This document provides information about understanding dust explosions and selecting an appropriate basis of safety. It discusses the key conditions required for a dust explosion to occur and important properties of dusts that influence explosion hazards like minimum ignition energy, minimum ignition temperature, and particle size. The document emphasizes that eliminating fuel suspensions, removing ignition sources, and preventing secondary dust explosions are important considerations for selecting explosion prevention as a basis of safety.
Flare radiation-mitigation-analysis-of-onshore-oil-gas-production-refining-fa...Anchal Soni
The main objective of this paper is to calculate the sterile area around an existing vertical flare of length 112 meters, located in an onshore facility and evaluate whether the current design is acceptable during a General Power Failure (GPF) scenario. The sterile area will be calculated at an elevation of 2m, which represents the typical head height for personnel.
Flare radiation-mitigation-analysis-of-onshore-oil-gas-production-refining-fa...Anchal Soni
The main objective of this paper is to calculate the sterile area around an existing vertical flare of length 112 meters, located in an onshore facility and evaluate whether the current design is acceptable during a General Power Failure (GPF) scenario. The sterile area will be calculated at an elevation of 2m, which represents the typical head height for personnel.
Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...Aniruddha Kulkarni
The explosion properties of our fuel like gasses, vapors, combustible dusts have been studied and organized by their flammability limits and ignition temp etc in order to suitably assess the potential of an explosion and to take appropriate preventative measures to avoid an explosion.
Standard Test for Smoke Point for Kerosene and Aviation Turbine fuel, ASTM 13...Student
Standard Test for Smoke Point for Kerosene and Aviation Turbine fuel, ASTM 1322-97, IP 57/95
The smoke point is the maximum flame height in millimeters at which kerosene will burn without smoking, tested under standard conditions, this test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosene and aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.
Prepared By Yasir Al-Beatiy
MIE (without inductance) simulates a purely capacitive electrostatic discharge such as from isolated conductors in an industrial situation. MIE (with inductance) simulates longer duration discharges as the introduction of the inductor into the circuit, delays the spark discharge to earth, hence this corresponds to MECHANICAL SPARK SENSITIVITY.
Dated 2/2/2009 - Overview for the kinds of industries where Combustible Dust Hazards are an issue. Also, recommendations for prevention and mitigation along with how to test to see if a specific manufacturing facility has a problem with either their raw ingredients, byproducts/scrap, and/or finished goods.
Also available going to following url:
http://sache.org/links.asp
Albert V. Condello III
Univ of Houston Downtown
Looking for a reliable hepa filter cleanroom pharmaceutical setup and the semiconductor industry? Look no further than SBRG Cleantech. Our expertise ensures a pristine and controlled environment for your semiconductor operations. Contact us today for top-notch cleanroom solutions.
A safety procedure is a step by step plan of how to perform a work procedure. This is used in cases where deviation from the procedure could lead to injury or accident.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...Aniruddha Kulkarni
The explosion properties of our fuel like gasses, vapors, combustible dusts have been studied and organized by their flammability limits and ignition temp etc in order to suitably assess the potential of an explosion and to take appropriate preventative measures to avoid an explosion.
Standard Test for Smoke Point for Kerosene and Aviation Turbine fuel, ASTM 13...Student
Standard Test for Smoke Point for Kerosene and Aviation Turbine fuel, ASTM 1322-97, IP 57/95
The smoke point is the maximum flame height in millimeters at which kerosene will burn without smoking, tested under standard conditions, this test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosene and aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.
Prepared By Yasir Al-Beatiy
MIE (without inductance) simulates a purely capacitive electrostatic discharge such as from isolated conductors in an industrial situation. MIE (with inductance) simulates longer duration discharges as the introduction of the inductor into the circuit, delays the spark discharge to earth, hence this corresponds to MECHANICAL SPARK SENSITIVITY.
Dated 2/2/2009 - Overview for the kinds of industries where Combustible Dust Hazards are an issue. Also, recommendations for prevention and mitigation along with how to test to see if a specific manufacturing facility has a problem with either their raw ingredients, byproducts/scrap, and/or finished goods.
Also available going to following url:
http://sache.org/links.asp
Albert V. Condello III
Univ of Houston Downtown
Looking for a reliable hepa filter cleanroom pharmaceutical setup and the semiconductor industry? Look no further than SBRG Cleantech. Our expertise ensures a pristine and controlled environment for your semiconductor operations. Contact us today for top-notch cleanroom solutions.
A safety procedure is a step by step plan of how to perform a work procedure. This is used in cases where deviation from the procedure could lead to injury or accident.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
1. A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
UNDERSTANDING
DUST EXPLOSIONS
Consultancy
Training
Testing
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
COURSE OBJECTIVES
On completion of the course you will learn:
} To understand various conditions of dust explosion
} To understand relevance of various powder properties to dust
explosion
} To understand different available Basis of Safety including
Explosion Prevention, Removal of Ignition Sources and Explosion
Protection.
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
INTRODUCTION
SIGMA-HSE (INDIA) PVT. LTD.
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
AREAS OF EXPERTISE
} We bring together our Indian and UK experts to provide our clients
with EHS services and appropriate engineering solutions.
} We undertake Laboratory testing in our UK laboratories to ISO, BSI
ASTM and VDI individual test standards.
Consultancy Testing Training
2. A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
OUR PRESENCE
} Technical Offices
¾ New Delhi, India
¾ Mumbai, India
¾ Winchester, UK
¾ Abu Dhabi, UAE
} Laboratories
¾ Process Safety Lab, Winchester, UK
¾ The Environmental Laboratory (ELAB), UK
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
CONSULTANCY SERVICES
Our Consultancy team provides a wide range of specialist technical knowledge
covering the following sectors:
} Process Safety Management (PSM) Implementation
} Industrial Fire & Explosion Hazards
} Electrostatic Hazard Assessment
} Process Hazard Analysis (PHA)
} Functional Safety
} Chemical Reaction Hazards
} Training Workshops
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
LABORATORY TESTING
} Powder Fire & Explosion Properties
} Gas and Vapor Properties
} Electrostatic Properties
} Chemical Reaction Hazard Testing
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
SOME INCIDENTS
CTA Acoustics Explosion, Feb 2003
Imperial Sugar Explosion, Feb 2008
Aluminium Dust Explosion, Oct 2003
Do companies really understand the hazards?
It is incidents that reveal the real hazard
But it only happens to other people!! Well… !!
3. A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
DUST EXPLOSION STATISTICS
CSB presented preliminary data indicating, there have
been 197 Dust Explosion incidents in the United States
since 1980 till 2005, causing 109 fatalities and 592 injuries.
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
ATEX INTENTION
To provide a coherent focus for controlling risks from
} substances with flammable, explosive and oxidising properties. Today ATEX
also covers Corrosives and compressed gases
} substances which can create potentially explosive atmospheres
} controlling work activities involving other substances that could create a
fire, explosion
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
No Minimum Amount
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
CONDITIONS FOR DUST
EXPLOSION
4. A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
CONDITIONS FOR EXPLOSION
Oxidant
Confinement
Mixing
Fuel Ignition source
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
CONDITIONS FOR A DUST EXPLOSION
}Dust must be flammable/ combustible and airborne to form a cloud.
}Concentration must be within explosible limits.
}Particle size distribution should be capable of propagating flame.
}The atmosphere need to support combustion.
}Energy related to the ignition source must be sufficient.
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
IS A DUST FLAMMABLE
} Approximately 70 % of organic powders will
form a flammable atmosphere when dispersed
in air.
¾ Group A powder is FLAMMABLE
¾ Group B powder is NON-FLAMMABLE
} The A/B test only assesses whether a material
is flammable as a dust cloud, it does not
address whether a material is thermally stable
nor whether it can be ignited in a bulk
situation by an external ignition source.
erial
table
Flammable Organic Compounds
70% Flammable 30% Non Flammable
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
FLAMMABILITY DATA
Powders & Dusts
• Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE)
• Minimum Ignition Temperature (MIT)
• Layer Ignition Temperature (LIT)
• Pmax, Kst, St Class
• Minimum Explosive Concentration (MEC)
• Limiting Oxygen Concentration (LOC)
• Burning Behaviour
• Resistivity
• Charge Relaxation Time
• Thermal Stability
5. A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE)
} MIE is lowest spark energy spark that can ignite
the optimum mixture of fuel (dust) when
dispersed in air.
} For electrostatic ignition risk analysis, the spark
is generated using a pure capacitive discharge.
} For mechanical ignition risk analysis the spark is
generated using an inductive discharge
(Minimum Ignition Temperature (MIT) value
also required).
} Any ignition source with an energy greater than
the materials MIE, is capable of providing
ignition to the flammable atmosphere.
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE)
} Starch
} GRP Dust
} Sugar
} Aluminium
} Paracetamol
Blend
100 - 300 mJ
30 - 100 mJ
10 - 30 mJ
3 – 10 mJ
1 – 3 mJ
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
Minimum Ignition Temperature (MIT)
} MIT is lowest surface temperature
that can ignite the optimum
mixture of fuel (dust), when
dispersed in air.
} MIT is “AIT” for dusts
} MIT is used for both establishing
the maximum permitted surface
temperatures of electrical and non
electrical equipment (with LIT
value) and used with an inductive
MIE value for mechanical spark risk
analysis.
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
} Ceramic Dust
} GRP Dust
} Starch
} API
} Sulphur
760 °C
560 °C
430 °C
300 °C
200 °C
Minimum Ignition Temperature (MIT)
6. A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
Layer Ignition Temperature (LIT)
} LIT is lowest surface temperature
that can ignite a 5 mm layer of
material.
} LIT is used for establishing the
maximum permitted surface
temperatures of electrical and
non electrical equipment (with
MIT value).
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
Layer Ignition Temperature (LIT)
} Pesticide 270°C
} Lycopodium 290 °C
} Wood Fibre 330 °C
} Aluminium > 400 °C
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
20 Litre Sphere - Explosion Severity
} PmaxMaximum explosion pressure
measured
} Kst Dust Constant (calculated from the
maximum rate of pressure rise (dP/dt)max
} Explosion severity data is required when
an explosion protection system (venting,
suppression or containment) is used or
proposed to be used as a ‘Basis of Safety’.
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
St Class
DUST TYPE Kst
} Flour 87
} Starch 150
} Aspirin 217
} Pigment 286
} Aluminum 650
7. A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
Minimum Explosive Concentration (MEC)
} MEC is the minimum quantity of dust,
dispersed in air that is required to form a
flammable atmosphere.
} MEC is measured in the 20L sphere.
} Sometimes the MEC is referred to as the LEL
(Lower Flammable Limit)
} However, as dust clouds are not
homogenous, localised areas within a
dispersed dust cloud (below the materials
MEC) may still give rise to flammable
concentrations.
25
w
< ---- 2 m
---- >
40 g/m3 Coal
Dust
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
Limiting Oxygen Concentration (LOC)
} LOC is the maximum concentration of oxygen in a mixture of
dispersed combustible dust, air and inert gas, in which an
explosion will not occur
} Generally higher than for gases
} Typically 10 - 15 vol.%
} If unknown, assume 5 vol.%
} (all though this is not cost effective)
} Examples are for N2 as inert gas
MATERIAL LOC(%)
Rye Flour 13.0
Organic Pigment 12.0
Methyl Cellulose 10.0
Beta-naphthol 9.5
Sulphur 7.0
Paraformaldehyde 6.0
Aluminium 5.0
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
THERMAL STABILITY
Thermal decomposition can lead to:
} Explosion
} Fire
} Fume / smoke emission
} Generation and possible
explosion of flammable gases
} Loss of product quality
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
SELECTING TESTS FOR SPECIFIC DRYERS
} AIR OVER LAYER – roof of spray dryers and all
dryers where thin deposits occur with air
availability
} AERATED CELL – fluid bed dryers, rotary dryers and
all dryers where air is forced through the material
to be dried
} BULK POWDER (DIFFUSION CELL) – base of large
spray dryers, tray dryers and storage up to 1 tonne.
Areas of bulk powder and low air availability
8. A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
PARTICLE SIZE
• As the surface area increases so does the explosion violence
• As the surface area increases so the energy for ignition goes down
• Other factors that have an effect are;
• particle shape
• surface structure
The effect of particle size cannot be calculated, testing is the only option!!
10 mm sided square
600 square mm
Divide into 12 x
5 mm squares
Surface area increases
to 1200 square mm
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
BASIS OF SAFETY
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
Definition
} The combination of measures relied upon to ensure safety.
} Basis of Safety highlights those aspects of the design and operation
(hardware, protective systems and procedures) that are safety critical.
} It can only be selected once all the significant hazards have been
identified and evaluated.
For Fires & Explosion normally 3 choices;
} Explosion Prevention
} Avoidance of Ignition Sources
} Explosion Protection
WHAT IS A BASIS OF SAFETY
Nestle 2015
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
WHAT IS A BASIS OF SAFETY
Equipment
Procedures
Deviations
Human Factors
Material Properties
Level of Risk
BASIS
BASIS
of
of
SAFETY
9. A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
RISK ASSESSMENT
(ATEX Articles 4 & 8)
} Employers should assess and control the risks from dangerous substances.
Employers include contractors, sub-contractors and self-employed people
} Employers must also assess the risks to persons who are not employed by
them but may be at risk from the use of dangerous substances
} With respect to accidents, incidents and emergencies, information,
instruction and training, these duties only apply to non-employees if they
are at the workplace
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
Where explosive atmospheres may occur:
} Hazardous area classification is required
} In hazardous areas special equipment must be used
} Hazardous areas must be marked
} The overall explosion safety must be verified
} Appropriate work clothing must be provided
These requirements do not apply where other hazardous conditions
may occur
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
FAMOUS LAST WORDS
} “We only do it once”
} “We have done it like this for 20 years”
} “It worked perfectly fine at a smaller scale”
01-DUST-26-020318
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
RECENT FAILURE TO DEVELOP
A BASIS OF SAFETY
IMPERIAL SUGAR
10. A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
EXPLOSION PREVENTION
• Remove the fuel
- For dusts often not possible
- For gases and vapours, work below LEL
- In some case work above UEL
• Remove the oxidant
- Use inert gas
- Requires LOC data
• Remove all ignition sources
- Not normally achievable in a manufacturing
process
• Use Process Control
- Must be robust
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
SECONDARY DUST EXPLOSIONS
One of the main hazards associated
with handling dusts is the potential for
devastating secondary dust explosions
1mm Layer of Dust
Bulk Density of
500 kg/m3
100 g/m3
5m
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
Elimination of Suspensions
} Good housekeeping – If dust is not
lying around it cannot get suspended
which results in an explosive situation.
} Dust on beams is especially a problem
since an explosion in one part of the
facility will cause the dust to be
suspended and exacerbate the hazard.
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
Stop Releases
Temporary Stop in Duct Open Vessel
11. A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
Secondary Dust Explosions
} Secondary Explosion Pressure is a Direct Multiplication of Start
Pressure
} Start pressure 1 bar and Pmax is 7 bar then secondary explosion
pressure 14 bar
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
Secondary Dust Cloud Explosion
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
ELIMINATE IGNITION SOURCES
} Flames (fire, hot work)
} Hot surfaces
} Electrical installations
} Static electricity
} Lightning
} Mechanical sparks, friction
} Chemical reactions
} Adiabatic compression
} and many others
} Know the ignition sensitivity of
the fuel!
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
BASIS OF SAFETY
AVOIDANCE OF IGNITION SOURCES - DUSTS
ͻ Minimum Ignition Energy
(MIE – with and without
inductance)
ͻ Minimum Ignition
Temperature (MIT)
ͻ Layer Ignition Temperature
(LIT)
ͻ Further Electrostatic Testing
12. A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
ELIMINATION OF IGNITION SOURCES
} Can all ignition sources be identified?
}ignition sources that are intrinsic to the process
}ignition sources are not particular to a process
}Is the sensitivity to ignition by these sources known for your
materials?
} Have both normal and abnormal conditions been considered?
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
EQUIPMENT SELECTION
} Unless, the risk assessment finds otherwise, equipment
and protective systems must be selected as follows:
} Zone 0 and 20
} category 1
} Zone 1 and 21
} category 1 or 2
} Zone 2 or 22
} category 1, 2 or 3
} Equipment must be suitable for gases, vapours or mists
and/or dusts as appropriate
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
EXPLOSION PROTECTION
Note:
Any of the above require measures to prevent propagation (isolation
measures)
Containment Venting Suppression
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
EXPLOSION SEVERITY
} Maximum Explosion Pressure
} Explosion Constant, Kst
} St Class
13. A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
EXPLOSION INDICES
St Class Kst
(bar.m/s)
Description Examples
St 0 0 No explosion Silica
St 1 хϬĂŶĚч
200
Weak explosion Powdered milk, charcoal,
sulphur, sugar and zinc
St 2 хϮϬϬĂŶĚч
300
Strong explosion Cellulose, wood flour, and
poly methyl acrylate
St 3 300 Very strong
explosion
Anthraquinone, aluminium,
and magnesium
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
EXPLOSION RELIEF VENTING
} Protects plant and personnel from the
effects of an explosion
} Uses weak panels or doors that open
quickly at low pressure
} Panel has to be large enough
} Vent design has many pitfalls for the
inexperienced
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
EXPLOSION RELIEF VENTING
(The wrong way)
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
EXPLOSION RELIEF VENTING
(The wrong way)
14. A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
Vented Corn Starch Explosion
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
CONTAINMENT
} All parts of the plant made strong
} includes pipes, ducts, flanges, covers, etc.
} Must withstand the maximum pressure that is
expected
} Maintain strength over lifetime
} Strong plant is expensive to build and can be
difficult to operate
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
EXPLOSION SUPPRESSION
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
EXPLOSION SUPPRESSION
} Injects a suppressing agent into the
vessel as soon as the explosion is
detected
} The explosion is extinguished in the
early stages
} Pressure is still low at that time
} No external effects of explosion
15. A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
EXPLOSION ISOLATION
} Necessary to prevent pressure piling and
flame jet ignition
} When isolation fails, the explosion in
secondary vessels can be more severe
than the “design” explosion
} explosion protection on secondary vessel
may be insufficient
A Pa s s i o n f o r S a f e t y
Offices in Europe, Asia and the Middle East
THANK YOU!
For Queries, contact our Process Safety Expert on +91 9599 024327
or write to him on hchichra@sigma-hse.com
}CONSULTANCY
ƒ Hazardous Area Classification
ƒ Dust Explosion Risk Assessment
ƒ ATEX assessment
ƒ Electrostatic Hazard Assessment
ƒ Process Safety Audit
And OTHERS
PROCESS SAFETY TESTING
ƒ Powder Fire Explosion Properties
ƒ Gas and Vapor Properties
ƒ Electrostatic Properties
ƒ Chemical Reaction Hazard Testing
DETAILED TRAININGS