Coal bed methane (CBM) is a natural gas found in coal deposits. India has implemented a CBM policy since 1997 to develop this resource. 30 CBM blocks have been awarded through competitive bidding in 4 rounds. CBM production started in 2007 and has increased each year, with 3 operators currently producing CBM gas from blocks in West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh. CBM reserves of over 9 trillion cubic feet have been established in 6 blocks across multiple states.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan gambaran umum mengenai panas bumi di Indonesia. Ringkasannya adalah:
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang definisi panas bumi, sistem panas bumi, skema operasi pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi, risiko pengembangan panas bumi, sistem berkelanjutan panas bumi, time table pengembangan panas bumi 2x55 MW, dan perbandingan emisi pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi dengan pembangkit listrik lainnya
The document discusses coal bed methane (CBM), which is a gas that occurs in association with coal. CBM is stored in the micropores and fractures of coal. When the water pressure surrounding coal beds is reduced, the methane is able to desorb from the coal and flow to the wells. CBM production involves drilling wells into coal seams and pumping out water to lower pressure and release the trapped methane gas. While CBM is a potential energy source, its extraction can impact local water resources and ecosystems through water withdrawal and produced water management.
The document provides a sectorial analysis of the oil and gas industry in India. It discusses the industry's contribution to the Indian economy through employment, GDP contribution, and FDI inflows. It analyzes the competitive landscape and profiles the top companies in the sector. The summary also examines the government's current policies supporting the industry and outlines future prospects like planned investments to increase refining capacity and expand the national gas pipeline network.
PETROGRAPHIC COMPOSITION AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF CRETACEOUS COALSAgbaje Mayowa
This document summarizes a study of the petrographic composition and depositional environments of Cretaceous coals in the Middle Benue Trough of Nigeria. Three coal facies were identified based on maceral analysis: a vitrinite-fusinite facies deposited in wet forest swamps, a trimaceritic facies deposited in delta plains, and a shaly facies deposited between dry-wet forest swamps and limno-telmatic clastic marshes. Tissue preservation indices and fossil evidence from interbedded sediments were used to interpret the depositional environments of each facies. The study provides insight into the paleoenvironmental conditions during formation of the coals in the Cretace
Petroleum is found in sedimentary rocks under pressure and heat. Exploration techniques include geological methods like subsurface mapping and remote sensing, and geophysical methods like gravity, electrical, magnetic, and seismic surveys to identify potential oil and gas deposits. Modern exploration uses hyperspectral remote sensing which provides high-resolution data to detect hydrocarbon indicators not visible to other sensors.
Coal bed methane (CBM) is a natural gas found in coal deposits. India has implemented a CBM policy since 1997 to develop this resource. 30 CBM blocks have been awarded through competitive bidding in 4 rounds. CBM production started in 2007 and has increased each year, with 3 operators currently producing CBM gas from blocks in West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh. CBM reserves of over 9 trillion cubic feet have been established in 6 blocks across multiple states.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan gambaran umum mengenai panas bumi di Indonesia. Ringkasannya adalah:
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang definisi panas bumi, sistem panas bumi, skema operasi pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi, risiko pengembangan panas bumi, sistem berkelanjutan panas bumi, time table pengembangan panas bumi 2x55 MW, dan perbandingan emisi pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi dengan pembangkit listrik lainnya
The document discusses coal bed methane (CBM), which is a gas that occurs in association with coal. CBM is stored in the micropores and fractures of coal. When the water pressure surrounding coal beds is reduced, the methane is able to desorb from the coal and flow to the wells. CBM production involves drilling wells into coal seams and pumping out water to lower pressure and release the trapped methane gas. While CBM is a potential energy source, its extraction can impact local water resources and ecosystems through water withdrawal and produced water management.
The document provides a sectorial analysis of the oil and gas industry in India. It discusses the industry's contribution to the Indian economy through employment, GDP contribution, and FDI inflows. It analyzes the competitive landscape and profiles the top companies in the sector. The summary also examines the government's current policies supporting the industry and outlines future prospects like planned investments to increase refining capacity and expand the national gas pipeline network.
PETROGRAPHIC COMPOSITION AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF CRETACEOUS COALSAgbaje Mayowa
This document summarizes a study of the petrographic composition and depositional environments of Cretaceous coals in the Middle Benue Trough of Nigeria. Three coal facies were identified based on maceral analysis: a vitrinite-fusinite facies deposited in wet forest swamps, a trimaceritic facies deposited in delta plains, and a shaly facies deposited between dry-wet forest swamps and limno-telmatic clastic marshes. Tissue preservation indices and fossil evidence from interbedded sediments were used to interpret the depositional environments of each facies. The study provides insight into the paleoenvironmental conditions during formation of the coals in the Cretace
Petroleum is found in sedimentary rocks under pressure and heat. Exploration techniques include geological methods like subsurface mapping and remote sensing, and geophysical methods like gravity, electrical, magnetic, and seismic surveys to identify potential oil and gas deposits. Modern exploration uses hyperspectral remote sensing which provides high-resolution data to detect hydrocarbon indicators not visible to other sensors.
This document provides information about the pattern and preparation for the UPSC Combined Geo-Scientist and Geologist examination. It discusses why geologists are needed and their important roles. It outlines the exam notification date, exam dates, and test structure which includes a written test, personality test, and medical test. The written exam consists of 5 papers testing general English and various geology topics. Suggested books for each subject are listed. Previous year question papers and cut-off marks are also discussed. Tips for preparation, focusing on the technical aspects, and managing time during the exam are provided. Important questions that may be asked during the personality test are outlined. The document concludes with information about the medical test.
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Oil and Gas Exploration
This brief overview of exploration includes segments on exploration processes, some historical perspective including an explanation of hydrocarbons, and finally we’ll discuss the ‘basin-play concept’.
There are 4 key steps to summarize the oil and gas exploration process:
First is understanding and evaluating the geologic setting, called a play,
Next is obtaining access to the potential reserves usually in the form of a lease.
The third step is determining where to drill and completing a successful discovery or “wildcat” well.
Finally, additional hydrocarbon reserves can be added to the portfolio of an oil company using guidelines set by the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) and the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Oil and gas is composed of compressed hydrocarbons. It was formed millions of years ago in a process that began when plant and animal remains were covered by very deep layers of sediment – minute particles of rock and minerals. With time, extreme pressure and high temperatures, these particles became a mix of both solid (coal) and liquid hydrocarbons. Even diamonds are a form of hydrocarbons.
Early oil discoveries were traced from natural hydrocarbon seeps at the surface. Many major fields of California, Oklahoma, Mexico, Iran, Iraq and Indonesia were related to surface hydrocarbon seeps.
The document provides an overview of the oil and gas exploration and production process. It discusses the key stages: exploration surveying, exploratory drilling, appraisal, development and production, and decommissioning. Exploration surveying involves desk studies, aerial photography, and seismic surveys. Exploratory drilling verifies the presence of hydrocarbons and determines quantities. Appraisal determines the size and commercial viability of oil fields. Development and production extracts oil and gas using various techniques. Decommissioning safely removes installations and restores sites after 20-40 years of commercial production.
The document provides information about a presentation on seismic surveys given by Rakesh Kumar. It lists the group members and discusses topics including the origin of oil and gas from plankton and cooking of organic matter, oil migration and traps, reservoir rocks, and seismic surveys. Seismic surveying involves firing sound waves into the earth and analyzing the reflected waves to image rock formations and determine potential locations for oil and gas reservoirs.
The document provides information about a presentation on seismic surveys given by Rakesh Kumar. It lists the group members and discusses topics including the origin of oil and gas from plankton and cooking of organic matter, oil migration and traps, reservoir rocks, and seismic surveys. Seismic surveying involves firing sound waves into the earth and analyzing the reflected waves to image rock formations and determine potential locations for oil and gas reservoirs.
This document discusses coal bed methane (CBM) and CO2 sequestration. CBM is natural gas trapped within coal beds, and can be extracted through drilling wells into coal seams and lowering reservoir pressure. Injecting CO2 into coal beds can enhance CBM recovery while sequestering CO2 emissions. India has significant potential for CBM production given its large coal reserves. Key coalfields in India like Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro contain many coal seams with good permeability and gas content, representing potential CBM blocks. India's policy framework supports the development of CBM through competitive bidding and tax incentives.
This document discusses the properties and classification of coal. It describes the three main types of coal - anthracite, bituminous, and lignite - based on their composition and properties like carbon content and volatility. It also discusses the physical and chemical properties of coal that are important for combustion, including heating value, proximate analysis (fixed carbon, volatile matter, moisture, ash), and ultimate analysis (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur content). The proper sizing of coal for different firing systems is also covered.
BAB II membahas kegiatan-kegiatan yang dilakukan sebelum operasi pengeboran, meliputi persiapan jalan ke lokasi pengeboran, persiapan lokasi pengeboran seperti meratakan lokasi, membuat kolam cadangan dan cellar, serta persiapan air dan peralatan pengeboran. Kegiatan terakhir adalah transportasi peralatan ke lokasi dan pendirian menara pengeboran."
Petroleum geology refers to the application of geology to explore for and produce oil and gas. It involves analyzing seven key elements of a sedimentary basin: the source, reservoir, seal, trap, timing of maturation and migration. The source rock is evaluated for its organic content and type of kerogen. The reservoir rock is analyzed for porosity, permeability and properties. The seal is a low permeability layer that traps hydrocarbons. Traps are structural or stratigraphic features that ensure hydrocarbons remain trapped. Maturation involves the thermal history to predict hydrocarbon generation and expulsion timing. Refining derives products like gasoline and fuel oil from crude oil through cracking and distillation processes.
This document provides an overview of coal bed methane (CBM). It discusses the history of CBM, how it is formed through the bacterial breakdown of coal over time, and how it is extracted by removing groundwater pressure. The document also outlines India's significant CBM reserves of around 92 trillion cubic feet, techniques to enhance extraction including carbon dioxide injection, and potential uses of CBM for power generation, transportation fuel, and other industrial applications. It concludes by noting CBM could become a major clean energy contributor and opportunities for greenhouse gas removal through enhanced CBM projects.
The document discusses the downstream oil sector, which includes refining crude oil and distributing and selling the resulting products. It is divided into three segments: exploration and production (upstream), refining (downstream), and distribution and sales (downstream). The downstream sector refers specifically to refining crude oil into products like gasoline and diesel, and distributing those products through various wholesale and retail channels to consumers.
Coal bed methane with reference to indiaKiran Padman
Coal bed methane (CBM) refers to natural gas trapped in coal beds. CBM was previously considered a mining hazard but is now seen as a potential energy source. Global CBM production has increased in recent decades in countries like the US, Australia, and China. India has significant estimated CBM reserves of around 70 trillion cubic feet. While CBM development has faced challenges in India, it could help meet the country's growing energy demand and reduce reliance on imports. Enhanced recovery techniques using carbon dioxide injection may further increase CBM production potential in the future.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation about Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC).
[1] ONGC is India's largest crude oil and natural gas company, producing 69% of India's crude oil and 62% of its natural gas. It was established in 1956 and is headquartered in Dehradun, India.
[2] The presentation covered an overview of ONGC, including its operations, maintenance processes, fault analysis, oil testing, welding transformers, and instruments used.
[3] It concluded with discussing a visit to an ONGC rig, thanking those involved for the learning experience, and highlighting what was learned about the complex operations involved in oil and gas
Petroleum is formed from organic materials that are deposited in sedimentary basins over millions of years. The key steps in petroleum formation include: (1) deposition and burial of organic-rich source rocks; (2) generation of hydrocarbons from the buried organic matter through thermal maturation; (3) migration of hydrocarbons from the source rock into reservoir rocks; and (4) accumulation of hydrocarbons in structural or stratigraphic traps in reservoir rocks where they are preserved. Successful petroleum exploration requires identification of source, reservoir, and seal rocks in areas with suitable burial and thermal histories to generate and trap commercial quantities of oil and gas.
This document provides an overview of the high voltage and ventilation arrangements and organizational structure at Appin Mine. It summarizes the history and configuration of the individual mines - Appin, West Cliff, and Tower mines. It describes the key surface infrastructure including main fans, winders, switchyards, and gas drainage plants. It outlines the integration of the mines and major projects that connected their operations. It details the current high voltage supplies and ventilation arrangements including main fans, interlocking systems, and responsibilities within the organizational structure to support the infrastructure.
Oil shale is a sedimentary rock formed from the remains of ancient organisms that lived millions of years ago. It contains kerogen, which breaks down into hydrocarbons like oil and natural gas when heated. The largest oil shale deposit in the United States is the Green River formation, spanning Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, which contains over 1.8 trillion barrels of shale oil. Oil shale is classified based on its depositional environment such as lacustrine, marine, or terrestrial, and mineral content including carbonate-rich, siliceous, or cannel shale types.
Pertambangan merupakan opsi menarik untuk optimalisasi penggunaan lahan, menambah lapangan kerja, memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri dan penerimaan negara.
Este documento presenta el cronograma de clases para la materia Finanzas II en la Universidad Católica Argentina durante el primer semestre de 2014. Se dictarán clases los martes, jueves y viernes por la noche abarcando temas como tasas de interés, mercados de capitales, estructura de capital, riesgo, valuación de empresas, derivados y bonos. Se realizarán dos parciales y trabajos prácticos integrales evaluando los conocimientos adquiridos.
This document provides information about the pattern and preparation for the UPSC Combined Geo-Scientist and Geologist examination. It discusses why geologists are needed and their important roles. It outlines the exam notification date, exam dates, and test structure which includes a written test, personality test, and medical test. The written exam consists of 5 papers testing general English and various geology topics. Suggested books for each subject are listed. Previous year question papers and cut-off marks are also discussed. Tips for preparation, focusing on the technical aspects, and managing time during the exam are provided. Important questions that may be asked during the personality test are outlined. The document concludes with information about the medical test.
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Oil and Gas Exploration
This brief overview of exploration includes segments on exploration processes, some historical perspective including an explanation of hydrocarbons, and finally we’ll discuss the ‘basin-play concept’.
There are 4 key steps to summarize the oil and gas exploration process:
First is understanding and evaluating the geologic setting, called a play,
Next is obtaining access to the potential reserves usually in the form of a lease.
The third step is determining where to drill and completing a successful discovery or “wildcat” well.
Finally, additional hydrocarbon reserves can be added to the portfolio of an oil company using guidelines set by the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) and the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Oil and gas is composed of compressed hydrocarbons. It was formed millions of years ago in a process that began when plant and animal remains were covered by very deep layers of sediment – minute particles of rock and minerals. With time, extreme pressure and high temperatures, these particles became a mix of both solid (coal) and liquid hydrocarbons. Even diamonds are a form of hydrocarbons.
Early oil discoveries were traced from natural hydrocarbon seeps at the surface. Many major fields of California, Oklahoma, Mexico, Iran, Iraq and Indonesia were related to surface hydrocarbon seeps.
The document provides an overview of the oil and gas exploration and production process. It discusses the key stages: exploration surveying, exploratory drilling, appraisal, development and production, and decommissioning. Exploration surveying involves desk studies, aerial photography, and seismic surveys. Exploratory drilling verifies the presence of hydrocarbons and determines quantities. Appraisal determines the size and commercial viability of oil fields. Development and production extracts oil and gas using various techniques. Decommissioning safely removes installations and restores sites after 20-40 years of commercial production.
The document provides information about a presentation on seismic surveys given by Rakesh Kumar. It lists the group members and discusses topics including the origin of oil and gas from plankton and cooking of organic matter, oil migration and traps, reservoir rocks, and seismic surveys. Seismic surveying involves firing sound waves into the earth and analyzing the reflected waves to image rock formations and determine potential locations for oil and gas reservoirs.
The document provides information about a presentation on seismic surveys given by Rakesh Kumar. It lists the group members and discusses topics including the origin of oil and gas from plankton and cooking of organic matter, oil migration and traps, reservoir rocks, and seismic surveys. Seismic surveying involves firing sound waves into the earth and analyzing the reflected waves to image rock formations and determine potential locations for oil and gas reservoirs.
This document discusses coal bed methane (CBM) and CO2 sequestration. CBM is natural gas trapped within coal beds, and can be extracted through drilling wells into coal seams and lowering reservoir pressure. Injecting CO2 into coal beds can enhance CBM recovery while sequestering CO2 emissions. India has significant potential for CBM production given its large coal reserves. Key coalfields in India like Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro contain many coal seams with good permeability and gas content, representing potential CBM blocks. India's policy framework supports the development of CBM through competitive bidding and tax incentives.
This document discusses the properties and classification of coal. It describes the three main types of coal - anthracite, bituminous, and lignite - based on their composition and properties like carbon content and volatility. It also discusses the physical and chemical properties of coal that are important for combustion, including heating value, proximate analysis (fixed carbon, volatile matter, moisture, ash), and ultimate analysis (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur content). The proper sizing of coal for different firing systems is also covered.
BAB II membahas kegiatan-kegiatan yang dilakukan sebelum operasi pengeboran, meliputi persiapan jalan ke lokasi pengeboran, persiapan lokasi pengeboran seperti meratakan lokasi, membuat kolam cadangan dan cellar, serta persiapan air dan peralatan pengeboran. Kegiatan terakhir adalah transportasi peralatan ke lokasi dan pendirian menara pengeboran."
Petroleum geology refers to the application of geology to explore for and produce oil and gas. It involves analyzing seven key elements of a sedimentary basin: the source, reservoir, seal, trap, timing of maturation and migration. The source rock is evaluated for its organic content and type of kerogen. The reservoir rock is analyzed for porosity, permeability and properties. The seal is a low permeability layer that traps hydrocarbons. Traps are structural or stratigraphic features that ensure hydrocarbons remain trapped. Maturation involves the thermal history to predict hydrocarbon generation and expulsion timing. Refining derives products like gasoline and fuel oil from crude oil through cracking and distillation processes.
This document provides an overview of coal bed methane (CBM). It discusses the history of CBM, how it is formed through the bacterial breakdown of coal over time, and how it is extracted by removing groundwater pressure. The document also outlines India's significant CBM reserves of around 92 trillion cubic feet, techniques to enhance extraction including carbon dioxide injection, and potential uses of CBM for power generation, transportation fuel, and other industrial applications. It concludes by noting CBM could become a major clean energy contributor and opportunities for greenhouse gas removal through enhanced CBM projects.
The document discusses the downstream oil sector, which includes refining crude oil and distributing and selling the resulting products. It is divided into three segments: exploration and production (upstream), refining (downstream), and distribution and sales (downstream). The downstream sector refers specifically to refining crude oil into products like gasoline and diesel, and distributing those products through various wholesale and retail channels to consumers.
Coal bed methane with reference to indiaKiran Padman
Coal bed methane (CBM) refers to natural gas trapped in coal beds. CBM was previously considered a mining hazard but is now seen as a potential energy source. Global CBM production has increased in recent decades in countries like the US, Australia, and China. India has significant estimated CBM reserves of around 70 trillion cubic feet. While CBM development has faced challenges in India, it could help meet the country's growing energy demand and reduce reliance on imports. Enhanced recovery techniques using carbon dioxide injection may further increase CBM production potential in the future.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation about Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC).
[1] ONGC is India's largest crude oil and natural gas company, producing 69% of India's crude oil and 62% of its natural gas. It was established in 1956 and is headquartered in Dehradun, India.
[2] The presentation covered an overview of ONGC, including its operations, maintenance processes, fault analysis, oil testing, welding transformers, and instruments used.
[3] It concluded with discussing a visit to an ONGC rig, thanking those involved for the learning experience, and highlighting what was learned about the complex operations involved in oil and gas
Petroleum is formed from organic materials that are deposited in sedimentary basins over millions of years. The key steps in petroleum formation include: (1) deposition and burial of organic-rich source rocks; (2) generation of hydrocarbons from the buried organic matter through thermal maturation; (3) migration of hydrocarbons from the source rock into reservoir rocks; and (4) accumulation of hydrocarbons in structural or stratigraphic traps in reservoir rocks where they are preserved. Successful petroleum exploration requires identification of source, reservoir, and seal rocks in areas with suitable burial and thermal histories to generate and trap commercial quantities of oil and gas.
This document provides an overview of the high voltage and ventilation arrangements and organizational structure at Appin Mine. It summarizes the history and configuration of the individual mines - Appin, West Cliff, and Tower mines. It describes the key surface infrastructure including main fans, winders, switchyards, and gas drainage plants. It outlines the integration of the mines and major projects that connected their operations. It details the current high voltage supplies and ventilation arrangements including main fans, interlocking systems, and responsibilities within the organizational structure to support the infrastructure.
Oil shale is a sedimentary rock formed from the remains of ancient organisms that lived millions of years ago. It contains kerogen, which breaks down into hydrocarbons like oil and natural gas when heated. The largest oil shale deposit in the United States is the Green River formation, spanning Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, which contains over 1.8 trillion barrels of shale oil. Oil shale is classified based on its depositional environment such as lacustrine, marine, or terrestrial, and mineral content including carbonate-rich, siliceous, or cannel shale types.
Pertambangan merupakan opsi menarik untuk optimalisasi penggunaan lahan, menambah lapangan kerja, memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri dan penerimaan negara.
Este documento presenta el cronograma de clases para la materia Finanzas II en la Universidad Católica Argentina durante el primer semestre de 2014. Se dictarán clases los martes, jueves y viernes por la noche abarcando temas como tasas de interés, mercados de capitales, estructura de capital, riesgo, valuación de empresas, derivados y bonos. Se realizarán dos parciales y trabajos prácticos integrales evaluando los conocimientos adquiridos.
This document contains personal identifying information for an individual named Justin Darrell Price including a COMP ID number, date, and what appears to be an account or reference number. The document simply lists basic contact information for an individual and does not provide any other context or details.
This document provides information about various youth sports programs offered by Skyhawks Sports Academy in the fall of 2015, including basketball, hoopstots, flag football, mini-hawk camps for soccer and baseball, and multi-sport programs. The programs are designed to teach fundamental skills in a fun, positive environment, as well as life lessons like teamwork and respect. They will take place on various dates from September to December at locations like Camden Gym, Camden Center, and Kirk Community Center, with fees ranging from $94-102 depending on resident/non-resident status.
This document provides instructions for BUS 505 Assignment 1 on researching a small business and developing a strategy to pursue a federal procurement opportunity. Students are asked to: 1) Describe the small business and industry, 2) Identify a relevant federal opportunity, 3) Assess the business's current strategies, 4) Conduct a SWOT analysis and gap analysis, and 5) Create an action plan to address gaps and fulfill opportunity requirements. The assignment must be 2-4 pages and follow APA formatting guidelines.
Mr. Giovanni Prota of Italian firm Endura SPA believes smaller companies can successfully manage REACH dossiers. For the 2013 deadline, Endura SPA registered two substances in an existing joint submission and three intermediates, taking the lead role for one. Mr. Prota attended ECHA's lead registrant workshop and found the Helpdesk service and one-on-one sessions very useful. He now manages updates to the dossier for piperonyl butox-ide internally, after initially preparing it with consultants. Mr. Prota would advise smaller companies to take the lead registrant role if the substance is their core business.
Este documento presenta una acción de cumplimiento contra una autoridad por no cumplir con lo dispuesto en una norma o acto administrativo. Se describen los hechos del incumplimiento, las consideraciones legales, y se solicita como petición que se ordene a la autoridad demandada el cumplimiento de la norma y que se investiguen posibles responsabilidades penales o disciplinarias.
Este documento ofrece consejos para padres de hijos con TDAH, incluyendo afrontar el diagnóstico con comprensión y buscando ayuda si es necesario, mejorar la autoestima del niño valorándolo como persona y no solo por sus logros, y utilizar refuerzos positivos, simplificar reglas y crear rutinas para motivar el aprendizaje y lograr que el niño obedezca.
Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 10 Fase E Kurikulum MerdekaFathan Emran
Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 10 SMA/MA Fase E Kurikulum Merdeka - abdiera.com, Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 10 SMA/MA Fase E Kurikulum Merdeka, Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 10 SMA/MA Fase E Kurikulum Merdeka, Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 10 SMA/MA Fase E Kurikulum Merdeka, Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 10 SMA/MA Fase E Kurikulum Merdeka, Modul Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Kelas 10 SMA/MA Fase E Kurikulum Merdeka
Materi ini sangat penting sebagai kita pendidik di smk untuk apa untuk memberikan motifasi kepada kita sebagai pendidik di smk bahwa tujuan akhir kita tidak hanya transfer ilmu saja melainkan juga mengantar peserta didik menuju du di
1. Water Drive Reservoir
Terjadinya aliran fluida dari reservoir ke permukaan disebabkan tenaga dorong
air yang mengisi pori-pori yang ditinggalkan minyak, baik dari bawah samping
maupun dari kedua-duanya.
Ciri-ciri :
- Tekanan relatif stabil (tetap tinggi)
- GOR rendah dan konstan
- WOR meningkatkontinyu
- Perilaku : sumur sembur alam sampai air berlebihan
- Perolehan minyak (RF) cukup tinggi (35-60)%
2. Dissolved/Solution Gas Drive
Tenaga pendorong dari gas yang terlarut dalam minyak kemudian terbebaskan
dan mengembang akhirnya mendesak minyak.
Ciri-ciri :
- Tekanan turun cepat dan menerus
- GOR mula-mula rendah kemudian naik cepatkemudian turun.
- Produksi air (Qw) kecil atau diabaikan
- Perilaku : memerlukan pumping pada tahap awal
- RF rendah (5-30) %
3. Gas Cap Drive
Tenaga dorong dari tudung gas yang ada di atas minyak.
Ciri-ciri :
- Tekanan turun lambattapi terus.
- GOR meningkatterus
- Qw hampir tidak ada.
- Perilaku : sumur sembur alam tergantung ukuran gas capnya.
- RF (20-40) %
2. 4. Combination Drive Reservoir
Tenaga dorong merupakan kombinasi dari dua atau lebih .
Fase berikutnya jika produksi mengalami penurunan maka dilakukan metode
peningkatan produksi disebut fase produksi sekunder (secondary recovery).
Mekanisme pendorong resrvoir ini antara lain : carcondioxide miscible flooding,
steam flooding dan chemical flooding. Kemampuan recovery 50-60% dari total
cadangan.