The document provides an overview of key concepts in Buddhism, including: 1) Buddhism is not a religion in the traditional sense as it does not involve worship of a god, but can be considered a religion as it is a way of life focused on ethics, psychology, and spiritual awakening. 2) Central to Buddhism is the teachings of Buddha, especially the Four Noble Truths about the nature of suffering and its causes, and the Eightfold Path to end suffering. 3) Other important concepts discussed include karma, samsara, nirvana, anatman, and the three jewels of Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha.

1. WEEK 5: INTRODUCTION TO BUDDHISM DR. DORIS R. JAKOBSH

2. IS BUDDHISM A RELIGION? NO ‘GOD-NOTION’ NO CREATOR NO ULTIMATE REALITY TO WORSHIP

3. BUT: ALLOWING FOR A DIFFERENT VOCABULARY NON-THEISTIC THEN BUDDHISM IS A RELIGION

4. ESSENCE: Buddhism is a way of life Ethical Psychological Philosophy of BECOMING/AWAKENING

5. BUDDHIST ALTARS Do not focus on an archetypal hero Mother, father image Rather, a psychological state Profound meditation Warm compassion Fury against illusion

6. Buddha under Bodhi Tree, Sri Lanka

7. Gal Vihara, Polannaruwa. The Buddha is dying

10. THAI WALKING BUDDHA

12. 1993 CHICAGO PARLIAMENT OF THE WORLD RELIGIONS “ The Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was not God or a god. He was a human being who attained full enlightenment through meditation and showed us the path of spiritual awakening and freedom. Therefore, Buddhism is not a religion of God. Buddhism is a religion of wisdom, enlightenment and compassion. Like the worshippers of God who believe that salvation is available to all through confession of sin and a life a prayer, we Buddhists believe that salvation and enlightenment are available to all through the removal of delusion and a life of meditation/ However, unlike those who believe in God who is separate from us, Buddhists believe that Buddha, which means ‘one who is awake and enlightened’ is inherent in us all as Buddhanature or Buddhamind.”

13. BUDDHA AND ‘ULTIMATE QUESTIONS’ Nature of the soul Life after death Origin of the universe NOT ADDRESSED

14. “ BEING RELIGIOUS AND FOLLOWING DHARMA HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH DOGMA THAT THE WORLD IS ETERNAL. FOR WHETHER THE WORLD IS ETERNAL OR OTHERWISE, BIRHT, OLD AGE, DEATH, SORROW, PAIN, MISERY, GRIEF AND DESPAIR EXIST. I AM CONCERNED WITH THE EXTINCTION OF THESE.”

15. ANALOGY: BUDDHA TEACHINGS = RAFT SHORE = NIRVANA BUT: THE SHORE IS NOT DESCRIBED MAKE-UP OF RAFT IS THE BUDDHA’S TEACHINGS

16. DEER PARK SERMON Four Noble Truths ‘Middle Way’

17. “ THERE ARE 2 EXTREMES, MONKS, WHICH ARE TO BE AVOIDED. WHAT ARE THESE 2 EXTREMES? A LIFE GIVEN TO PLEASURES, DEDICATED TO PLEASURES AND LUSTS – THIS IS DEGRADING, SENSUAL, VULGAR, UNWORTHY AND USELESS. AND A LIFE GIVEN TO SELF-TORTURE – THIS IS PAINFUL, UNWORTHY, AND USELESS. BY AVOIDING THESE 2 EXTREMES, MONKS, I HAVE GAINED THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE MIDDLE PATH, WHICH LEADS TO INSIGHT, WHICH LEADS TO WISDOM, WHICH PRODUCES CALM, KNOWLEDGE, ENLIGHTENMENT AND NIRVANA.”

18. FIRST NOBLE TRUTH: LIFE INEVITABLY INVOLVES SUFFERING: Imperfect Illness Hateful Separation

19. SECOND NOBLE TRUTH: THE ORIGIN OF SUFFERING IS OUR DESIRES: Grasping for pleasure Grasping for becoming Grasping for sensual delight Grasping for what we don’t have

20. THIRD NOBLE TRUTH: SUFFERING WILL STOP WHEN DESIRES ARE STOPPED: When the ‘grasping’ stops Elimination of passions

21. FOURTH NOBLE TRUTH: THERE IS A WAY TO GET TO THIS POINT: THE EIGHTFOLD PATH

22. 1) RIGHT UNDERSTANDING Understanding reality through the Four Noble Truths Seeing through illusions

23. 2) RIGHT THOUGHT/MOTIVES Uncover ‘unwholesome’ emotional roots that guide our thinking Discover and weed out Only then do we become free from self-centredness

24. 3) RIGHT SPEECH VS. - Vain talk, gossip, harsh words, lying Communication must further truth and harmony Including ‘self-talk’: “May you be well and happy today…”

25. 4) RIGHT ACTION FIVE RULES OF MORAL CONDUCT: DO NOT DESTROY LIFE DO NOT STEAL AVOID SEXUAL MISCONDUCT DO NOT LIE DO NOT USE INTOXICANTS ABOVE ALL: ALL ACTIONS SHOULD BE BASED ON CLEAR UNDERSTANDING

26. MONKEYS TAKE CARE OF THE TREES, STORY

27. 5) RIGHT LIVELIHOOD How one makes their living One’s work should not harm others

28. 6) RIGHT EFFORT Refers to the constant effort that must be put into achieving these goals IT TAKES EFFORT!

29. 7) RIGHT MINDFULNESS The way to liberation is through the mind “ CHECK YOUR MIND BE ON GUARD PULL YOURSELF OUT LIKE AN ELEPHANT FROM THE MUD.”

30. 8) RIGHT MEDITATION Applying mental discipline to quiet the mind THE MIND IS SUBTLE, INVISIBLE, AND TREACHEROUS USE SKILFUL MEANS TO SEE AND UNDERSTAND ITS NATURE

31. KARMA: CAUSE OF NEXT LIFE = KARMA

32. ANATMAN, SKANDHAS ANATMAN - No soul to be reborn; no permanent reality SKANDHAS – aggregates

33. KARMA: ANALOGY Candle analogy Domino analogy

34. SAMSARA Worldly phenomena Life, suffering, decay, death, painful rebirth

35. NIRVANA “ No suffering for him Who is free from sorrow Free from the fetters of life Free in everything he does He has reached the end of his road… Like a bird invisibly flying in the sky He lives without possessions Knowledge his food, freedom his world While others wonder… He has found freedom – Peaceful his thinking, peaceful his speech Peaceful his deed, tranquil his mind.”

36. Anuradhapura, Sri Lankan Stupa

37. TIBETAN CHORTEN/STUPA

38. MAITREYA BUDDHA/FUTURE, UNIVERSAL BUDDHA

39. SAMGHA: ORIGINS (samgha = community/followers) Initially samgha = 5 ascetics Set in motion the ‘wheel of dharma/dhamma’ ANYONE could be part of the Buddha’s group

40. 10 PRECEPTS Refrain from taking life (ahimsa) Do not take what is not given Chastity Do not lie or deceive Do not take intoxicants Consume food in moderation; never after noon Do not partake in public spectacles (dancing, singing) Do not ornament your body Do not recline on wide or high beds Do not accept gold or silver

41. MONASTICS VS LAY PEOPLE ONLY FIRST FIVE PRECEPTS FOR LAY FOLLOWERS ALL TEN FOR MONKS AND NUNS

42. THE ‘ORDER’ AND WOMEN Women included since time of Buddha YET, some hesitation Lesser order Different, subordinate rules guiding them

43. THREE JEWELS/THREE REFUGES I TAKE REFUGE IN THE BUDDHA I TAKE REFUGE IN THE DHARMA I TAKE REFUGE IN THE SAMGHA

44. “ Come, bhiksu/bhikhuni (monk, nun)”

45. WHAT CONSTITUTES THE SAMGHA? WHO IS ‘WORTHY’? Order of monks and nuns came to be viewed as ‘ideal’ Laypeople came to be viewed as the inferior way LED TO MAHAYANA AND THERAVADA DIVISION