This document contains diagrams and explanations of LAN and WAN clusters. The LAN cluster diagram shows a server cluster connected to a management server and switches connecting nodes on different floors. The WAN cluster diagram shows servers spread across different geographic locations connected through fiber wires and routers. The document also explains the seven layers of the OSI model and the protocols used in each layer.

1. WAN & LAN CLUSTER
DIAGRAMS
Larry Reid
Kaplan University
IT332

2. LAN CLUSTER
Router
Switch
Internet
Cat6
Node
Node
Node Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Switch
Management
Server
Cluster
1st
Floor
2nd
Floor
3rd
Floor
• This is a depiction of a LAN
based cluster.
• The server cluster is in the server
room in the top left corner, every
server connects to a
management server.
• The management server
connects to the router that has
internet access and to a switch
which is connected to the rest of
the wired LAN connection in the
office building.
• Every floor has their own switch
that connects back to the switch
on the first floor, and then to the
internet.
• The management server should
also have additional hardware
installed that would be used to
run firewall and IPS/IDS
software.

3. “
”
WAN CLUSTER
The Internet
The Internet
Small Town
In Washington
Company
Headquarters
In Texas
Big City
In Florida
The Internet
Fiber Wire
Layer 1
Cluster 2
Cluster 3
Cluster 1
Fiber Wire
Layer 1
Fiber Wire
Layer 1
Router
Switch
Router
RouterRouter
Router
NETWORK LAYER3
IP/IPX/ICMP
Packets
DATA LINK LAYER2
PPP/SLIP, MAC
Frames
PHYSICAL LAYER1
HUB/Switch/Cables
Physical Structure
APPLICATION LAYER7
SMTP/POP, HTTP/HTTPS, FTP, Telnet, DNS,
SNMP, NFS
End User Layer
PRESENTATION LAYER6
JPEG/ASCII, EBDIC/TIFF/GIFF, PICT
Syntax Layer
SESSION LAYER5
RPC/SQL/NFS, NetBIOS
Synch and Send to Ports
TRANSPORT LAYER4
TCP/SPX/UDP
Host to Host flow control
• On the right is a diagram of a
Wide Area Network cluster in
which there are servers in 3
different geographic locations.
• This is a software based cluster
hence the reason for no
management server to control
the clustering, instead each
server participates in
administrative tasks.
• On the bottom middle of the
diagram is the OSI model layers
depicted with each protocol
that they can use.
• The next page will explain the
OSI model better.

4. THE OSI MODEL
1. The Physical Layer
• This is the physical connection to the network and the
physical devices that make it happen.
2. Data Link Layer
• This layer receives packets from layer 3, establishes a link to
the recipient and sends the packets using frames or receives
a connection from a host and receives packets, using the
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), or the Serial Line Internet
Protocol (SLIP) for serial connections.
3. Network Layer
• At this layer the packet is created to send out on to
either layer 2 or onto the internet depending on the
addressing, this layer uses the Internet Protocol (IP),
Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX), and the Internet
Control Message Protocol (ICMP).
4. Transport Layer
• Responsible for end to end communications over the
network, providing support for the communication
between application processes on hosts using the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), Sequence Packet
Exchange Protocol (SPX), and the User Datagram Protocol
(UDP).
5. Session Layer
• Opens, closes, and manages sessions between end
users and applications processes. Used in application
environments often and can allow and sync data
transmissions of different streams or different
sources. This layer uses Rate Control Protocol (RTP),
Structured Query Language Protocol (SQL), Network
File System Protocol (NFS), and the Network BIOS
protocol (NetBIOS).
6. Presentation Layer
• This layer is used for translate code, conduct data
conversion and compression, data encryption, and
character set translation. After the previous layers
unpack the data the presentation layer converts it to
a language the system can understand and presents
it to layer 7, additionally when sending information
out it converts it encrypts the data and sends it to
layer 5 or 4 depending on the contents.
7. Application Layer
7. Finally we have the application layer which is where
data begins and ends. This layer is where an
application would receive data from the web and
display its contents, such as you browser and web
pages. Additionally, this is where data is created that is
to be sent on the internet. This layer uses the Simple
Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP), and the Post Office
Protocol (POP) when sending email.
The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model was developed to standardize the functions
of network communications and the use of protocols, there are seven layers in all.

5. REFERENCES
Techopedia, (N.D.). Presentation Layer. retrieved May 22 2016, from Techopedia Web Site:
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/8955/presentation-layer
Rouse, M (2005). Data-Link layer. retrieved May 22 2016, from TechTarget Web Site:
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/Data-Link-layer
Rouse, m (2006). physical layer. retrieved May 22 2016, from TechTarget Web Site:
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/physical-layer
Rouse, M (2006). Network layer. retrieved May 22 2016, from TechTarget Web Site:
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/Network-layer
Rouse, M (2005). Transport layer. retrieved May 22 2016, from TechTarget Web Site:
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/Transport-layer
Rouse, M (2006). Session layer (port layer). retrieved May 22 2016, from TechTarget Web Site:
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/Session-layer
Rouse, M (2006). Application layer. retrieved May 22 2016, from TechTarget Web Site:
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/Application-layer