Voice disorder

1. Voice disorders and classifications
Before reading kindly go through the videos regarding anatomy of glottis
and epiglottis at the level of vocal folds
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrAfEyane2Y
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PGx0-ljVhkI
Cause
3 classificationsof voice disorders
organic
neurogenic
functional
2 types of organic classifications of voice disorders
Structural abnormalities
laryngeal diseases
Voice disordersthat are organic,structuralabnormalities (6)
laryngomalacia
sub glottal stenosis
tracheoesophagealfistula
esophagealatresia
sulcus vocalis
laryngeal web
voice disordersthat are organic,laryngealdiseases (13)
1. Cancer
2. infectious laryngitis
3. tumor
4. cysts

2. 5. papilloma
6. hemangioma
7. endocrine changes
8. contact ulcers
9. hyperkeratosis
10. leukoplakia
11. pubertal changes
12. reflux
13. laryngectomy
Laryngomalacia
Congenital malformation, cartilage in the larynx is not stiff enough;
epiglottis can collapse into itself and block the airway
Subglottalstenosis
Narrowing of the subglottic space, will preclude passage of air through it, if
breathing is affected,tracheostomywill be put in
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Hole in the commonwall betweenthe trachea and esophagus
Esophageal atresia
An abnormal occlusionof the esophagus or failure of the esophagus to
develop as a continuous passage;cannot build up enough pressure for
vocalization
Sulcus vocalis
Look like furrows and deep sulci in the surface of the vocal folds;could be
the entire length, or just part of the vocal folds;will cause
hoarseness/breathiness
Laryngeal web
Web growing between the two vocal folds that inhibits normal fold vibration
Cancer
This is a life-threatening disease that requires serious medical-surgical
management; extensive oral lesions can seriously affectarticulation, vocal
resonance and swallowing; pose a serious threat to airway adequacy

3. Infectious laryngitis
Usually occurs as a symptom of severe upper respiratory infection (URI);
can be viral or bacterial
Cysts
Usually caused by blockage of mucous glands; they differfrom nodes
because they are soft and pliable rather than hard; could change mass of
one vocal fold to cause asymmetry and some abnormal voice
Papilloma
Benign tumor, wart-like, found in kids; not uncommonto have through
respiratory tract; could be precancerous
Hemangioma
Similar to contact ulcer, but filled with blood like a blood blister; usually
occur on back of glottis, associated with vocal hyper function (excessive
use of voice)
Endocrine changes
Puberty, menopause; hypo function could affectgrowth and cause
persistenthigh pitched voice
Contactulcers
Usually an organic reason, smoking and stress can cause these; generally
develop on the vocal processes of the arytenoids cartilages; usually
unilateral; can cause low pitched voice and painful phonation
Hyperkeratosis
Lesions on the vocal folds;these lesions can form anywhere there is
continued irritation; non-malignant but could be precursor
Leukoplakia
Disease that can happen anywhere in the body; white patches that form on
the mucosal tissue; additive lesions will cause additional mass on vocal
folds

4. Reflux
one of the most commoncauses of hoarseness;frequentthroat clearing
and coughing; can cause persistentredness and irritation may lead to other
pathologies;treatment may be behavioral, pharmacological or surgical
Laryngectomy
Partial or complete removalof the larynx; alters breathing, speechand
swallowing; may learn to use esophagealspeechafter this surgery