Walker o psy5102-8-2
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This document discusses the emergence of modern psychology as a formal discipline in the late 19th century. It describes the intellectual climate of the time known as the Zeitgeist and analytical models used to understand the development of new ideas. Physiological and experimental methods developed by scientists like Helmholtz and Broca influenced early approaches. Wilhelm Wundt is credited with formally establishing psychology as an academic field, opening the first psychology laboratory and journal. The document also notes the lack of diversity in early psychology, with minorities and women facing discrimination in the discipline.
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Walker o psy5102-8-2
- 1. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 1 Lecture Emergence of the New Psychology Olivia Walker North Central University
- 2. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 2 Overview Analytical Model of Evaluation or Ouvre Experimental and Physiological Psychology to New Psychology Formal Founding of Psychology as a Discipline
- 3. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 3 Overview Continued Women and Minorities
- 4. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 4 Analytical Model of Evaluation The Point of View we use for analyzing The History of Psychology and how it’s impacted
- 5. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 5 Vocabulary Word Zeitgeist
- 6. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 6 Zeitgeist The intellectual climate in existence at a certain time characterized by shared culture, experiences, and influences conscious or unconscious
- 7. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 7 Analytical Model of Evaluation Point of View Naturalistic
- 8. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 8 Analytical Model of Evaluation The Naturalistic Model The Zeitgeist (climate of the times) is the reason new intellectual discoveries are made. As long as there is a society people through their interpersonal relations will progress and create (Evans, n.d.)
- 9. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 9 Analytical Model of Evaluation The Naturalistic Model Continued… The intellectual discoveries of the Zeitgeist are not the result of individual Genius but of collective progress in society. Evans (nd) says that Naturalistic Models have determinants ie. Physical, environment may be the reason fire was discovered so that individuals could stay warm or Political long term Peace may result in the founding of democracy
- 10. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 10 Analytical Model of Evaluation The Naturalistic Model Continued… Finally the Naturalistic Model states that discoveries can be made before their time but unless the Zeitgeist is ready for the discoveries they will be ignored.
- 11. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 11 Analytical Model of Evaluation Point of View Personalistic
- 12. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 12 Analytical Model of Evaluation The Personalistic Model Simply States that Geniuses do exist and have such an impact on the spirit of the times that they completely change society by their contributions.
- 13. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 13 Physiological and Experimental Methods to the New Psychology
- 14. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 14 Physiological and Experimental Methods to the New Psychology Physiology – investigates how sensations and perceptions are processed
- 15. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 15 Physiological and Experimental Methods to the New Psychology The Reaction Time Study – measured differences in observation findings by observers and found that there was something called a personal equation in science that could cause differences in perception where observations were necessary .
- 16. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 16 Physiological and Experimental Methods to the New Psychology Broca’s Brain The Clinical Method
- 17. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 17 Physiological and Experimental Methods to the New Psychology Electrical Nature of Nerve Impulses Electrical Stimulation still used
- 18. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 18 Physiological and Experimental Methods to the New Psychology Experimental Psychology
- 19. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 19 Experimental German Zeitgeist 1. Taxonomy 2. Defined almost every human endeavor as a science and worth of study 3. Reform Movement in Academia 4. Sheer Number of Universities
- 20. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 20 Experimental Herman Von Helmholtz
- 21. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 21 Psychology Becomes a Formal Discipline All the Pieces are Put Together
- 22. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 22 Psychology Becomes a Formal Discipline
- 23. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 23 Psychology Becomes a Formal Discipline William Wundt Founder of Psychology – formalized the process of and defined the discipline of psychology Called it a formal discipline and advocated for it Founded first Psychology Lab Founded First Journal
- 24. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 24 Minorities and Women in Early Psychology
- 25. 09/14/13 WalkerOPSY5102-8-2 25 Minorities and Women in Early Psychology Minorities 1920 Women Discrimination existed 1906 12% of listed psychologists are women in American Men of Science 1941 25% of PhD's were women Tichener
Editor's Notes
- Good Afternoon my name is Olivia Walker and I am a graduate student at North Central University. I am from Atlanta, Georgia and received my BA Degree from Georgia State University. Today we will be discussing the Emergence of the New Psychology.
- Before we start lets discuss an overview of what the lecture will be about today. First of all we will discuss how to analyze the information. We will discuss what lens to use when analyzing the history of Psychology. In addition we will trace the journey of psychology from Experimental to Physiological to the New Psychology. Next, we will discuss the Formal Founding of Psychology as a discipline. We will discuss why it was founded, who founded the discipline and how it was founded as well as what’s necessary to be a discipline. Finally, we will examine the role of women, minorities, and the disabled in the founding of Psychology.
- Finally we will discuss the role of women and minorities in psychology.
- First of all we will discuss the method for analyzing the History of Psychology. As the slide states the analytical model for evaluating the History of Psychology is determined by point of View. The points of view used in evaluating Psychology are literally like night and day or yin and yang. They are totally opposite but Historians of Psychology find them useful.
- Before we move on to discussing the Historical Point of View we have one vocabulary word. Zeitgeist
- Now that we know what Zeitgeist is we can now move on to examining the models used for analyzing Historical Psychology.
- One theory and model of evaluation of Psychological History is the Naturalistic theory.
- The Naturalistic Model states the Zeitgeist (climate of the times) is the reason new intellectual discoveries are made.
- The Alternative model used to evaluate Psychological History is the Personalistic Model.
- The Personalistic model states that Geniuses do exist and have such an impact on the spirit of the times that they completely change society by their contributions. For example, in the Video Game Sid Meirs Civilization, wherever Ghandi appears in whatever time because of his genius he brings peace. As we begin to study the evolution of psychology into a formal discipline the Naturalistic and Personalistic models are what we will use for evaluating the history of Psychology.
- Many people think that Psychology is a discipline of the senses and the emotions and how to treat hurt feelings. The reality is the roots of modern psychology lie in the examination of anatomy and experiments that truly established that the senses really exist and that the brain has a function in how we feel. Early experiments leading to the formal founding of psychology can largely be characterized as a discipline of questioning or experimentation.
- First of all we will examine and define historical Physiology. Historical Physiology investigated how sensations and perceptions were processed. It studied how sense information was received by a living subject. During the early years of Physiology, it is very important to remember that any experiment that created a sense reaction was a Physiological experiment. Historical Physiology as a discipline is naturalistic because it uses all physiological experiments to get a greater understanding of the subject matter. The earliest physiologist Johannes Muller created a book detailing all the experiments of physiology within a seven year period. Two examples of very different experiments in physiology that brought greater understanding to the field are
- The Reaction Time Study – measured differences in observation findings by observers and found that there was something called a personal equation in science that could cause differences in perception where observations were necessary. This was just a simple study where many times information was gathered to show differences in observation. It was not a complex study.
- Another study that fell under the field of Physiology was the study of a deceased persons brain who had speech problems while alive. The physiologist Paul Broca performed an autopsy on the deceased person and found lesions on a portion of the persons brain which he labeled the speech center. This portion of the brain would forever be known as Broca’s Brain and this method of research would be called the Clinical Method. The prior two examples show that the discipline of physiology was broad prior to the finding of psychology.
- By the Mid 19 th century the Physiologists had proven the electrical nature of the brain through physiology. They had proven what Descartes had only suspected and that was the brain and the body interacted with each other for voluntary and involuntary functions. Through a concerted effort of group but not formalized study of various experiments the Physiologists had proven the brain body connection, and as an aside created a method of stimulating the brain still used today and that is called Electrical Stimulation.
- Even Though Physiology had through various experiments proven the electrical nature of the brain. The hodgepodge of experiments lacked a scientific method. Physiologists were literally like loose cannons doing what they could to find out information about sensory experiences. According to BR Hergenhahn, (2009) There was a need to examine “scientifically” the relationship between sensation and conscious experience. This need ushered in the discipline of Experimental Psychology.
- According to Schultz (2012), experimental psychology was driven by the German 19 th century Zeitgeist. Germans were the only Europeans who studied Taxonomy. They also considered almost every human endeavor as worthy of study. German Universities initiated a reform movement in academia that demanded innovation, research, experimentation and discovery, and had numerous universities to produce scholars and researchers. Germany also because of a changing political structure had a huge number of Universities producing scholars. Since Germany placed a high premium on the acquisition of knowledge, it would be the place where the contemplation of knowledge and the inner life would be proven and become a formal science.
- The experiment that would make it decisive that psychology should be a science and that living things were more than beings acted on by an outer force would be an experiment by Herman Van Helmholtz that proved that there was a delay between thought and action. This suggested that living beings had control of their actions prior to performing them. This was pivotal to making psychology a discipline.
- The next section of the lecture discusses how psychology became a formal discipline.
- Some of you may be aware that McDonalds started out as a sole proprietorship and was purchased by a business man who made McDonalds into the successful chain it is now. This can be compared to the story of the founding of Psychology. There were a lot of experiments being done by many different scientists that was Psychology but it took a visionary person to bring the science from one hamburger stand creating great hamburgers to a titan serving 100 million people. William Wundt is known as the father of Psychology.
- William Wundt was the founder of Psychology because he formalized a methodology for research in Psychology and defined the discipline of Psychology. He did this by first of all calling it a new science and advocating for it as a field, than he founded a lab and a journal. This is why Psychology was considered to be established as a science in the middle to late 19 th century. Though Psychology was established as a science it still had the same issues of inclusion that all of society had with minorities and women, even though some of the people who participated in the work leading up to the founding of psychology could be considered as a little mentally ill themselves. Next we will discuss minorities and women in early psychology.
- It was not until the 1920’s in the U.S. that a non white person would become a researcher in the field of Psychology. According to Schultz (2012), Psychology has presented barriers to women but of all the scientific disciplines has been the most embracive of women. Discrimination towards women did exist but Psychology admitted more women to it’s ranks than any other discipline. By 1906 12% of Psychologists listed in American Men of Science were women. Tichener and his attitude towards women was a big joke. He had one meeting that women were not admitted to ever but seemed to attend occasionally by maybe hiding under the table or just sitting at the door and listening. Despite this bias against women at one meeting, Tichener worked hard to admit women to his PHD program and publish their journal articles. He was an advocate for women.