial indicators & voluntary participation of farmers   A) Alternative scenarios A. Expropriation  of land parcels & changes in land use zoning B. Set aside  (hold out of production) or  pumping restrictions  & farmers compensation C. Changes  in water irrigation technology D.  Cropping pattern changes in order to  reduce fertilizer  consumption E.  Adoption of  organic farming  (non-use of nitrogen fertilizer) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],1 st  step Identify initial cropping patterns ,[object Object],[object Object],B) Cropping patterns  Five  main crops ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],W8 ,[object Object],Protection Zone II   B) Cropping patterns (W8)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],W8 ,[object Object],Protection Zone II   High  implementation costs Environmentally – friendly irrigation method ( drip  irrigation) B) Cropping patterns (W8)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],W8 ,[object Object],No-nitrogen fertilizer application Protection Zone II   B) Cropping patterns (W8)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],W23 Low-income Annual Non-irrigated Protection Zone II   B) Cropping patterns (W23)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],W40 High-income Multiannual Irrigated Protection Zone II   B) Cropping patterns (W40)
[object Object],Scenario A Scenario B Scenario B1 Scenario B2 Compulsory purchase of agricultural land ( expropriation  of all parcels cultivated with  olive trees, apricot trees and wheat ) Pumping restrictions  to restrict the use of irrigation water in  olive and apricot trees   Set aside  for  wheat  production  C) Finally selected scenarios
(€/ha)   ,[object Object],Aim Cost  of compulsory  purchase  ( CP ) Eliminating the use of  fertilizers   Expropriation  &  compensation  to farmers   Current  value of agricultural land  Objective  (assessed) value   - ILV F : initial land value factor (Ministry of Finance) -  assessed value  of a non-irrigated, annual parcel of land  - R F : main cultivation factor - effect of  various annual or multiannual  crops on land values  - I F : irrigation water factor - effect of  irrigated or non-irrigated land  on their objective values  D) Cost estimates (Scenario A)
Compulsory purchase cost around the selected boreholes (total cost in Zone II) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Well ID number Cultivated Crop Cost of compulsory purchase  (€/ha) Total area  ( ha ) Total cost of Scenario A (€) W 8 Olive trees 45,360 2 . 05 1 9 3 . 033 W 23 Wheat 80,000 1 . 15 9 92 . 704 W 40 Olive trees 45 ,360 3 . 81 3 19 9 . 914 Apricot trees 5 1,840 0. 5 20 D) Cost estimates (Scenario A)
Regional agro-economic indicators Fertilizers Pesticides Water use Market cost Labor costs Crop yields  Crop prices Gross margin for irrigated and non-irrigated olive and apricot trees ,[object Object],Objective Implementation cost Minimize the  nitrate  pollution  Pumping restrictions   &  compensation  to farmers   Difference  in  gross margin  between  irrigated and dry farming  conditions  Compensation  to farmers due to  income losses Costs Annual income loss   (dry farming conditions) Olive trees  €915/ha Apricot trees €3306/ha E) Cost estimates (Scenario B1)
Only applied to wheat cultivation  (low income, annual, non irrigated crop)   ,[object Object],Objective Implementation cost Minimize the  nitrate  pollution  Set aside  &  compensation to farmers   Total income losses  of farmers Abandon their business for a number of years B2 scenario cost > B1 scenario cost Annual income loss   (set aside policy) Wheat € 235.6/ha   F) Cost estimates (Scenario B2)
Discount future implementation costs to a present value ,[object Object],Scenario A  form of a lump sum payment Scenario B  form of “annual costs”  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],G) Cost estimates (Scenario B) ,[object Object]
Implementation cost of pumping restrictions and set aside  ( total cost in Zone II )  ,[object Object],r   Well ID Number Cultivated crop Area  ( ha ) Implementation cost  (€/ha) according to the time period Total implementation cost in  Zone II (€) 20  years 3 0  years 4 0  years 20  years 3 0  years 4 0  years Scenario B 1 :  Pumping restrictions in W 8  and W 40 2% W 8 Olive trees 2 . 05 1 15 , 0 00 20 , 5 00 36 , 6 00 30 , 668 42 , 006 75 , 023 W 40 Olive trees 3 . 81 3 15 ,00 0 20 , 5 00 36 ,600 85 , 108 116 , 572 186 , 47 5 Apricot trees 0.520 54 , 1 00 74 ,00 0 90 , 4 00 4% W 8 Olive trees 2 . 05 1 12 , 4 00 15 , 8 00 18 , 1 00 25 , 489 32 , 432 37 , 12 3 W 40 Olive trees 3 . 81 3 12 , 4 00 15 , 8 00 18 , 1 00 70 , 737 90 , 004 103 , 020 Apricot trees 0.520 44 , 9 00 57 , 2 00 65 , 4 00   Scenario B 2 :  Set aside policy in W 23 2% W 23 Wheat 1 . 15 9 3 , 9 00 5 , 3 00 6 , 4 00 4 , 464 6 , 114 7 , 468 4% W 23 Wheat 1 . 15 9 3,21 0 4 , 1 00 4 , 7 00 3 , 7 20 4 , 721 5 , 40 4 G) Cost estimates (Scenario B)
[object Object],Well W23 Scenario A Scenario B r   Well ID Number Cultivated crop Area  ( ha ) Total implementation cost in Zone II (€) 20  years 3 0  years 4 0  years 2% W 8 Olive trees 2 . 05 1 30 , 668 42 , 006 75 , 023 W 40 Olive trees 3 . 81 3 85 , 108 116 , 572 186 , 47 5 Apricot trees 0.520 4% W 8 Olive trees 2 . 05 1 25 , 489 32 , 432 37 , 12 3 W 40 Olive trees 3 . 81 3 70 , 737 90 , 004 103 , 020 Apricot trees 0.520 2% W 23 Wheat 1 . 15 9 4 , 464 6 , 114 7 , 468 4% W 23 Wheat 1 . 15 9 3 , 7 20 4 , 721 5 , 40 4 Well ID number Cultivated Crop Total area  ( ha ) Total cost of Scenario A (€) W 8 Olive trees 2 . 05 1 9 3 . 033 W 23 Wheat 1 . 15 9 92 . 704 W 40 Olive trees 3 . 81 3 19 9 . 914 Apricot trees 0. 5 20 ,[object Object],Set aside policy  is by far  the most cost effective measure  in  W23
[object Object],Wells W8 & W40 Pumping restrictions  seems to be the most economically advantageous in  W8 & W40   Scenario A Scenario B r   Well ID Number Cultivated crop Area  ( ha ) Total implementation cost in Zone II (€) 20  years 3 0  years 4 0  years 2% W 8 Olive trees 2 . 05 1 30 , 668 42 , 006 75 , 023 W 40 Olive trees 3 . 81 3 Apricot trees 0.520 85 , 108 116 , 572 186 , 47 5 4% W 8 Olive trees 2 . 05 1 25 , 489 32 , 432 37 , 12 3 W 40 Olive trees 3 . 81 3 Apricot trees 0.520 70 , 737 90 , 004 103 , 020 2% W 23 Wheat 1 . 15 9 4 , 464 6 , 114 7 , 468 4% W 23 Wheat 1 . 15 9 3 , 7 20 4 , 721 5 , 40 4 Well ID number Cultivated Crop Total area  ( ha ) Total cost of Scenario A (€) W 8 Olive trees 2 . 05 1 9 3 . 033 W 23 Wheat 1 . 15 9 92 . 704 W 40 Olive trees 3 . 81 3 19 9 . 914 Apricot trees 0. 5 20 ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],Not always an easy task Determined by many factors ,[object Object],Objectives of this study Exploration of all alternative scenarios Protect water supply wells from pollution Economic valuation of some of these scenarios ,[object Object],[object Object]
“ When you drink the water, remember the spring”

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Wellhead protection zones

  • 1. ESTABLISHING COST-EFFECTIVE WELLHEAD PROTECTION ZONES TO CONTROL NITRATE POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURE ACTIVITIES Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 12th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology 8 - 10 September 2011 Rhodes island, Greece I. SIARKOS M. KATIRTZIDOU D. LATINOPOULOS
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  • 29. “ When you drink the water, remember the spring”