Long-term climate trends and water management history in California.
Poster given at "Weathering Change: Impact of Climate Change and SGMA on CA Water" in Davis, CA (April 4-5).
Noah, Joseph, And High-Resolution PaleoclimatologyScott St. George
In 1968, Benoit Mandelbrot and James Wallis published an article titled ‘Noah, Joseph, and operational Hydrology’ in the journal Water Resources Research. In it, they argued that hydrological models of the day were not able to estimate the true risk of extreme floods or prolonged drought, and that rare hydrological events were much more common than usually assumed.
In this lecture, I’ll review how high-resolution paleoenvironmental archives can help us judge more accurately the risks posed by the ‘Noah’- and ‘Joseph’-style events described by Mandelbrot and Wallis. I’ll give particular emphasis to the environmental information recovered from the rings of ancient trees, and explain how dendrochronology (tree-ring research) has been used to redefine the ‘flood of record’, test potential avenues for long-lead climate predictions, and gage the performance of state-of-the-art climate models.
Noah, Joseph, And High-Resolution PaleoclimatologyScott St. George
In 1968, Benoit Mandelbrot and James Wallis published an article titled ‘Noah, Joseph, and operational Hydrology’ in the journal Water Resources Research. In it, they argued that hydrological models of the day were not able to estimate the true risk of extreme floods or prolonged drought, and that rare hydrological events were much more common than usually assumed.
In this lecture, I’ll review how high-resolution paleoenvironmental archives can help us judge more accurately the risks posed by the ‘Noah’- and ‘Joseph’-style events described by Mandelbrot and Wallis. I’ll give particular emphasis to the environmental information recovered from the rings of ancient trees, and explain how dendrochronology (tree-ring research) has been used to redefine the ‘flood of record’, test potential avenues for long-lead climate predictions, and gage the performance of state-of-the-art climate models.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
Weathering Change
1. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
DroughtAreaIndex(%)
Year (AD)
Most of California’s dynamic relationship with water takes place
within a relatively wet period of history (Cook et al., 2004). The
Drought Area Index defines the extent to which a defined
threshold of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is
exceeded. The figure below shows that California’s climatological
history oscillates between dry (red) and wet (blue) periods relative
to the mean PDSI.
Hanak et al. (2007) characterizes four “eras” of California’s
complex water history, depicted in the timeline to the right. Note
that most policies were enacted during the latest wet period in
California’s history; however, the occurrence of 200-year
megadroughts in the distant past, as well as other decades-long
droughts later on, suggest the possibility of extended dry periods
in the future. Legislation such as the 2014 Sustainable
Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) is meant to prepare for
this possibility, but it means changing the way that water has
previously been managed in California.
1850: California becomes a state
Medieval megadroughts
Sources: [1] Cook, E. et al. 2004. Long-term aridity changes in the western United States. Science,
306, 1015-1018. [2] Hanak, E. et al. 2011. Managing California’s Water: From Conflict to Reconcilia-
tion. Public Policy Institute of California.
THE PAST, THE PRESENT, AND THE FUTURE
Long-term Climate Trends and Water Management History in California
Marielle Pinheiro1
and Rich Pauloo1
1. Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis. Author contact: mcpinheiro@ucdavis.edu, rpauloo@ucdavis.edu
English
common
law
adopted
(1850)
Gold Rush
begins
(1848)
SWP
approved
(1960)
Water policy
legislation
(2009)
Right of prior
appropriation
established
(1855)
Reclamation
districts
authorized
(1868)
Widespread flooding
(1906, 1909)
Reasonable use doctrine (1928)
Federal Flood Control Act (1928)
NEPA (1969)
Porter-Cologne Act (1969)
California Wild and
Scenic Rivers Act (1972)
Delta Stewardship
Council (2010)
California Aqueduct
(1966)
North Coast rivers
declared wild and
scenic (1981)
Irrigation districts
authorized
(1887)
Federal
takeover
of CVP (1935)
End of
hydraulic
mining
(1884)
Delta
Mendota
Canal
(1951)
Central Valley
flood
legislation
(2007)
Reclama-
tion Act
(1902)
Raker Act
authorizes
Hetch
Hetchy
(1913) Rejection of
peripheral canal
(1982)
Riparian rights
held as superior to
appropriative rights
(1886)
Section 5937
Fish and Game Code
(1933)
Bay-Delta Accord
(CALFED) (1994)
CALFED
Record of
Decision
(2000)
Collapse
of
CALFED
(2006)
O’Shaughnessy
Dam (1923)
Colorado River
Aqueduct (1940)
Hoover Dam
authorized (1928) Trinity Dam (1962)
Oroville Dam (1968) Clean Water
Act (1972)
Federal
ESA
(1973)
CEQA (1970) CVPIA (1992)
Owens River
Aqueduct
(1913)
Shasta
Dam
(1944)
Mono
Lake
decision
(1983)
Great Flood
of 1862
1840 0091 0091 1950 2000
Laissez-Faire Era Hydraulic Era
Local Organization Era Era of Conflict
Sustainable
Groundwater
Management Act
(2014)
All critically overdrafted
basins managed under a
Groundwater Sustainability
Plan (2020)
All critically overdrafted basins
achieve sustainability (2040) --
assuming plans are adopted
on time in 2020
2050
Era of Reconciliation?
Future Climate:
Wet or Dry?
Questions to Consider:
What variability in California’s future
climate is possible?
How will climatic variability
influence California’s relationship
with water?
Can California transition from
an Era of Conflict to an Era of
Reconciliation? What will that
transition look like?
Water law timeline: Modified from Hanak et al. (2007), Figure 1.1. Drought area index figure: Recreated from
Cook et al. (2004), Figure 2A. Drought area index data from E. Cook, personal communication, February, 2016.
Figures created or modified by Rich Pauloo, Marcos Pinheiro and Marielle Pinheiro.
Acknowledgements: Supported by NSF DGE # 1069333, the
Climate Change, Water, and Society IGERT, to UC Davis.
*
* The Sacramento flood of 1860,
as well as the 2017 La Niña
storms following the most
recent drought in California in-
dicate that periods of drought
may be accompanied by ex-
treme precipitation events.