Wealth inequality

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3. Research Objectives
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4. Research Methodology
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7. The United States of America
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Challenges to Healthcare expenditure in
USA
The United States faces several challenges related to healthcare expenditure, including:

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Challenges to Healthcare infrastructure in
USA

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Healthcare expenditure in Canada

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Healthcare infrastructure of
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Challenges to healthcare expenditure in Canada

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Challenges to healthcare infrastructure in Canada

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Expenditure on Health

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19. United Kingdom
NHS Overview:
• National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom.
Established in 1948.
• Operates across England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
• Decentralized structure allows for regional adaptations.
Funding Mechanism:
• Primarily funded through general taxation.
• Ensures healthcare services are provided free at the point of use.
Role of General Practitioners (GPs):
• GPs serve as the initial point of contact for patients.
• Oversee healthcare journeys and coordinate necessary services.

20. Core Principles:
• Universality: Ensures healthcare services for all citizens.
• Comprehensiveness: Provides a broad spectrum of services from primary care to specialized
treatments.
• Equity: Emphasizes equal access to healthcare services.
Challenges and Innovations:
• Challenges include rising demand and financial constraints.
• Ongoing innovations include technological integration and a focus on preventive care.
• -Demonstrates the NHS's resilience and adaptability.
Current Healthcare System Overview:
• Government-funded universal healthcare system.
• Citizens have access to healthcare, with the option to purchase private health insurance.
Conclusion
• NHS exemplifies the UK's commitment to universal and accessible healthcare.
• Effective in terms of quality, efficiency, and accessibility.
• Adapts to challenges through innovations, emphasizing high-quality, universally accessible care.

21. Key Components and Goals:
• Integration of Care: Central to the policy is the imperative to foster improved integration
between health and social care services. This involves dismantling traditional barriers to ensure
patients experience more coordinated and seamless care across different facets of the
healthcare system.
• Prevention and Public Health: A key focus of the initiative lies in preventive measures to counte
the escalating burden of chronic diseases. The goal is to champion healthy lifestyles, diminish
health inequalities, and prevent illnesses at early stages, thereby alleviating strain on healthcare
resources.
• Innovation and Technology: The policy actively promotes the adoption of innovative
technologies and practices to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.
Embracing digital health solutions and advancements in medical technology is a pivotal aspect.
• Patient-Centered Care: A strong emphasis is placed on providing patient-centered care,
engaging patients in decisions about their treatment, and enhancing the overall patient
experience within the healthcare system.

22. Healthcare Expenditure Overview:
• Multifaceted aspect of the UK's social and economic landscape.
Allocation of Budget:
• Consistently significant portion allocated to healthcare.
• Reflects the importance placed on citizens' well-being.
Factors Driving Expenditure:
• Upward trajectory in recent years.
• Driven by aging population, technological advancements, and increasing costs of medical treatments.
Government Response:
• Adapting to challenges by committing substantial financial resources.
• Aimed at sustaining and improving healthcare service quality.
Personnel Costs:
• Key component of healthcare expenditure

23. • NHS employs a vast workforce including doctors, nurses, administrative staff, and support
personnel.
• Salaries, training, and development contribute significantly.
Infrastructure Development
• Substantial portion allocated.
• Upgrading medical facilities and acquiring modern equipment are ongoing priorities.
Pharmaceutical Costs
• Significantly contribute to healthcare expenditure.
• NHS negotiates with pharmaceutical companies for cost-effective deals.
• Balancing access to medications and managing expenses is crucial.
Preventive Healthcare Initiatives:
• Integral to the UK's healthcare strategy.
• Aimed at reducing the burden on the healthcare system.
• Addresses issues like obesity, smoking, and mental health.
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24. Australia's Healthcare Overview:
• Cornerstone of the nation's commitment to citizen well-being.
• Globally renowned for efficiency, accessibility, and quality.
System Structure:
• Multifaceted structure combining public and private initiatives.
Organizational Structure:
• Detailed examination of the organizational framework.
Financing Mechanisms:
• Exploration of how healthcare is funded in Australia.
• Consideration of public and private financing components.
Accessibility:
• Analysis of the accessibility of healthcare services.
• Consideration of factors influencing access to care.
Quality of Care:
• Evaluation of the quality of healthcare services in Australia.
• Consideration of healthcare outcomes and patient satisfaction.
AUSTRALIA

25. Australia's Healthcare Expenditure
Total Healthcare Expenditure:
• Upward trajectory in recent years.
• In 2020, approximately $185 billion spent.
• Accounts for around 10% of GDP.
Public Healthcare System - Medicare:
• Central role in providing accessible and affordable medical services.
• Funded through taxation.
• Covers various services, from general practitioner visits to hospital care.
Government Commitment to Medicare:
• Consistent budget allocations to support Medicare.
• Ensures the system remains robust and responsive.

26. Private Healthcare System:
- Coexists with the public sector.
• Individuals can opt for additional coverage through private health insurance.
• Benefits include shorter waiting times for elective surgeries and access to a broader range of healthcare facilities.
Government Policies Encouraging Private Health Insurance:
• Medicare Levy Surcharge.
• Private Health Insurance Rebate.
Pharmaceutical Expenditure - PBS:
• Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme subsidizes the cost of essential medicines.
• Government negotiates prices with pharmaceutical companies for cost-effectiveness and accessibility.
Investments in Healthcare Infrastructure, Research, and Workforce:
• Significant contributions to overall healthcare expenditure.
• Prioritizes cutting-edge medical technologies, research initiatives, and healthcare professional training.
Commitment to Accessibility and Quality:
• Reflects a commitment to providing accessible, high-quality medical services.
• Balance between public and private sectors ensures resilience and responsiveness.
Continued Prioritization:
• Financial commitments underscore the priority placed on the well-being of Australians.
• Navigating healthcare challenges with strategic investments to meet evolving health needs.

27. Healthcare Infrastructure Overview:
Funding and Operation:
• Predominantly government-funded and operated.
Medicare:
• Publicly funded scheme.
• Provides subsidized or free medical services.
• Universal coverage for general practitioners, specialists, and public hospitals.
• Promotes equitable distribution of healthcare services.
Private Health Insurance:
• Significant role alongside public healthcare.
• Allows citizens to supplement coverage for access to private hospitals and additional services.
• Fosters competition and offers choice in healthcare providers.
Public Hospitals:
• Crucial component of healthcare infrastructure.
• Equipped with state-of-the-art facilities and skilled workforce.

28. Medical Research and Education:
• Significant investments in research institutions.
• Globally renowned contributions to medical advancements.
• Integration of research findings into clinical practice.
Pharmaceutical Services:
- Well-regulated.
• Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) ensures affordable access to prescription medications.
• Safeguards against high drug costs and enhances medication adherence.
Mental Health Focus:
• Growing emphasis within healthcare infrastructure.
• Initiatives and programs destigmatize mental health issues.
• Increase awareness and provide accessible mental health services.
Response to Public Health Crises:
• COVID-19 pandemic as an example.
• Effective coordination between federal and state health authorities.
• Widespread testing and vaccination campaigns showcase the resilience of the healthcare system.
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29. • United States:
⚬ High healthcare expenditure.
⚬ Challenges related to accessibility and disparities.
⚬ Ongoing infrastructure development efforts.
• Canada:
⚬ Publicly funded system prioritizing universal access.
⚬ Challenges include geographic disparities and aging infrastructure.
• India:
⚬ Lower healthcare expenditure.
⚬ Accessibility issues, emphasizing the need for increased infrastructure investment.
⚬ Vast and diverse population poses unique challenges.
• Australia:
⚬ Successful reforms, particularly in pharmaceutical benefits.
⚬ Contributes to a sustainable and efficient healthcare system.
• United Kingdom:
⚬ NHS "Five Year Forward View" demonstrates commitment to innovation, patient-centered
care, and workforce development.
⚬ Balancing expenditure with infrastructure investment highlighted
Conclusion