The document discusses exploration of the ocean. It notes that while the ocean covers over 70% of the planet, over 80% of it remains unmapped and unexplored. Currently, less than 10% of the global ocean is mapped using modern sonar technology. NOAA is leading efforts to explore unknown regions of the ocean through scientific expeditions and hydrographic surveys to create nautical charts. The document also provides facts about the vastness and importance of oceans as well as 10 unusual deep sea creatures.

1. SCIENCE
Denyze Claire F. Gorre
Grade 8 – Red Lauan

2. Into the Depths
How much of the ocean have we explored?
The ocean is the lifeblood of Earth, covering more than 70
percent of the planet's surface, driving weather, regulating
temperature, and ultimately supporting all living organisms.
Throughout history, the ocean has been a vital source of
sustenance, transport, commerce, growth, and inspiration.
Yet for all of our reliance on the ocean, more than eighty
percent of this vast, underwater realm remains unmapped,
unobserved, and unexplored.

3. • Given the high degree of difficulty and cost in exploring our
ocean using underwater vehicles, researchers have long relied
on technologies such as sonar to generate maps of the
seafloor.
• Currently, less than ten percent of the global ocean is mapped
using modern sonar technology. For the ocean and coastal
waters of the United States, only about 35 percent has been
mapped with modern methods.

4. • NOAA’s Office of Ocean Exploration and Research is leading
efforts to explore the ocean by supporting expeditions to
investigate and document its unknown and little known
regions. These expeditions are led by scientist-explorers
equipped with the latest exploration tools.
• Meanwhile, NOAA's Office of Coast Survey explores the ocean
in a different way, employing hydrographic surveys to
generate nautical charts. Since the mid-1830s, the U.S. Coast
Survey (a NOAA predecessor agency) has been the nation’s
nautical chartmaker. Today, Coast Survey is still responsible for
creating and maintaining all charts of U.S. coastal waters, the
Great Lakes, and waters surrounding U.S. territories.

5. DID YOU KNOW?
• 1. Our oceans cover more than 70 per cent of the Earth’s surface.
• With so much of the Earth’s surface taken up by ocean, it’s evident how vital these marine
environments are to the planet, and how much there still is to be explored.
• 2. The majority of life on Earth is aquatic.
• As so much of the Earth’s surface is underwater, it comes as no surprise that marine species
outnumber those on land. But, it’s an incredible 94 per cent of the Earth’s living species
that exist within the oceans.
• 3. Less than five per cent of the planet’s oceans have been explored.
• According to the Ocean Service, man has explored less than five per cent of Earth’s oceans.
As researchers strive to discover more, we’re continually getting to know our oceans better.
• 4. The world’s longest mountain chain is underwater.
• Earth’s longest chain of mountains, the Mid-Ocean Ridge, is almost entirely beneath the
ocean, stretching across a distance of 65,000 kilometres. It’s said that this mountain chain is
less explored than the surface of Venus or Mars.
• 6. We still only know a fraction of the marine species in our oceans.
• According to the World Register of Marine Species there are now 240,470 accepted species,
but this is believed to be just a small proportion of the species that exist, with new marine
life being discovered everyday.

6. • An underwater canyon
• 7. Over 70 per cent of our planet’s oxygen is produced by the ocean.
• It’s thought that between 70 and 80 per cent of the oxygen we breathe is
produced by marine plants, nearly all of which are marine algae.
• 8. It’s possible to find rivers and lakes beneath the ocean.
• When salt water and hydrogen sulfide combine, it becomes denser than the rest
of the water around it, enabling it to form a lake or river that flows beneath the
sea.
• a sea shell on the shore of a beach
• 9. Around 50 per cent of the US lies beneath the ocean.
• Not only does a large part of the planet exist beneath the ocean, so does the
United States – around 50 per cent, in fact.
• 10. The Pacific Ocean is the world’s largest ocean and contains around 25,000
islands.
• With 25,000 islands lying within it, the Pacific Ocean has more islands than
anywhere else on the planet.
• Through projects like Shark Savers and Surfrider, the TreadRight Foundation
champions the importance of our planet’s oceans, which we at Trafalgar support
wholeheartedly through our JoinTrafalgar initiatives.

7. Here are 10 weird sea creatures
that live into the ocean depths
1. RED HANDFISH
- he red handfish is distinguished by its
small, flattened wart-like protuberances
that cover its body and red coloration.
Two color morphs exist, a bright red
morph with red color on both body and
fins, with a black line separating the
white fin edges and a mottled morph
with pink body covered in many red
patches, with translucent pink fins
expressing some bright red patches.
- They measure an average standard
length of 61.4 mm (2.4 in) and an average
total length of 80.1 mm (3.2 in).[2] Like
other handfishes, they have large
developed pectoral fins, which they use
to walk along the sea floor.

8. 2. ANGLER FISH
• The anglerfish are fish of the teleost
order Lophiiformes .They are bony
fish named for its characteristic mode
of predation, in which a modified fin
ray (the esca or illicium) that can be
luminescent acts as a lure for other
fish.
• Anglerfish occur worldwide. Some
are pelagic (dwelling away from the
sea floor), while others are benthic
(dwelling close to the sea floor).
Some live in the deep sea (such as
the Ceratiidae), while others on the
continental shelf, such as the
frogfishes and the Lophiidae
(monkfish or goosefish).

9. 3. FRILLED SHARK
• The frilled shark
(Chlamydoselachus anguineus)
and the southern African frilled
shark (Chlamydoselachus
africana) are the two extant
species of shark in the family
Chlamydoselachidae. The frilled
shark is considered a living fossil,
because of its primitive,
anguilliform (eel-like) physical
traits, such as a dark-brown color,
amphistyly (the articulation of
the jaws to the cranium), and a
2.0 m (6.6 ft)–long body, which
has dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins
located towards the tail. The
common name, frilled shark,
derives from the fringed
appearance of the six pairs of gill
slits at the shark's throat.

10. 4. PACIFIC VIPER FISH
• The Pacific viperfish, Chauliodus
macouni, is a predatory fish that lives
in the bathyal zone or bathypelgic,
ranging from 1000m-4000m and
having an average temperature of 4
degrees Celsius. However, the pacific
viperfish has been found in the
mesopelagic region, above the.
• The main fish they feed on are
myctophids, or otherwise known as
lanternfish.The pacific viperfish is one
of the nine different species that
belong to the genus Chauliodus or
Viperfish. The pacific viperfish tend to
be the largest of the species,typically
reaching lengths of up to 1 foot and
are considered an example of deep-
sea gigantism.

11. 5. BARRELEYE FISH
• The barreleye was first described
in 1939, but remained a mystery
to scientists until 2009, when
they discovered that its large,
tubular eyes could actually rotate
inside of its head. This rotational
ability allows them to look
upward for potential prey or face
forward to see what it is eating.
• Since barreleyes live at such
depths where there is hardly any
light, their tubular eyes help
them use whatever faint
amounts of light drift down to
them. They also have two spots
above their mouths which are
called nares, analogous to human
nostrils.

12. 6. BOUGAINVILLIA SUPERCILIARIS
• These bioluminescent sea
creatures create their own light
in the darkness. They either live
solitary lives or in colonies, and
eat through filter-feeding.
• This hydromedusae relates to
сircumpolar Arctic-boreal
species. It is found in the seas of
the Arctic basin (Barents sea,
Kara sea, Bering sea), in north
Atlantic, in the North Pacific.In
the White sea this jellyfish is
ubiquitous, but more numerous
in shallow water lips. Polypoid
generation in the White sea
practically is poorly investigated.

13. 7. SPAGHETTI MONSTER
• This noodle-like beast,
Bathyphysa conifer, was
seen off the coast of
Angola in 2015 by workers
at the oil and gas company
BP.
• The workers were
collecting video footage at
a depth of about 4,000 feet
(1,220 meters) underwater
when they spotted what
they said reminded them
of the deity of the Church
of the Flying Spaghetti
Monster.

14. 8. RED VAMPIRE SQUID
• In Latin, the name of this
cephalopod — which is neither a
squid nor an octopus — is even
more sinister. Its scientific name,
Vampyroteuthis infernalis, means
"vampire squid from hell."
• But the vampire squid, found in
the inky depths of the
mesopelagic zone (about 3,300
feet below the ocean's surface),
is gentler than its appellation
indicates. Unlike its namesake, it
doesn't feed on blood. Instead,
this creature subsists on "marine
snow," decaying organic material
that falls to the ocean floor —
kind of like the dead leaves that
litter forests.

15. 9. SARCASTIC FRINGEHEAD
• Native to the northeast
Pacific Ocean near
California and Baja
California, the sarcastic
fringehead is a kind of tube
blenny, a type of small fish
that burrows in tube-like
structures created by other
creatures.
• Sarcastic fringeheads
primarily gorge on squid
eggs, but scientists believe
that the males' oversized
mouths may impede upon
their ability to feed.

16. 10. BLOBFISH
• Named the "world's ugliest
animal" in an online poll
conducted by a British
organization called the Ugly
Animal Preservation Society, the
blobfish belongs to the fathead
sculpin family — a group of fish
that dwells in the Atlantic, Pacific,
and Indian Oceans at depths
ranging from 330 to 9,200 feet.
• The most famous blobfish, Mr.
Blobby, was discovered in 2003
off the coast of New Zealand and
has inspired everything from
plush toys to emoji. Preserved in
ethyl alcohol, Mr. Blobby's final
resting place is at the Australian
Museum in Sydney.