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Web3 Blockchains : Physics of Prosperity

The document discusses the transformative impact of blockchain and web3 technologies on society, emphasizing decentralization and cryptoeconomic systems which reshape digital interactions and infrastructures. It outlines a research agenda aimed at harnessing these technologies for sustainable futures while detailing various applications and models like decentralized physical infrastructure and digital twins. The document also explores user participation, community values, and the evolution of internet protocols alongside the growth of online connectivity.

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Denver CO, 10 Aug 2024 Slides: http://slideshare.net/LaBlogga Melanie Swan, PhD, MBA DIYgenomics.org (Research Lead) University College London (Research Associate) “This is very fundamental: it is computing, and the power of computing melding with memetic systems, human systems, and organizational structures – you can rebase all of civilization on this” – Juan Benet, Protocol Labs, 2022, Achieving Paretotopia with Regenerative Cryptoecon, Schelling Point Amsterdam Web3 Blockchains The Math, Science, and Aesthetics of Prosperity Empowering Users with Beyond-Monopoly Choices
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Web3: Read-Write-Own Web 2 Source: https://twitter.com/coingecko/status/1487380562171990019 1990s 2000s 2020s 1980s I can read it I can like it and mash it up Q: What can I do with this material? I can choose support, join, create projects towards outcomes for acknowledgment and reward Q: Do I want to participate in this community? (higher-order question re: values (aesthetics)) User Expectations (Verify )
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Thesis 3 1. Blockchain technology has changed the way we perceive and interact with digital systems. Decentralization is a proven network architecture for internet service. Web3 emphasizes decentralization (internet) + crypto (blockchains) in the next phases of global infrastructure build-out, physical and digital 2. Cryptoeconomics (mechanism design using incentives and cryptography) enables the creation of high-resolution, targeted, aligned systems. Digitized industries become information sciences measured by entropy and energy 3. Crypto Field Theory provides a classical-quantum physics framework for particle-many crypto-systems analysis & generalizes to smart network FT 4. Crypto Aesthetics is enacting preferences in line with our value systems
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation 4 Research Agenda 2015 2019 2020 Blockchain Blockchain Economics Quantum Computing Quantum Computing for the Brain 2022 Aim: Build long-term futures for humanity through smart network technologies and science frontiers Math Agents 2023 Health Agents 2024 “The App will see you now~!” Blockchain 1.0: Currency Blockchain 2.0: Contracts Blockchain 3.0: Beyond Smart Network Field Theory
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Blockchain: an information technology for large-scale progress Blockchain 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 5 2015 Source: Swan, M. (2015). Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy. Sebastopol CA: O’Reilly Media.  BC 1.0: Currency (immediate transfer)  BC 2.0: Contracts (future) 2/3 economy  Financial services, crowdfunding (DeFi)  DAO, DAC, DAS smart contract entities  Identity & Digital Art: attestation, digital assets  BC Government: democracy, services, elections  BC 3.0: Non-financial uses  BC Science: GridCoin, FoldingCoin  BC Genomics: large-scale private data transfer  BC Health: EMRs, JournalCoin: x-citationomics  Advanced concepts  Tokenizing, CommunityCoin, CoinDrop, demurrage Blockchain 1.0: Currency Blockchain 2.0: Contracts Blockchain 3.0: Beyond “Blockchain technology’s many concepts and features might be broadly extensible … to enable orders-of-magnitude larger-scale human progress.” (p. 91)
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation 6 GenAI Internet Quantum Accelerating Futures Blockchain
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation 7 Blockchain genAI DL NNs Quantum Pure Capital Pure Intelligence Pure Compute Smart Network: advanced network technology that is performative, atomic (tokens, quanta), and modular, with its own space and time regimes and energy-entropy metrics Social Interaction Analysis & Coordination Processing Early Network Stack Smart Network Stack
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Quantum Transition Plugs into Stack as a Compute Resource 8 Source: https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-q  CPU -> GPU -> TPU -> QPU  GPU (graphics processing unit)  3D graphics card: matrix multiplication  TPU (tensor processing unit)  Flow through matrix multiplications: no storing interim values in memory  QPU (quantum processing unit)  Quadratic & Polynomial speed-up with superposition, entanglement, interference Example: NVIDIA CUDA-Quantum (Compute Unified Device Architecture): parallel computing platform and application programming interface CUDA- Quantum
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Digital Network Society  2/3 of world’s 8.1 bn people online  5.44 bn Apr 2024 (67%)  Deloitte  Devices outnumber humans  US household average: 21 devices  Only 50%: benefits of online services outweigh costs  Monopoly control, privacy protection, data security, monetization 9 Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/, Deloitte 2023 Connected Consumer Study, https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/telecommunications/connectivity-mobile-trends-survey.html#print-the-report 2006
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Network Architecture Models  Scale and resilience 10 Source: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/article/2024/jul/31/delta-cost-revenue-crowdstrike-outage Single point of failure No single point of authority controls the nodes Connected graph lattice fabric
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Single Point of Failure 11 Source: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/article/2024/jul/31/delta-cost-revenue-crowdstrike-outage 19 July 2024
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation DePIN 12  Clear need for additional Decentralized Physical Infrastructure (DePIN) Digital Twins Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePIN): application of blockchain technology and decentralization principles to physical infrastructure and systems including internet networks, cloud computing, and data storage; blockchain-based governance model runs the node network 22.6 exbibytes of decentralized cloud storage 4 Aug 2024 Source: https://innovatewest.tech/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Web3-Charting-the-Internets-Next-Economic-and-Cultural-Frontier.pdf https://dashboard.starboard.ventures/capacity-services
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Digital Twins 13 Digital Twin: virtual representation of physical system or entity Bioavatar: digital representation of physical self, including real- time biometric data update for longevity precision medicine Source: https://esrisingapore.com.sg/digital-twins, https://infra.global/singapores-digital-twin-from-science-fiction-to-hi-tech-reality/, https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2023/08/18/bio-digital-twin-getting-the-heart-right/, Amofa et al. (2024). Blockchain-secure patient Digital Twin in healthcare using smart contracts. PLoS One. 19(2): e0286120.  Singapore: first nation with a digital twin (2023)  Health and longevity: digital twins of  healthcare facilities, patients, bodies & organs, drugs
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Agenda  What is Blockchain?  What is Web3?  Web3 Application Sectors  DePIN (physical infrastructure networks)  Environmental Markets  DeFi (finance)  DeSci (science)  DeSocNet (social networks)  Decentralized AI  Smart Network Field Theory  Math, Physics, Formalization  Aesthetics and Subjectivation 14
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation internet transfer protocols. 15 information. email. voice. video. money. neural files. High Sensitivity Low Sensitivity Medium Sensitivity Each traffic type has its own instructions or protocol (webpages with http; email with smtp; voice with voip; blockchain for digital asset transfer); file header indicates traffic type, software version, routing, etc. Digital Network Society transfer of different kinds of online content each with a specific protocol Challenge: secure transfer of increasingly valuable and unique files (quantum internet implicated) BioAvatar mind files: brain-machine interface (BMI), whole-brain emulation (WBE), connectome, clinical- grade wearables
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Definitions 16 Source: https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2017/08/19/making-sense-of-cryptoeconomics/ HODLING: Buy-and-Hold crypto investment strategy HODL vs HOLD: decentralized inversion of centralized models BUIDLING: #BUIDL movement creating crypto ecosystem software, infrastructure, applications, and community Blockchain: a digital database (ledger & event history) distributed among the nodes of a peer-to-peer network; database for resource allocation (cryptocurrency: 1 app) Web3: community of actors creating a new decentralized internet; expectation of targeted participation in values-aligned (aesthetic) efforts; a blockchain-based governance model runs the node network Cryptoeconomics: mechanism design based on incentives and cryptography; not a subfield of economics, but an area of applied cryptography using game theory and economic incentives Token: digital container holding value (money, code, lab results, art, patent) Utility token, Impact coin: token targeted to kinds of projects Tokenization: process of issuing a digital, unique, anonymous representation of an asset; fungible or non-fungible (e.g. NFT)
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Bitcoin – the first Blockchain  Time-stamping and possible motivation  3 Jan 2009 – Bitcoin Genesis Block  Original block with 50 bitcoins released from Satoshi Nakamoto (anonymous developer/group) with a message:  Key innovations for internet-based digital cash system 1. Solve double-spend problem with internet time-stamping 2. Solve securing the chain with cryptoeconomic incentives  Proof-of-work for confirming transactions (mining = accountancy) 17 Source: https://www.investopedia.com/news/what-genesis-block-bitcoin-terms/, https://www.thetimes.com/article/chancellor-alistair-darling-on-brink-of- second-bailout-for-banks-n9l382mn62h Bitcoin White Paper https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Bitcoin: $7 mn sent – 8 Aug 2024 (mid-day)  850,000 total transaction blocks 18 Source: https://www.blockchain.com/explorer; https://www.investopedia.com/tech/how-much-worlds-money-bitcoin/ Teenager 15 ½ yrs old
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Bitcoin Hash Rate 19 Source: https://www.blockchain.com/explorer/charts/hash-rate 1 GH/s (one giga hash) is 1,000,000,000 (one billion) hashes per second 1 TH/s (one tera hash) is 1,000,000,000,000 (one trillion) hashes per second 1 PH/s (one peta hash) is 1,000,000,000,000,000 (one quadrillion) hashes per second 1 EH/s (one exa hash) is 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 (one quintillion) hashes per second Hashes (integer operations) not directly comparable to floating point operations (FLOPs)  Measure of computational power and security in a proof-of-work cryptocurrency (available compute)
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation How does Bitcoin (any crypto transaction) work? Use Wallet app to submit transaction 20 Scan recipient address and submit transaction Address: 32-character alphanumeric string Coin appears in recipient wallet (receive immediately, confirm later) Coinbase: consumer wallet with key recovery A unique PKI signature for each transaction PKI: public-private key pair (cryptography standard ) Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5JGQXCTe3c Wallet has keys not money Creates PKI signature address pairs
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Bitcoin Denominations 21  Satoshis: common unit of transfer (wallet default)  500 satoshis = USD $0.25 (at Btc = $50,000)  $5 coffee = 10,000 satoshis  1 satoshi = USD $0.0005 (at Btc = $50,000) Source: Bitcoin Foundation, https:// bitcoin.org/ Unit Abbreviation Description BTC 1 Satoshi SAT Satoshi 0.00000001 BTC 2 Microbit uBTC Microbit or bit 0.000001 BTC 3 Millibit mBTC Millibitcoin 0.001 BTC 4 Centibit cBTC Centibitcoin 0.01 BTC 5 Decibit dBTC Decibitcoin 0.1 BTC 6 Bitcoin BTC Bitcoin 1 BTC 7 Decabit daBTC Decabitcoin 10 BTC 8 Hectobit hBTC Hectobitcoin 100 BTC 9 Kilobit kBTC Kilobitcoin 1000 BTC 10 Megabit MBTC Metabitcoin 1,000,000 BTC 100 millionth of a BTC 1 millionth of a BTC
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation What happens in the background? P2P network confirms & records transaction 22 Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5JGQXCTe3c Transaction computationally confirmed and ledger account balances updated Transactions submitted to a pool and miners assemble new batch (block) of transactions each ~10 min (btc) Each block: transactions and a cryptographic hash of the last block, chaining the blocks, hence “blockchain” Wallet 1 Wallet 2 Peer network maintains the blockchain: ledger nodes and mining nodes Citizen Infrastructure Github
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Mining Energy Use 23 Source: https://ccaf.io/cbnsi/cbeci; https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php  Global: Bitcoin: 141-160 terawatt-hours (TWhs) electricity annually, 0.6-0.7% global electricity consumption in 2022  less than 0.10% of global CO2e  US: 0.6%-2.3% annual electricity consumption
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Consensus Algorithms  Proof of Work (Bitcoin)  Miners (software units) compete to solve cryptographic puzzle  Resource intensive, specialized hardware favors large players  Proof of Stake – “green mining” “staking” (Filecoin, etc.)  Validators post a stake, block confirmation randomly assigned to groups of validators who make a small amount or lose their stake  Proof of Storage  Proofs conducted hourly and batched into hash-structure for one daily record posted to chain (crypto time-stamping)  Proof of Activity  Carbon sequestering (third-party oracle confirms activity)  LabDAO CRO lab results auto-posted to IPFS w Bacalao 24
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Consensus Algorithms  Clever uses of cryptoeconomics (mechanism design)  Cryptographic primitives confirm behavior algorithmically  Happy hour: “Proof of Drink” 25 Source: https://crypto.com/university/consensus-mechanisms-explained
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Agenda  What is Blockchain?  What is Web3?  Web3 Application Sectors  DePIN (physical infrastructure networks)  Environmental Markets  DeFi (finance)  DeSci (science)  DeSocNet (social networks)  Decentralized AI  Smart Network Field Theory  Math, Physics, Formalization  Aesthetics and Subjectivation 26
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Web3: Read-Write-Verify Web 27 Source: SAP: he Evolution of the Web - from Web 1.0 to Web 3.0. https://pages.community.sap.com/topics/digital-innovation/web3 Web3 addresses the problems which came with web2: breach of security & privacy, censorship & surveillance, misinformation & data loss, advertising as the default business model, personal data monopolies Web3: internet built with blockchain technology and controlled by users; allowing targeted participation in values-aligned efforts
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Web3: Read-Write-Own Web 28 Source: https://twitter.com/coingecko/status/1487380562171990019 1990s 2000s 2020s 1980s I can read it I can like it and mash it up I can support, participate in, and create projects in line with my values; users have more choice beyond monopolies User Expectations Corporate wake-up call: “tokenized metaverse experiences” may be missing the mark; values = aesthetics
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Web3: Read-Write-Own Web 29 Source: https://twitter.com/FrRonconi/status/1498301677581045760 1990s 2000s 2020s 2024 2018 2020 2023  Read-Write-Verify/Own/Participate  The secure transaction layer the web never had
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Self-sovereign Identity  Cryptoeconomic primitives: zero-knowledge proofs, double-spend technology to verify identity  Not just unitary instance of token, unitary instance of self 30 Source: https://pages.community.sap.com/topics/digital-innovation/web3
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Agenda  What is Blockchain?  What is Web3?  Web3 Application Sectors  DePIN (physical infrastructure networks)  Environmental Markets  DeFi (finance)  DeSci (science)  DeSocNet (social networks)  Decentralized AI  Smart Network Field Theory  Math, Physics, Formalization  Aesthetics and Subjectivation 31
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Protocol Labs Projects  Filecoin: decentralized data storage protocol, market, & token  IPFS (InterPlanetary File System): protocol for file sharing in a distributed file system, content-addressed identifiers (CIDs)  Libp2p (library peer-to-peer): networking framework for P2P apps 32 Source: https://protocol.ai/
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Cryptoeconomics: Real-time Econ Data 33 Source: https://dashboard.starboard.ventures/capacity-services, https://dashboard.starboard.ventures/dashboard Exbibyte: 2^60 bytes. Exbibyte: 1024^6 bytes. Exabyte: 1000^6 bytes. Exbibytes larger & preferrable as a computational primitive. 22.6 exbibytes of storage capacity (4 Aug 2024); at- scale crowdsourced storage network competing with centralized cloud; one year of capacity accumulation Cryptoeconomics Implication: economics shifts from social science to physical science and information science Scientific Method
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Data 34 Source: https://whatsthebigdata.com/data-generated-every-day/ https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/definition/Kilo-mega-giga-tera-peta-and-all-that Data Storage Measurements Real-world Data Storage Capacity  328.8 million terabytes of data created per day  181 zettabytes total data generation in 2025e  53.7% internet data traffic is video Year Day Filecoin: 22.6 exbibytes exabytes of storage capacity (4 Aug 2024). Decentralized cloud service storage
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation DeFin (Decentralized Finance) Public Goods Funding 35 Quadratic Funding: crowd-funding mechanism that amplifies available resources by inviting community members to make donations (big or small) that act as votes on where to allocate funds. The broader the support, the bigger the match. Source: https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/hitzig/files/buterin_hitzig_weyl_draft.pdf  Wide-base participation rewarded  Voting rights are inversely proportional to stake so large investors do not dominate decision-making
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation DeFin (Decentralized Finance) Retro Public Goods Funding (RetroPGF) 36 Source: Benet, J. (2024). IPFS Vision & Supporting Growth - IPFS Camp 2024. Brussels. https://2024.ipfs.camp/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtSMi_t_o3w. Optimism https://round3.optimism.io/projects PGF: Public Goods Funding Non-excludable, non-rivalrous goods Municipal Data Utilities
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation DeFin (Decentralized Finance) Filecoin RetroPGF 37 Source: Benet, J. (2024). IPFS Vision & Supporting Growth - IPFS Camp 2024. Brussels. https://2024.ipfs.camp/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtSMi_t_o3w
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation DRIPS Public Goods Funding 38 DRIPS: Cryptoeconomic public goods funding mechanism to fund critical software dependencies; “drip” funding up and down code dependency tree Source: https://www.drips.network/app
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Cryptoeconomic Funding  Rethink the assumption that debt is required to fund large projects  Need for major capex budgets and indebtedness dissolved with high-resolution crypto primitives  Cryptoeconomics brings aligned real-time metrics to the capital financing of large-scale projects, challenging the traditional requirements of capital-based financing 39 2011 Participative Flourishing NEXT 5,000 YEARS Capex: Capital Expenditure. Source: Swan, M. (2019). Blockchain Economic Theory: Digital Asset Contracting reduces Debt and Risk. In Swan, M., Potts, J., Takagi, S., Witte, F., Tasca, P., Eds. Blockchain Economics: Implications of Distributed Ledgers - Markets, Communications Networks, and Algorithmic Reality. London: World Scientific. Pp. 3-23.
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Environmental Markets  Carbon transition to be more like oil with  One single global price (currently illiquid & underpriced)  Global market (overcoming heterogeneous regional markets) 40 Source: https://www.goldstandard.org/carbon-market-regulations-tracker 2019 2019
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Environmental Markets 41 Source: Azlen et al. (2022). The Carbon Market Risk Premium. https://www.pm-research.com/content/iijaltinv/early/2022/06/11/jai.2022.1.166.full.pdf, https://www.carbon-cap.com/, https://www.isda.org/a/soigE/Role-of-Derivatives-in-Carbon-Markets.pdf  UN goal: net zero carbon emissions by 2050  Compliance carbon markets: $4 bn/day  Regulated, liquid ($4 bn/day), large ($1 tn 2022), transparent, capped supply of permits ratchets lower each year  Voluntary carbon markets: $1 bn/year  Unregulated, illiquid, small ($1 bn in 2022), opaque, unlimited supply of credits, high percent of schemes found to be ineffective Cap and Trade: emission reduction system that imposes shrinking annual upper limits; emitters can buy capacity from others (used in successful reduction of acid rain) Carbon is underpriced in illiquid regional markets
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Web3: Read-Write-Verify web Carbon Cryptoeconomics  Carbon as an asset: global price and market  Tokenized carbon credits (carbon NFTs)  Verifiable: prevent carbon offset double-counting  Moss, KlimaDAO, Toucan (BioChar), SavePlanetEarth  Blockchain-based carbon exchanges  Trade carbon NFTs and tokenized offsets  Regulated market: AirCarbonExchange (Abu Dhabi)  Base, CarbonTokenProject, KumoDAO, BatchNFT 42 Source: https://carboncredits.com/carbon-crypto-guide-2023-klimadao-carbon-nfts-and-carbon-tokens/ https://4c.cst.cam.ac.uk/about/marketplace Carbon offsets: tradable certificates linked to activities that lower carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere (1 ton per certificate). Buying certificates funds climate change projects instead of lowering own emissions
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation DeFi (Decentralized Finance) and Digital Asset Transformation  2024 Digital Assets Survey (State Street Bank) 1. Widespread use of digital assets could be nearer than expected 2. Increased adoption may drive development of more permissioned networks 3. Blockchain will spur holistic technology and automation efforts 43 Source: https://www.statestreet.com/us/en/asset-owner/insights/digital-digest-june-2024
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation JPMorgan Chase Global Technology Applied Research 44  Post-quantum cryptography and quantum algorithms  Quantum key distribution, portfolio optimization, risk analysis and derivative pricing, and machine learning Source: https://arxiv.org/search/quant-ph?searchtype=author&query=Pistoia,+Marco Is it a bank?
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Moore’s Law 45 Source: Kurzweil, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xh2v5oC5Lx4  # transistors on a chip doubles every 2 years 2005 When Humans Transcend Biology 2024 When we merge with AI ?? The Singularity [is Here]
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Doublings: Moore’s Law: 24, Proteins: 158  Nature: high rate of doubling compared to technology  Moore’s law: number of transistors on a single chip doubles every two years at minimal costs (24 total doublings)  June 2023: 134 billion transistors (Apple ARM-based dual-die M2 Ultra SoC fabricated using TSMC’s 5 nm process) 46 24 Source: CU 3-09-22 Physics Colloquium - Sadasivan Shankar, SLAC Stanford/Harvard.
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Biology: Complex, Unknown Ruleset 47 Pathway Genome Protein Natural Language LLMs: LLaMa 65 billion parameters Protein Language Models: xTrimoPGLM: 100 billion parameters Genome Language Models Parameter: learnable weights between graph nodes (entities) Source: https://www.biomap.com/sota/ DeepSeekMath 7 billion parameters Mathematical Reasoning Agents
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Scientific Understanding 48 2018  Lack of proportional increase in our scientific understanding  Investing more to sustain a decline the rate of scientific progress “Science is the only news” – Stewart Brand Source: https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/11/diminishing-returns-science/575665/
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Science: “Citationomics” -> “Resultsinomics” 49 Source: https://www.cwts.nl/blog?article=n-r2r294
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation DeSci (Decentralized Science) Reinventing Science  Access non-traditionally fundable “intellectual dark matter” – scientist 20% time  FROs, IROs: focused independent research organizations  “Private ARPAs” fill gaps in creating general scientific infrastructure, projects  Too research-intensive for startups  Too engineering-heavy for academia  Too risky for government funders 50 Source: Adam Marblestone and Anastasia Gammick; Ben Reinhardt; https://www.researchhub.foundation/scicon, https://metascience.info/ Metascience: improve the process of science with scientific methodology 2011
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Digital Biology at Scale DeSci (Decentralized Science)  Open Science: data access, replicability, discovery  Scale of contemporary science requires a secure operating system for networked scientific organizations 51  VitaDAO: longevity platform  Research funding, IP execution  LabDAO: community-governed platform with democratized access to scientific tools and data  Results: drug discovery  A dual MTOR/NAD+ acting gerotherapy (Jan 2023) Source: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.523975v1
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation NFTs and IP-NFTs  NFT is a digital asset corresponding to the holding, pointing to, or controlling any cargo  Digital artwork, basketball video clip, asset ownership, computer code, lab results, licensing agreement  Crypto primitive that calls ownership and use rights 52 NFT (non-fungible token): unique digital asset  DeSci: IP-NFTs  Intellectual Property  University technology transfer licensing agreement  LabDAO workflow: lab results automatically posted to IPFS with Bacalao (Docker container cloud processing)
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation LabDAO  Science marketplaces: lab services exchange  IP-NFT: auto-tokenization as return-receipt of data transaction, lab results  Crypto primitives enact scientific method  Trustable, verifiable, replicable lab execution  Conduct of open science  Funding, execution, distribution mechanisms  Subject-matter stewards 53 Source: https://hackmd.io/@niklastr/HkcT3vVx5#Interviews-and-Presentations LabDAO: a p2p exchange for data-generating labs Mission: provide physical lab facilities to online communities
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Polkadot Blockchain Ecosystem 54 Source: https://polkadot.network/ https://parachains.info/ Relay Chain (core cryptosecurity infrastructure) + connected projects in the ecosystem (parachains) DOT utility token: 1)Purchase block space 2)Secure the network with staking 3)Participate in governance (~sufficiently decentralized for US regulators to deem “utility token”) 8 Aug 2024
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Web3: Decentralized Social Networks  Terry Tao: Mathstodon math community 55 Source: https://mathstodon.xyz/@tao/112557248794707738
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Decentralized AI  AI is highly centralized  BigTech monopolies, data centers  Decentralized video  Video sharing: LensTUBE  Video synthesis: LivePeer  LivePeer: SETI@home for AI video gen 56 Source: LivePeer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKv7sO8NRnc
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Smart Network Stack Convergence 57 Source: https://www.eatmy.news/2022/03/what-is-web-30-how-is-web3-different.html 1990s 2000s 2020s Web3 + AI  Sheer magnitude of websites requires AI
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Agenda  What is Blockchain?  What is Web3?  Web3 Application Sectors  DePIN (physical infrastructure networks)  Environmental Markets  DeFi (finance)  DeSci (science)  DeSocNet (social networks)  Decentralized AI  Smart Network Field Theory  Math, Physics, Formalization  Aesthetics and Subjectivation 58
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation 59 Blockchain Smart Network Convergence Quantum genAI DL NNs
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Digital Network Society  Particle-many systems  Millions->billions observer-actors & entities  Industries as information technologies  Measure big data with entropy, energy; operate with AI Quantum Supercomputers (JPL DSN space scheduling)  Ridesharing  Uber 2023: 149 mn customers, 7.1 mn drivers  ~20 customers/driver  Lodging  Airbnb 2023: 5 mn hosts, 448 mn nights  ~90 nights/host, ~=25% utilization  Tesla: 4.97 mn vehicles sold worldwide 60 Source: https://backlinko.com/tesla-stats 3D Physics Metrics -> Information Science James Webb Space Telescope
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation How to Theorize and Manage this Complexity? 61 Source: https://nightingaledvs.com/how-to-visualize-a-graph-with-a-million-nodes/ Scientific Method
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation 62 text Cryptoeconomics Crypto Field Theory Crypto Riemannian Surfaces and Manifolds Cryptoeconomics (mechanism design) + big data domain: physical information science subject to traditional hypothesis Blockchains as method for resource allocation; digital database (ledger & event history) distributed among the nodes of a peer-to-peer network Field-theoretic approach to crypto-analysis as mathematically well-formed description of particle-many agent activity patterns in levels of macro aggregation
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation 63 Blockchain genAI DL NNs Quantum Smart Network Technology Properties 1. Performative (must operate for results)  Increasing levels of autonomy 2. Dynamic (changing over time)  Concurrent (harmonize distributed events) 3. Atomic (tokens, quanta) and modular  Particle-many observer-actor-builders  Synecdochical (arbitrary levels of roll-up) 4. Own space-time energy-entropy regimes  Block space, block time, hyperbolic space, Floquet periodic time, quaternionic numbers 5. Classical-quantum scale portability Source: Swan et al. (2020). Quantum Computing: Physics, Blockchains, and Deep Learning Smart Networks.
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Field Theories 64 Classical Field Theory Quantum Field Theory A theory of fundamental particle interaction based on quantized (discrete) fields and forces Renormalization, gauge theories; Klein-Gordon & Dirac equations, Lagrangian density, action Examples: QED, QCD tiers of allowable movement  Morphology -> Dynamics  Shift from characterization to dynamism of relationships between elements of graph-based systems  Field theory  Mathematical framework describing the behavior of particles on the basis of forces and fields  Amenable to graph-theoretic implementation  Use higher-order well-formedness structures from mathematics to define, manage, analyze system behavior Smart Network Field Theory Field-theoretic approach incorporating classical-quantum aspects (discrete and continuous) with an Integral Systems interpretation of dynamism (coefficients are eigenvalues: narrower well-formedness defining system behavior) A theory of how fields interact with matter modeling electromagnetism and gravitation as continuous forces. Examples: Maxwell’s equations, Newtonian gravitation Scientific Method Source: Swan & dos-Santos, 2018, Smart Network Field Theory. arXiv:1810.09514. Swan, dos Santos & Witte, 2020, Quantum Computing: Physics, Blockchains, and Deep Learning Smart Networks. World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/q0243. pp. 267-298.
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation The Formalization Turn 65 Math Agents Blockchain genAI DL NNs Quantum Category Theory Algebraic Structures Proof Assistants, Computer Algebra Systems, RL Agent Solvers Combinatorics Logic Geometry Pure Math Physics Formal Methods Advances: cryptographic hash functions, elliptic curve cryptography, Merkle trees, consensus algorithms (proof of work, proof of stake), directed acyclic graph routing Implementing all existing math-physics in the computational infrastructure enabling new virtuous cycles of math-physics innovation and discovery in smart network disciplines returning to math-physics Advances: LLMs, transformers, graph NNs, backpropagation, stochastic gradient descent, activation functions, convolutional pooling, generative adversarial networks Advances: Shor’s algorithm, quantum error correction, entanglement generation, quantum Fourier transform, quantum teleportation, quantum key distribution Relativistic fluids, post-Newtonian modifications, gravitational waves, superclusters, cosmic neutrino background, attosecond lasers Source: Swan & dos Santos. (2024). The Second Linguistic Turn: Math Agents for Kantian Intelligence Amplification. Critical Genealogies. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379236605_The_Second_Linguistic_Turn_Math_Agents_for_Kantian_Intelligence_Amplification
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Smart Network Field Theory 66 Theory Description Reference 1 NSFT Neural Statistical Field Theory Corrections to Wilson-Cowan equation for Markovian neural network, directed percolation phase transition, Reggeon action Buice & Cowan, 2007 10.1103/PhysRevE.75.051919 2 SNFT Smart Network Field Theory Physics formalisms in the computational infrastructure for discovery and automation: web3, genAI, quantum, IoT, smart grid tech Swan & dos-Santos, 2018, arXiv:1810.09514 Swan, dos Santos & Witte, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1142/q0243 3 SFT for NN Statistical Field Theory for NNs Class of systems with quenched (time independent) disorder arising from random synaptic couplings between neurons Helias & Dahmen, 2020 arXiv:1901.10416v1. 4 NNFT (NN-QFT) Neural Network Field Theory Non-Gaussian processes in NN = particle interactions, Wilson RG correlation functions, O(N) corrections and Feynman diagrams Halvorsen et al. 2021, arXiv:2008.08601 Grosvenor & Jefferson, 2022 arXiv:2109.13247v2 Hashimoto et al. 2024 arXiv:2403.11420v1 Lei Wang & team 2024 arXiv:2403.18840v1 5 Generative Diffusion Models Stochastic quantization & diffusion models, lattice field theory, learn effective action Sohl-Dickstein 2015 arXiv:1503.03585v8 Wang, Aarts & Zhou 2024 arXiv:2311.03578v1 6 Principles of Deep Learning Use NN layer depth-to-width ratio, RG flow, & criticality to obtain network ensemble Roberts & Yaida, 2022, arXiv:2106.10165 Smart Network Field Theories: Neuroscience, Physics, and Deep Learning Smart Network Field Theory (SNFT): field-theoretic approach (mathematical model of particle-many systems) instantiating field theories (statistical, quantum) and other physics formalisms in the computational infrastructure for scientific discovery and the automated operation of network technologies (web3, genAI, quantum, IoT, smart grid) using integral systems eigenvalue-coefficient well-formedness as a dynamic control theory and other metrics 2020 2022 2020  Physics framework Source: Swan & dos-Santos, 2018, Smart Network Field Theory. arXiv:1810.09514. Swan, dos Santos & Witte, 2020, Quantum Computing: Physics, Blockchains, and Deep Learning Smart Networks. World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/q0243. pp. 267-298.
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Agenda  What is Blockchain?  What is Web3?  Web3 Application Sectors  DePIN (physical infrastructure networks)  Environmental Markets  DeFi (finance)  DeSci (science)  DeSocNet (social networks)  Decentralized AI  Smart Network Field Theory  Math, Physics, Formalization  Aesthetics and Subjectivation 67
Information is alive – “All the contents of one’s mind suddenly become fused, taking off within one’s head as when nonliving matter becomes living” – The Exegesis Of Philip K. Dick (cover paraphrase) “Language speaks us, rather than that we speak it“ – Truth and Method, III.5.3.B (Gadamer, 1960) Subjectivation Ours and Theirs
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation 69 2020 2017 2002 1943 2024 Subjectivation Subjectivation: relation to oneself 1998 2008 2018 Human-Machine Merge: edit software & hardware AI as a new digital species, ethical development of digital minds Personal AI Agents for humans, buildings, cities (Sophotechs) White-collar productivity basically free: super-abundance
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation 70 Blockchain genAI DL NNs Quantum Pure Capital Pure Intelligence Pure Compute Subjectivation Pure Agency Smart Network Stack Social Interaction Analysis & Coordination Information Processing Self-determination
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Self-Sovereign Thinking 71 Our goal, the real promise of genAI, blockchain, quantum, metaverse, brain-computer interfaces and the smart network stack is not just intelligence amplification, but more fundamentally, being amplification – expanding who we are and what we can be Source: Swan, M. (2023). Hume and the AI Enlightenment. (2024). Greece Geometry and GPTs: The Writing of Thinking. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Melanie-Swan-2. Image: Kaplan, J. (2024). Human Level AI by 2030? Strings 2024. https://indico.cern.ch/event/1284995/contributions/5975500/attachments/2870687/5025760/Kaplan.pdf  Progression  Self-sovereign transactions  Self-sovereign identity  Self-sovereign thinking
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Economics: Full-stack Agent  Intellectual exchange of ideas  Social exchange of moral sentiment  Productive exchange of trade  Principles of energy exchange  Planets, markets, individuals, nations 72 2018 1776 1759 1798 Economic Thinking: Joanna Baillie “Budget of Blunders” Agora: a public open space used for assemblies and markets Source: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Melanie-Swan-2
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Subjectivation: Life as Art Aesthetic Theory: Work of Art  What counts as a work of art?  Hegel: pressing our self-concept into materials  Heidegger: contest between world-earth grow-protect  Adorno: autonomous object with its own natural law  Benjamin: unique irreproducible aura (x-double spend)  Deleuze: immaterial essence (quality of original world)  Derrida: resistance, never final truth, re-read meaning  Nietzsche: antidote to nihilism, revaluation of values 73 Source: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Melanie-Swan-2 Image: https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-crypto-investor-jehan-chu-building-collection-contemporary-art-nfts
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Subjectivation: Life as Art Aesthetic Theory: Role of Art  All: truth, freedom, subjectivation, the meaning of Being  Hegel: valid reasons for thought and behavior  Heidegger: unconceal meaning of Being of beings  Adorno: critical dialectics contra culture industry & IR  Benjamin: challenge/reinforce political structures  Deleuze: Bildung immanent signs in folded multiplicity  Derrida: politics of deconstructing parasitic forces  Nietzsche: will to power, death, order; eternal return 74 Source: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Melanie-Swan-2 Image: https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/the-geologists-who-control-lava/
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Subjectivation: Life as Art Works of Art are Unique Objects  Art = subjectivation = truth = being  Autonomous, new use of materials, unique essence, own natural law (physical and juridical)  Critique: mechanism of resistance, social critique  The revealing of the essence of the meaning of Being of Beings  Transmission of ideal contents across time 75 Source: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Melanie-Swan-2
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Crypto Aesthetics 1. Future of Work  AI labor outsourcing means more time for creative pursuits 2. NFTs, blockchain gaming metaverse world creation 3. Aesthetics as ethics and valorization  Choosing and embodying the values we want to support in our involvement with commerce, work activity, entertainment  Economics and governance are fundamentally aesthetic, valorizing the kind of world we want  Cryptoeconomics as preference-registering 4. Subjectivation (ours and theirs (any agent))  Fundamentally a “work of art,” an autonomous pressing of self-concept into materials to create a world 76 Source: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Melanie-Swan-2 Michaud, Y. (2012) The Aesthetics of Gilbert Simondon. Gilbert Simondon: Being and Technology. Aesthetics: our set of thought and manner of being in the world (Simondon, MEOT, 154); the relation of human being to the world
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Crypto Agents 77 Source: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Melanie-Swan-2 1791 1807 1967 1968 Written specifications for critical self- consciousness and intersubjectivity  Merkle Tree of Philosophical Trajectories  Proof of thought trajectory Philosophy Agents: https://app.soopra.ai/kant https://app.soopra.ai/hegel https://app.soopra.ai/derrida https://app.soopra.ai/deleuze https://app.soopra.ai/heidegger
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Agenda  What is Blockchain?  What is Web3?  Web3 Application Sectors  DePIN (physical infrastructure networks)  Environmental Markets  DeFi (finance)  DeSci (science)  DeSocNet (social networks)  Decentralized AI  Smart Network Field Theory  Math, Physics, Formalization  Aesthetics and Subjectivation 78
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Conclusion 79  Cryptoeconomic change is a long game  Credit cards, ATMs, digital payments, crypto  Early days in longitudinal transition to decentralized models  Scope: support global digital population  Resiliency: reduce single-actor dependence  Participative: users control data  Alignment: contributors remunerated
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Risks and Limitations  Technology cycle too early  UX issue (unfriendly user interfaces)  Not just an UX issue, underlying domain too complicated  Few crypto winters but huge setback could still be coming  Difficult to retool towards large-scale decentralization  Adoption stalls  Blockchain deployments: get-rich-quick schemes outweigh humanity-improving science information technologies  Indifference: benefit-cost ratio of participating in governance  People want to know what is going on but not participate  Social reaction to technology: overwhelm, alienation  Mechanistic aspect is unpalatable, detracts from qualitative 80
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Our Crypto Aesthetic Future 81 2017 Mindful Optimism 2024 Future of Work New Purpose 2018 Kardashev Possibility  Crypto Aesthetics as ethics and valorization  Choosing the values we support in productive activity, commerce, interaction, entertainment, creativity  World-making and self-making  Self-sovereignty: transactions -> identity -> thinking Our goal, the real promise of genAI, blockchain, quantum, metaverse, brain- computer interfaces and the smart network stack is not just intelligence amplification, but more fundamentally, being amplification, expanding who we are and what we can be
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Example Cryonics: forward-thinking futurist community  Global Cryonics Study (n = 316)  Flexible attitude towards personal identity: brain and body  Brain  This physical brain is the “source of me” now (75%)  These specific memories are the future “source of me” (87%)  Body  This physical body is “part of me” now (68%)  This physical body is “part of me” in the future (14%) 82 Source: Swan, M. (2019). Worldwide Cryonics Attitudes About the Body, Cryopreservation, and Revival: Personal Identity Malleability and a Theory of Cryonic Life Extension. Sophia International Journal of Philosophy and Traditions. 58:699–735. Springer Nature B.V. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11841-019-0727-4. Personal Identity Malleability conceptualization may influence Cryopreservation Decision
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation 83  BioAvatar: neural transfer digital- biological twin  Clinical-grade wearables  Brain-machine interface (BMI)  Whole-brain emulation (WBE)  Connectome  Brain: a Merkle forest of ideas  Merkle tree calls thought trajectories  “My thinking” is blockchain-instantiated  Quantum BrainDAO  Superposition expands capacity  “My thinking” is quantum-instantiated Quantum BrainDAO Hash-linked data structure (IPLD for the Brain) Quantum BrainDAO Source: Swan, M. (2015). Blockchain thinking: The brain as a DAC (decentralized autonomous corporation). IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 34(4):41-52. 1994
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Super-abundance Paretopia Argument  Utopia concept is not exotic just unfamiliar 1. If resources are “only” growing by 50% (huge by historical standards), utility in taking bigger share 2. If resources grow by 1000x, same utility in one party taking everything and everyone sharing everything 84 Source: Drexler, E. (2018). Paretotopian goal alignment. Centre for Effective Altruism. London. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lqBra8r468 2013 2. 1000x Resource Growth (logarithmic): familiar Moore’s Law-type advance Paretopia: economic outcomes with all parties seeing very large gains 1. 50% Resource Growth (linear): Parties A & B compete for unequal share Overton window: (narrow) range of acceptable discussion topics within a community (policy hindrance) Same utility in taking vs sharing
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Crypto-Paretopia  Paretopian optimal region  Best outcome is fair to all parties; negative gains from attempting to grab everything (greed brings risk)  Cryptoeconomic structures enable paretopian futures 85 Source: Drexler, E. (2018). Paretotopian goal alignment. Centre for Effective Altruism. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lqBra8r468; Benet, J. (2022). Achieving Paretotopia with Regenerative Cryptoecon. 2. Crypto Roadmap to Paretopia 1. Paretopian Optimal Region
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Web3: Read-Write-Own Web 86 Source: https://twitter.com/coingecko/status/1487380562171990019 1990s 2000s 2020s 1980s I can read it I can like it and mash it up I can support, participate in, and create projects in line with my values, empowered choices User Expectations
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Thesis 87 1. Crypto – blockchain technology has changed the way we perceive and interact with digital systems for using and tracking digital assets 2. Cryptoeconomics in the form of next-phase internet Web3 emphasizes aligned high-resolution mechanism design to achieve outcomes. Digitized industries become information sciences measured by entropy and energy 3. Crypto Field Theory offers a physics framework for particle-many crypto- systems analysis and generalizes to smart network field theory 4. Crypto Aesthetics is enacting preferences in line with our value systems
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation 27 Feb – 2 Mar 2025 ETH DENVER  text 88 Source: https://x.com/ethereumdenver, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2n5GSpN5qU
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation 89 Source: https://www.edcon.io/ 26-30 July 2024 Tokyo HODLING: Buy and Hold crypto investment strategy HODL vs HOLD: decentralized inversion of centralized models BUIDLING: #BUIDL movement creating the software, infrastructure, applications, and community to support and drive the crypto ecosystem forward; hacker philosophical attitude
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation 90 Source: https://cquic.unm.edu/events/2024/10/squint-2024-annual-workshop.html 30 Oct – 1 Nov 2024 Quantum Information Workshop Southwest Quantum Information and Technology (SQuInT) Boulder CO (Interlocken)
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Crypto Sci Fi  Stross  Fast and slow money transferred by sub-dermal wallets  Schroeder  Corporations replaced by AI crypto DAOs  Avatorial representation of non-human entities (forests, oceans) in political forums  Aggregation of real-life sensor signals (e.g. forest stress chemical emission)  Physical-digital twin interface, using VR to create, re-create physical world  Robinson  Carbon coin, post-labor economy 91 2013 2019 2020 DAO: Distributed Autonomous Organization: package of smart contracts operating on a blockchain
Denver CO, 10 Aug 2024 Slides: http://slideshare.net/LaBlogga Melanie Swan, PhD, MBA DIYgenomics.org (Research Lead) University College London (Research Associate) “This is very fundamental: it is computing, and the power of computing melding with memetic systems, human systems, and organizational structures – you can rebase all of civilization on this” – Juan Benet, Protocol Labs, 2022, Achieving Paretotopia with Regenerative Cryptoecon, Schelling Point Amsterdam Thank you! Questions? Collaborators: Takashi Kido Renato P. dos Santos Web3 Blockchains The Math, Science, and Aesthetics of Prosperity Empowering Users with Beyond-Monopoly Choices
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Abstract 93 Web3 Blockchains: The Math, Science, and Aesthetics of Prosperity What is the status of blockchains fifteen years after their launch? The World Economic Forum estimates that 10% of global GDP might be stored on-chain by 2027, however, despite the success of digital payments, blockchain adoption has been deterred by usability, risk, and “casino-like” reputation. On the other hand, numerous web3 (read-write-own web successor to read-only and read-write web) projects are underway to place personal data ownership, control, and remuneration back in the hands of the individual. This talk provides a blockchain update in the overall context of the smart network computational infrastructure which includes the blockchain social layer, the genAI intelligence layer, and the quantum network compute layer.
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation How does Blockchain work? 94 Source: https://www.adeptia.com/blog/integrating-blockchain-technology
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Blockchain primitive (building block) Hash functions  Hash function: function converting any length input (image, movie, legal document) to a fixed length encrypted output  Example: output (digest) of the SHA-256 hash function for  “My last will and testament on this day”  13789917A50601C55D396B83FD98F1A0BED628948AD5F84890C63 210E0897D76  “My last will and testament, on this day”  C6E9D7F4C9F7D0C8CD24E4D674BED1146331DB61555F9D68EBA AA3A0E827BBAB  Adding one comma results in a completely different hash digest  NP-complete problem: hard to compute, easy to verify  Cannot guess the output ahead of time without putting the inputs into the algorithm and performing the calculation  Must do the actual “work” to compute the output 95 Source: SHA-256 hash algorithm: https://passwordsgenerator.net/sha256-hash-generator/
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Hash-linked data structure (IPLD)  Merkle tree: hierarchical structure of hash codes corresponding to a large data structure  A hash is made for each data element, then a hash of these hashes, and so on, hierarchically until there is just one top-level hash that calls the entire data structure, the Merkle root  One top-level Merkle root calls an entire data corpus  Bitcoin blockchain: 725,000+ transaction blocks since inception (Jan 2009) as of Mar 2022  All Github code, all Pubmed publications  An entire brain or cloudmind (brain of brains)  All human knowledge (digitally encoded)  Data pillar (crypto science fiction, Bear, Eon, 1985)  Whole human genome or brain file 96 IPLD: interplanetary hash-linked data structure standard Source: Swan, M., dos Santos, R.P. & Witte, F. (2020). Quantum Computing: Physics, Blockchains, and Deep Learning Smart Networks. London: World Scientific. Blockchain: transaction blocks hashed together
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Source: https://www.seattletimes.com/business/bitcoin-miners-exit-china-beat-a-path-to-the-u-s-as-crypto-climate-shifts/ 97 Source: https://www.illumina.com/science/technology/next-generation-sequencing.html Mining shifting to US as China bans cryptocurrency production (June 2021) USD $45 million/day business: block reward 6.25 btc/block ($312,500) x 6 blocks/hour x 24 hours/day ~= $45,000,000 (at Bitcoin = $50,000) Mining. technical deep-dive.  Miners calculate a hash value using the block header (constant for a specific block) and a nonce (random string changed repeatedly) to create a hash output that hopefully meets the block requirements
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation How does mining work? 98 How does Bitcoin mining work? https://blockexplorer.com/block/0000000000000000002274a2b1f93c85a489c5d75895e9250ac40f06268fafc0 Difficulty: a measure of how hard it is to create a hash that is less than the target (system-set computational number involving floating point operations, exponents, integrals); re-tuned every 2016 blocks (~2 weeks) to keep PoW as a meaningful deterrent against rogue miners as the overall network computation power increases or decreases The winning nonce (number used once) for this block, a number appended to the current header, that when re-hashed, meets the difficulty level (for any block, the Bitcoin nonce is an integer between 0 and 4,294,967,296) Step 2: Record the block. The block hash is the digest of SHA-256 run on six data elements: 1. Bitcoin version number 2. previous block hash 3. Merkle Root of all the transactions in the block 4. timestamp 5. difficulty target 6. nonce 18 leading zeros (can vary) Step 1: Find the nonce (NP-complete problem). A miner guesses a nonce (random string), appends it to the hash of the current header, rehashes the value, and compares to the target hash value (which has a certain number of leading zeros). If the resulting hash value is equal to or lower than the target, the miner has a solution and is awarded the block HERE: Oct 7, 2018 (18 leading zeros) https://blockexplorer.com/block/0000000000000000002274a2b1f93c85a489c5d75895e9250ac40f06268fafc0 RECENT: Nov 6, 2021 (19 leading zeros) https://www.blockchain.com/btc/block/0000000000000000000633b91a8cd72235104935c9d3af0b0edae9ad6f89f4ef Summary: the hash is calculated using the block header, which is constant for a specific block, and a nonce, which is changed repeatedly by the miner, to create different hash digests in the hope of finding a digest that fits the block requirements Target value: an integer in the range of [0, (2256 - difficulty)]
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation 99 Reality Interface Abstraction: Mathematics is the Interface Multiscalar Renormalization One System Two Modes Mathematics as a High-order Lever for Interacting with Reality Data de-emphasized in the Math-Data Relation Math-Data Relation: Big Data -> Big Math  AI “speaking” formal languages implies math as a higher- order lever for interacting with reality (beyond data) Source: Swan, M., Kido, T., Roland, E. & dos Santos, R.P. (2023). AI Math Agents: Computational Infrastructure, Mathematical Embedding, and Genomics.
10 Aug 2024 Web3 Subjectivation Crypto Digitization of Macro Systems 100 Source: Benet, J. (2022). Achieving Paretotopia with Regenerative Cryptoecon. Schelling Point. Amsterdam. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-dd2ZRlymo  Macro systems: outdated, easy to manipulate, not at necessary scale for 8.1 billion people  Cryptoeconomics: important to get correct incentive structure for sustainable public goods at the outset