1. Ways to Make
Instruction Easy

2. The Dual Coding Principle
The Textual The Visual
Representation Representation
 Akbar was the greatest
Ruler of the Mughal
Dynasty

3. Cognitive Overload
 The learner can
only learn so much
at time.
 Too much
information tends
to decrease the
attentivity.

4. Chunking
 People remembers
things when they
are grouped in
meaningful, smalle
r and easy-to-
remember units.

5. ‘7-item’ Principle
 People remember
at the most seven
unrelated items

6. The Serial Position Effect
 People tend to  Potato
remember items at  Rose
the beginning and  Textbook
end of the list.  Stones
 Phone
 Gun
 Cupboard

7. ‘Middle Distinct Item’ Effect

8. Chaining & Meaningful Effect
 Pocket, half, girl, kn  The girl has a doll in
one hand, and a
ife, cat, Apple, doll knife in the other.
, slice, frock, hanky, She cuts a slice of
rest Apple and gives
half of it to the cat.
As she eats the rest,
some of it spills onto
his frock. She wipes
it off with a hanky
and puts it back in
her pocket.