This document presents a project proposal to study three case studies of water reclamation projects in the Vhembe District Municipality in South Africa. The first case study examines the Fumani water works and borehole, which provides water from an abandoned gold mine. This water is contaminated with acid mine drainage containing heavy metals. The second case study looks at thermal springs in the Nzhelele area. The third examines the Thohoyandou wastewater treatment plant. Each case study describes the background, defines the research problem, objectives, and justification. It also reviews literature relevant to acid mine drainage and wastewater treatment and proposes a methodology to scientifically assess the issues.
Gender and Sexuality in English Language Education. Focus on PolandŁukasz Pakuła
This document discusses gender and sexuality issues in English language education, with a focus on Poland. It addresses what gender means, including biological sex, social construction, and gender identity. It also discusses sexuality, heteronormativity, and representation of gender and sexuality in textbooks and classroom interaction. Key issues covered include gender differences and similarities, masculinities and femininities, and educational disadvantage related to gender and sexuality. The study aims to explore these issues in Polish English language classrooms and textbooks to better understand how gender and sexuality are represented and discussed.
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a Bible survey covering both the Old and New Testaments. It begins with an introduction on attitudes toward Bible study and what the Bible is. The main body then summarizes each book of the Bible in the order they appear, from Genesis to Revelation. It concludes with remarks on developing a positive attitude in studying the Bible and avoiding incorrect attitudes like pessimism, laziness, or disbelief.
This document is a research proposal examining the effects of financial literacy on securities market participation in Kenya. It provides background on financial literacy and its importance in empowering consumers to make informed financial decisions. The study aims to determine the factors influencing participation in Kenya's securities market and examine the relationship between financial literacy, investor behavior, and market participation. The researcher proposes a quantitative cross-sectional design involving a survey of investors. The expected findings will provide insights for improving financial literacy and encouraging greater securities market involvement in Kenya.
This document outlines the rules and procedures for submitting, evaluating, selecting, and awarding proposals under the Seventh Framework Programme. It describes the submission process, eligibility checks, evaluation of proposals by independent experts, finalization of evaluation results, negotiation and award stages, and provides annexes on specific procedures and considerations around ethics, security, and evaluation of certain proposal types. The overall goal is to ensure excellence, transparency, fairness, confidentiality, efficiency and adherence to ethical and security standards in the proposal process.
This document is the annual report of the Office of the Prime Minister of Namibia for the 2006-2007 financial year. Some of the key highlights from the report include:
- A policy shift towards a more holistic approach focusing on both economic and social transformation for citizens, rather than just economic empowerment.
- Progress on special projects like improving educational facilities for vulnerable communities and providing training and employment opportunities to marginalized groups.
- The establishment of a new Ministry of Veterans' Affairs to address the needs of war veterans.
- Negotiations with other countries on initiatives like addressing Germany's historical impact and a marine cable to enhance digital communication in Southern Africa.
- Training over 300 public
Lesser Slave Lake Sustainable Development Study_Ganna SamoylenkoGanna Samoylenko
This document presents a study on sustainable development strategies for Lesser Slave Lake in Alberta, Canada. It analyzes historical trends in the local population, economy, and tourism industry. It also examines the integrated management system for the lake, land use rules, and community organizations. The study identifies opportunities for further tourism and recreation development while protecting the environment. It recommends strategies to focus future development on sustainability and outlines an approach for marketing the region.
This document summarizes a study examining how tighter capital requirements for German banks could impact lending across different industries. The study finds:
1) German banks with higher debt ratios tend to have riskier loan portfolios.
2) If banks respond to tighter capital rules by deleveraging rather than raising equity, lending may be restricted more for some industries.
3) Manufacturing, finance/insurance, and real estate are identified as industries potentially facing a more limited access to bank loans, based on calculations of potential deleveraging impacts under a proposed 3% leverage ratio.
Insights pt-2018-exclusive-art-and-culture-1Abhilash S
This document provides information on various art, culture and heritage related topics in India, including festivals, events, dance forms, paintings, personalities, and awards. It discusses 25 festivals celebrated across India, from major festivals like Kumbh Mela to local ones like Namami Barak Festival. It also outlines 6 events and conferences held in India, 3 classical Indian dance forms, and describes 4 examples of paintings and art forms. Further, it mentions 3 prominent historical Indian personalities and 10 prestigious awards and institutions that recognize contributions to Indian art and culture. Lastly, it discusses 2 international efforts to promote culture and heritage.
Gender and Sexuality in English Language Education. Focus on PolandŁukasz Pakuła
This document discusses gender and sexuality issues in English language education, with a focus on Poland. It addresses what gender means, including biological sex, social construction, and gender identity. It also discusses sexuality, heteronormativity, and representation of gender and sexuality in textbooks and classroom interaction. Key issues covered include gender differences and similarities, masculinities and femininities, and educational disadvantage related to gender and sexuality. The study aims to explore these issues in Polish English language classrooms and textbooks to better understand how gender and sexuality are represented and discussed.
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a Bible survey covering both the Old and New Testaments. It begins with an introduction on attitudes toward Bible study and what the Bible is. The main body then summarizes each book of the Bible in the order they appear, from Genesis to Revelation. It concludes with remarks on developing a positive attitude in studying the Bible and avoiding incorrect attitudes like pessimism, laziness, or disbelief.
This document is a research proposal examining the effects of financial literacy on securities market participation in Kenya. It provides background on financial literacy and its importance in empowering consumers to make informed financial decisions. The study aims to determine the factors influencing participation in Kenya's securities market and examine the relationship between financial literacy, investor behavior, and market participation. The researcher proposes a quantitative cross-sectional design involving a survey of investors. The expected findings will provide insights for improving financial literacy and encouraging greater securities market involvement in Kenya.
This document outlines the rules and procedures for submitting, evaluating, selecting, and awarding proposals under the Seventh Framework Programme. It describes the submission process, eligibility checks, evaluation of proposals by independent experts, finalization of evaluation results, negotiation and award stages, and provides annexes on specific procedures and considerations around ethics, security, and evaluation of certain proposal types. The overall goal is to ensure excellence, transparency, fairness, confidentiality, efficiency and adherence to ethical and security standards in the proposal process.
This document is the annual report of the Office of the Prime Minister of Namibia for the 2006-2007 financial year. Some of the key highlights from the report include:
- A policy shift towards a more holistic approach focusing on both economic and social transformation for citizens, rather than just economic empowerment.
- Progress on special projects like improving educational facilities for vulnerable communities and providing training and employment opportunities to marginalized groups.
- The establishment of a new Ministry of Veterans' Affairs to address the needs of war veterans.
- Negotiations with other countries on initiatives like addressing Germany's historical impact and a marine cable to enhance digital communication in Southern Africa.
- Training over 300 public
Lesser Slave Lake Sustainable Development Study_Ganna SamoylenkoGanna Samoylenko
This document presents a study on sustainable development strategies for Lesser Slave Lake in Alberta, Canada. It analyzes historical trends in the local population, economy, and tourism industry. It also examines the integrated management system for the lake, land use rules, and community organizations. The study identifies opportunities for further tourism and recreation development while protecting the environment. It recommends strategies to focus future development on sustainability and outlines an approach for marketing the region.
This document summarizes a study examining how tighter capital requirements for German banks could impact lending across different industries. The study finds:
1) German banks with higher debt ratios tend to have riskier loan portfolios.
2) If banks respond to tighter capital rules by deleveraging rather than raising equity, lending may be restricted more for some industries.
3) Manufacturing, finance/insurance, and real estate are identified as industries potentially facing a more limited access to bank loans, based on calculations of potential deleveraging impacts under a proposed 3% leverage ratio.
Insights pt-2018-exclusive-art-and-culture-1Abhilash S
This document provides information on various art, culture and heritage related topics in India, including festivals, events, dance forms, paintings, personalities, and awards. It discusses 25 festivals celebrated across India, from major festivals like Kumbh Mela to local ones like Namami Barak Festival. It also outlines 6 events and conferences held in India, 3 classical Indian dance forms, and describes 4 examples of paintings and art forms. Further, it mentions 3 prominent historical Indian personalities and 10 prestigious awards and institutions that recognize contributions to Indian art and culture. Lastly, it discusses 2 international efforts to promote culture and heritage.
This document discusses the National Student Survey (NSE) in the Netherlands. It provides details on:
- The NSE is an annual nationwide survey of student satisfaction that is conducted collaboratively between higher education institutions. Over 264,000 students responded in 2013.
- Results are used to inform student choice of programs and help institutions improve quality. Scores are available to compare programs and identify areas for improvement.
- The survey process involves collecting student and program data from institutions, administering an online questionnaire, and providing results. Participation has increased each year to provide more comprehensive feedback.
This document is an accounting policies and procedures manual for the Ghana School Feeding Programme (GSFP) from 2009. It outlines the general structure and policies of the GSFP
This document is an e-book containing information from schools in Slovakia, Croatia, Italy, Portugal, and Turkey about seasonal activities and traditions. It includes sections on developing a logo and mascot, autumn activities, outdoor kite flying, Christmas/winter traditions, carnival celebrations, spring/Easter events, and summer plans. For each season or topic, the schools describe what they do, including crafts, cooking, performances, and cultural customs. The e-book allows the schools to share their experiences and educate others about different countries' seasonal customs.
The Campus and Community Relations team was responsible for creating and distributing promotional materials for The Bully Pulpit Series and its events on campus and in the community. The team created signs, posters, fliers and social media graphics to promote both the series and guest speakers. They also coordinated volunteers and helped with voter registration efforts in the spring. The team recommends that next year's group maintain a consistent brand, promote the overall series more, create detailed marketing plans for each event, and schedule events around the November election.
The Campus and Community Relations team was responsible for creating and distributing promotional materials for The Bully Pulpit Series and its events on campus and through social media. This included signs, fliers, and graphics to promote both the series and individual events. The team also helped coordinate volunteers and plan voter registration efforts. Through their work over the year, the team gained experience in brand management, graphic design, and event promotion while helping to encourage civic participation at the college.
This document provides an overview of indicators related to the Andalusian knowledge system for the year 2015. It includes statistics on financial resources devoted to R&D, human resources in R&D, actions under the Andalusian R&D&I Plan (PAIDI), innovation, outputs, high technology sector, and biotechnology. The statistics cover variables such as R&D expenditure, personnel, funding for R&D groups and projects, patents, scientific publications, and participation in national and international R&D programs. Data comes from official Spanish and regional sources and is presented in tables and graphs to show trends over time.
This document provides details about a handicraft embroidery craft workshop held in Yeola, Nashik, India from May 1st to July 31st 2019. It discusses the role and importance of handicrafts in the Indian economy and world market. It then focuses on the workshop, including an overview of the geographical location, existing crafts in Yeola, and details of the workshop such as the embroidery stitches taught, materials and tools used, proposed and final product designs. Market research activities like product surveys, SWOT analysis, and test marketing are also summarized. Profiles of the designers, master craftsperson, and participating artisans are included. The workshop aimed to help artisans design contemporary products to boost their income.
The document describes various autumn activities carried out by schools in Slovakia, Croatia, Italy, Portugal, and Turkey as part of an Erasmus+ project, including creating artwork depicting views of autumn, presentations on autumn colors, outdoor activities with kites, and developing a word bank of autumn vocabulary in different languages.
This document provides a summary of the Advanced Technological Education (ATE) program's recruitment efforts and enrollment management plan from 2006-2007 and goals for 2007-2012. Key findings from 2006-2007 data analysis show an increase in new students and prospects learning about the program from the internet and word-of-mouth. The plan outlines ongoing strategies around marketing, partnership development, and accessibility to increase enrollment by 15% annually through initiatives like promoting the university's online programs and optimizing the program's website. Progress and goals are measured using data from an ATE recruiting database to evaluate tactics and inform budget planning.
This document outlines the 30 lectures of a Pakistan Studies course, covering topics such as:
- The ideology of Pakistan according to Quaid-e-Azam and Allama Iqbal
- The Aligarh Movement and contributions of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
- Major political developments from 1857-1918 and the Khilafat Movement
- Muslim politics in British India from 1924-1935 and Iqbal's 1930 presidential address
- The Lahore Resolution of 1940 and major political developments in 1945-46
- Constitution making from 1947-1956 and an overview of Pakistan's political history
- Additional topics include Pakistan's geography, natural resources, education system, and foreign policy.
This document outlines the lectures in a Pakistan Studies course, covering topics like the ideology of Pakistan, major political developments in British India, the Khilafat Movement, Allama Iqbal's presidential address, constitution making in Pakistan from 1947-1973, political history, geography, natural resources, industrial development, education, foreign policy, and Pakistan's relations with the Muslim world. The ideology of Pakistan evolved over time through the historical experiences of Muslims in South Asia, with philosophical explanations by Allama Iqbal, translation into political reality by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and legal sanction through the Objectives Resolution passed by Pakistan's Constituent Assembly in 1949.
This document provides an introduction to a research study on assessing the relative importance of traditional budgeting techniques versus alternative approaches such as Beyond Budgeting. The study aims to evaluate whether the traditional budgeting system should be replaced given its limitations and criticisms. It involves a qualitative case study of a company, referred to as Case study A, that uses traditional budgeting practices. The researcher will analyze the budgeting process, problems with the traditional approach, and alternatives like Beyond Budgeting through literature review and interviews. The goal is to determine if Beyond Budgeting or another model is a more relevant management tool for today's competitive business environment.
This document provides an economic overview of the West Kootenay Boundary region of British Columbia. It analyzes population, business, employment, income, and economic dependency data from 1991-2018. Key findings include steady population growth, an aging population, a shift from goods-producing to service-based industries, and high economic dependency in some local health areas. The report also discusses challenges from trends in demographics, peak oil, and climate change.
This document summarizes a report on a proposed New South Wales Government social impact bond pilot program. The report reviews potential policy areas and nonprofit organizations for the pilot, assesses investor appetite, and recommends a structure. It finds potential in programs addressing juvenile justice and parenting skills, and identifies criteria for selecting participants, measuring outcomes, and establishing an independent audit body. The report provides an overview of social impact bonds and lessons from the UK experience to inform next steps for the NSW Government's pilot program.
This document presents a business plan for setting up Easy Self-Storage in Zambia. It analyzes the self-storage industry globally and in other mature markets to understand demand drivers and business models. A PESTEL analysis of Zambia examines the business environment and investment prospects. Porter's Five Forces is used to analyze competition within the Zambian self-storage industry. Currently there are only two competitors. The document then develops a business plan and strategy for Easy Self-Storage to enter the market and acquire customers, focusing on establishing a competitive advantage. The goal is to launch successfully and saturate the market in Lusaka through reinvesting profits.
This document discusses a proposed material management system for Hawassa University. It includes an introduction describing the need for computerized systems in organizations. It then provides background on the university and describes issues with the existing manual system. The document outlines objectives to develop a system that automates material management processes. It discusses requirements, design considerations including use cases, class and database models. Screen designs are also proposed to improve the current manual process.
The annual report summarizes the work of the Ombudsman's office for the period of April 1, 2007 to March 31, 2008. It discusses investigations conducted by the Special Ombudsman Response Team (SORT) that have led to systemic reforms in provincial organizations. It also provides statistics on complaints received and resolved during the year and case summaries of significant investigations.
This document outlines the 2016-2018 strategic plan for the UVSS (University of Victoria Student Society). It discusses goals and objectives in several areas, including finance, campaigns, events, member outreach, marketing, and SUB business development. The overarching goals are to effectively manage finances, engage more members in campaigns and events, improve communication, and increase perceived value for student fees. Specific objectives include presenting clear financial information, developing new revenue streams, staying within budgets for campaigns and events, increasing volunteer engagement, and gauging feedback to improve programming.
The causes and effects of cultural eutrophication at Quidenham Mere, Norfolk,...Sophie Studley
This document is a dissertation submitted by Sophie Studley for a BSc in Geography at an unknown university. The dissertation investigates the causes and effects of cultural eutrophication at Quidenham Mere in Norfolk, England using sediment cores retrieved from the site. The dissertation contains 10 chapters that discuss the aims and objectives, relevant literature, study area, methodology, results, and conclusions. The results suggest there were two periods of cultural eutrophication at Quidenham Mere - one during the medieval period and another more recently within the last 200 years. Both events caused increases and subsequent declines in mollusc concentrations in the sediments.
This document discusses the National Student Survey (NSE) in the Netherlands. It provides details on:
- The NSE is an annual nationwide survey of student satisfaction that is conducted collaboratively between higher education institutions. Over 264,000 students responded in 2013.
- Results are used to inform student choice of programs and help institutions improve quality. Scores are available to compare programs and identify areas for improvement.
- The survey process involves collecting student and program data from institutions, administering an online questionnaire, and providing results. Participation has increased each year to provide more comprehensive feedback.
This document is an accounting policies and procedures manual for the Ghana School Feeding Programme (GSFP) from 2009. It outlines the general structure and policies of the GSFP
This document is an e-book containing information from schools in Slovakia, Croatia, Italy, Portugal, and Turkey about seasonal activities and traditions. It includes sections on developing a logo and mascot, autumn activities, outdoor kite flying, Christmas/winter traditions, carnival celebrations, spring/Easter events, and summer plans. For each season or topic, the schools describe what they do, including crafts, cooking, performances, and cultural customs. The e-book allows the schools to share their experiences and educate others about different countries' seasonal customs.
The Campus and Community Relations team was responsible for creating and distributing promotional materials for The Bully Pulpit Series and its events on campus and in the community. The team created signs, posters, fliers and social media graphics to promote both the series and guest speakers. They also coordinated volunteers and helped with voter registration efforts in the spring. The team recommends that next year's group maintain a consistent brand, promote the overall series more, create detailed marketing plans for each event, and schedule events around the November election.
The Campus and Community Relations team was responsible for creating and distributing promotional materials for The Bully Pulpit Series and its events on campus and through social media. This included signs, fliers, and graphics to promote both the series and individual events. The team also helped coordinate volunteers and plan voter registration efforts. Through their work over the year, the team gained experience in brand management, graphic design, and event promotion while helping to encourage civic participation at the college.
This document provides an overview of indicators related to the Andalusian knowledge system for the year 2015. It includes statistics on financial resources devoted to R&D, human resources in R&D, actions under the Andalusian R&D&I Plan (PAIDI), innovation, outputs, high technology sector, and biotechnology. The statistics cover variables such as R&D expenditure, personnel, funding for R&D groups and projects, patents, scientific publications, and participation in national and international R&D programs. Data comes from official Spanish and regional sources and is presented in tables and graphs to show trends over time.
This document provides details about a handicraft embroidery craft workshop held in Yeola, Nashik, India from May 1st to July 31st 2019. It discusses the role and importance of handicrafts in the Indian economy and world market. It then focuses on the workshop, including an overview of the geographical location, existing crafts in Yeola, and details of the workshop such as the embroidery stitches taught, materials and tools used, proposed and final product designs. Market research activities like product surveys, SWOT analysis, and test marketing are also summarized. Profiles of the designers, master craftsperson, and participating artisans are included. The workshop aimed to help artisans design contemporary products to boost their income.
The document describes various autumn activities carried out by schools in Slovakia, Croatia, Italy, Portugal, and Turkey as part of an Erasmus+ project, including creating artwork depicting views of autumn, presentations on autumn colors, outdoor activities with kites, and developing a word bank of autumn vocabulary in different languages.
This document provides a summary of the Advanced Technological Education (ATE) program's recruitment efforts and enrollment management plan from 2006-2007 and goals for 2007-2012. Key findings from 2006-2007 data analysis show an increase in new students and prospects learning about the program from the internet and word-of-mouth. The plan outlines ongoing strategies around marketing, partnership development, and accessibility to increase enrollment by 15% annually through initiatives like promoting the university's online programs and optimizing the program's website. Progress and goals are measured using data from an ATE recruiting database to evaluate tactics and inform budget planning.
This document outlines the 30 lectures of a Pakistan Studies course, covering topics such as:
- The ideology of Pakistan according to Quaid-e-Azam and Allama Iqbal
- The Aligarh Movement and contributions of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
- Major political developments from 1857-1918 and the Khilafat Movement
- Muslim politics in British India from 1924-1935 and Iqbal's 1930 presidential address
- The Lahore Resolution of 1940 and major political developments in 1945-46
- Constitution making from 1947-1956 and an overview of Pakistan's political history
- Additional topics include Pakistan's geography, natural resources, education system, and foreign policy.
This document outlines the lectures in a Pakistan Studies course, covering topics like the ideology of Pakistan, major political developments in British India, the Khilafat Movement, Allama Iqbal's presidential address, constitution making in Pakistan from 1947-1973, political history, geography, natural resources, industrial development, education, foreign policy, and Pakistan's relations with the Muslim world. The ideology of Pakistan evolved over time through the historical experiences of Muslims in South Asia, with philosophical explanations by Allama Iqbal, translation into political reality by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and legal sanction through the Objectives Resolution passed by Pakistan's Constituent Assembly in 1949.
This document provides an introduction to a research study on assessing the relative importance of traditional budgeting techniques versus alternative approaches such as Beyond Budgeting. The study aims to evaluate whether the traditional budgeting system should be replaced given its limitations and criticisms. It involves a qualitative case study of a company, referred to as Case study A, that uses traditional budgeting practices. The researcher will analyze the budgeting process, problems with the traditional approach, and alternatives like Beyond Budgeting through literature review and interviews. The goal is to determine if Beyond Budgeting or another model is a more relevant management tool for today's competitive business environment.
This document provides an economic overview of the West Kootenay Boundary region of British Columbia. It analyzes population, business, employment, income, and economic dependency data from 1991-2018. Key findings include steady population growth, an aging population, a shift from goods-producing to service-based industries, and high economic dependency in some local health areas. The report also discusses challenges from trends in demographics, peak oil, and climate change.
This document summarizes a report on a proposed New South Wales Government social impact bond pilot program. The report reviews potential policy areas and nonprofit organizations for the pilot, assesses investor appetite, and recommends a structure. It finds potential in programs addressing juvenile justice and parenting skills, and identifies criteria for selecting participants, measuring outcomes, and establishing an independent audit body. The report provides an overview of social impact bonds and lessons from the UK experience to inform next steps for the NSW Government's pilot program.
This document presents a business plan for setting up Easy Self-Storage in Zambia. It analyzes the self-storage industry globally and in other mature markets to understand demand drivers and business models. A PESTEL analysis of Zambia examines the business environment and investment prospects. Porter's Five Forces is used to analyze competition within the Zambian self-storage industry. Currently there are only two competitors. The document then develops a business plan and strategy for Easy Self-Storage to enter the market and acquire customers, focusing on establishing a competitive advantage. The goal is to launch successfully and saturate the market in Lusaka through reinvesting profits.
This document discusses a proposed material management system for Hawassa University. It includes an introduction describing the need for computerized systems in organizations. It then provides background on the university and describes issues with the existing manual system. The document outlines objectives to develop a system that automates material management processes. It discusses requirements, design considerations including use cases, class and database models. Screen designs are also proposed to improve the current manual process.
The annual report summarizes the work of the Ombudsman's office for the period of April 1, 2007 to March 31, 2008. It discusses investigations conducted by the Special Ombudsman Response Team (SORT) that have led to systemic reforms in provincial organizations. It also provides statistics on complaints received and resolved during the year and case summaries of significant investigations.
This document outlines the 2016-2018 strategic plan for the UVSS (University of Victoria Student Society). It discusses goals and objectives in several areas, including finance, campaigns, events, member outreach, marketing, and SUB business development. The overarching goals are to effectively manage finances, engage more members in campaigns and events, improve communication, and increase perceived value for student fees. Specific objectives include presenting clear financial information, developing new revenue streams, staying within budgets for campaigns and events, increasing volunteer engagement, and gauging feedback to improve programming.
The causes and effects of cultural eutrophication at Quidenham Mere, Norfolk,...Sophie Studley
This document is a dissertation submitted by Sophie Studley for a BSc in Geography at an unknown university. The dissertation investigates the causes and effects of cultural eutrophication at Quidenham Mere in Norfolk, England using sediment cores retrieved from the site. The dissertation contains 10 chapters that discuss the aims and objectives, relevant literature, study area, methodology, results, and conclusions. The results suggest there were two periods of cultural eutrophication at Quidenham Mere - one during the medieval period and another more recently within the last 200 years. Both events caused increases and subsequent declines in mollusc concentrations in the sediments.
Diesel particulate filters made of silicon carbide can help reduce air pollution in mining environments. Silicon carbide filters are well-suited for mining vehicles because they are highly durable at high temperatures, chemically stable, and can be manufactured in large sizes up to 78 liters. Notox Ceramic Filters produces silicon carbide particulate filters specifically for mining vehicles that can reduce soot particles from diesel exhaust by over 99% while withstanding harsh conditions.
The document announces the 3rd Regional Level Selection Test for 2016 for recruitment of non-teaching staff in government schools in West Bengal. It provides information on the application process, eligibility criteria, exam details, vacancies and other guidelines. Candidates can apply online from August 10th to 31st 2016 for the posts of Clerk and Group D staff. The written exams will be held separately for each post with question papers in English and Bengali. Selection will be based on written exam performance, qualifications and personality tests. Panels will be prepared according to district-wise vacancies and waiting lists will also be maintained.
An Introduction to Biblical Interpretation (Effective Bible Study)roberthatfield
While reading the Bible answers the question, "What does the Bible say?," interpreting the Bible answers the question, "What does the Bible mean by what it says?"
Presented at the North Charleston church of Christ | http://northcharlestonchurchofchrist.com
This preliminary grade report summarizes Peter-Elias Alouche's grades for the term. It lists 25 courses taken, the grade received in each, credit value, and his overall GPA of 3.63. The report notes that these are preliminary grades subject to change and the official transcript has not been released yet. It also specifies how the GPA is calculated from final letter grades excluding incomplete or withdrawn courses.
Review of 2 Journal Articles on Psychological Factors Influencing Capital Pun...Oleg Nekrassovski
The document summarizes two journal articles that studied psychological factors influencing attitudes toward capital punishment. The first article examined correlations between views on the insanity defense and demographic/death penalty attitudes. It found political affiliation reliably predicted insanity defense views while gender/ethnicity did not. It also found a correlation between opposing the insanity defense and overestimating its use/success rates. The second article studied how expert testimony on a defendant's mental health influenced juror death penalty views. It found labeling a defendant as psychopathic or psychotic increased perceptions of future dangerousness and likelihood of a death sentence. However, expert testimony had only a slight impact on perceptions of future dangerousness. Both studies provided insight into psychological factors shaping capital punishment
Sanitation Personnel. Capacity Development Strategy.Oswar Mungkasa
Final Report of the Sanitation Training and Capacity Study. Prepared by PT. Qipra Galang Kualita in cooperation with Water Supply and Sanitation Policy and Action Planning (WASPOLA) Facility
This document provides help for using the General Survey software. It covers topics like managing jobs, keying in data, performing COGO functions, measuring points, stakeout, instrument controls, coordinate systems, file transfer, and settings. The document provides explanations, procedures, and screen shots to help users navigate the software and utilize its features.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Sue Peng Tan in partial fulfillment of an MBA in project management at Dublin Business School. The dissertation examines how project risk management influences the success of initial public offering (IPO) projects at an investment bank in Malaysia. The study aims to identify factors that impact IPO processes and understand the tools used to identify and assess risks in IPO projects. Primary data was collected through interviews with corporate financiers at an investment bank. The findings show that participants practice project risk management informally due to a lack of knowledge. However, the study concludes that project risk management contributes to IPO success when relationships between corporate financiers and risk management are positive. Recommendations include involving a project manager in
Identification of Opportunities for Norwegian Businesses in Enhancement of Va...RICHARDBONYO1
Played a key research role and provided technical drafting services for the Identification of Opportunities for Norwegian
Businesses in Enhancement of Value Chains in the Kenyan Agriculture Sector
This document provides recommendations for implementing sustainability initiatives at Otago Polytechnic. It recommends establishing two types of strategic initiatives: self-sustaining evaluation systems and specific application strategies. The AISHE evaluation tool is proposed as a self-sustaining system to design, implement, and evaluate sustainability policies. Campus initiatives include installing photovoltaic windows, implementing zero waste programs, and encouraging active transportation. Personal initiatives involve providing feedback on resource usage and sponsoring educational programs to promote sustainable behaviors.
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Martin otundo research paperDETERMINANTS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF CASH TRANSFER P...Martin Otundo
ABSTRACT
According to UNICEF, in 2007, an estimated 145 million children between the ages of 0 and 17 years were orphaned, while in 2014, over 198 million children below the age of 18 years were orphaned, having lost one or both parents. According to UNICEF (2013) the number of OVC who include street children, forced child labourers, sexually exploited children, children forced into marriage and those with disabilities is immense and continues to increase drastically. Children may be made highly vulnerable because of natural disasters, complex emergencies like civil conflicts, extreme poverty, according to the draft Social Protection Strategy paper, a household is said to be “extremely poor” when “its entire income is below food poverty line” (Republic of Kenya, 2009b) or epidemic disease - particularly HIV/AIDS. In this note, the purpose of this study therefore is to find out the determinants of implementation of cash transfer programmes for orphans and vulnerable children in Taita Taveta county, Kenya .The study is guided by four objectives that seek to; examine the influence of financial resources in the successful implementation of Cash Transfer programmes for Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Taita Taveta County, determine the influence of management in the successful implementation of Cash Transfer programmes for Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Taita Taveta County, examine the influence of stakeholders in the successful implementation of Cash Transfer programmes for Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Taita Taveta County, establish the influence of socio-cultural factors in the successful implementation of Cash Transfer programmes for Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Taita Taveta County, Kenya. The objectives also form the themes in literature review. A descriptive survey design research design will be adopted for the study. In the study a stratified random sampling will be done in accordance to the characteristics the elements in the population possess. The research targets managers/owners of women run SMEs in Mombasa County. The target population is about 964 but a population sample of 97 will be used. A pilot study will be conducted to check the instruments reliability and validity. Data will be collected using a structured questionnaire which will be administered personally, via e-mails, enumerators and pick them after they had been filled. Data will be coded and analyzed using the SPSS. The data will be analysed and the variables correlated to check the relationship of data. A regression model will also be fitted to check the changes in the dependent variable that can be explained by variations in the independent variables
The document discusses factors affecting motor vehicle traffic control systems in Kenya, specifically on the Thika Superhighway. It examines the contribution of drivers' training, road design, vehicle types, and strategies for enhancing road safety. The study was conducted by Sandis Wamalwa, a student at Kisiwa Technical Training Institute, to partial fulfillment of a certificate in information communication technology. The literature review covers drivers' training curriculum and standards, road design impacts on accidents, vehicle types linked to crashes, and approaches for improving highway safety. Key findings will help inform traffic policies and road user education to reduce accidents on the Thika Superhighway.
This document provides information about an international conference on innovations in public governance. It includes the following:
- The conference will be held on May 25, 2011 at the Civil Service Development Institute International Conference Center in Taipei, Taiwan.
- The conference is hosted by the Research, Development and Evaluation Commission of Taiwan and organized by the Taiwan Public Governance Research Center.
- The conference will include one keynote speech and three sessions on international case studies related to innovations in public services. Case topics will address areas like education reform, free school meals, youth career development, healthcare services, airports, and domestic violence prevention.
- The goal of the conference is to facilitate international experience sharing on public governance and
This document discusses a study on whether expatriates working in the UK experience culture shock. It conducted qualitative case studies of six expatriates from different countries working in the UK. The study aimed to determine if they experienced culture shock and what factors like cultural differences, demographics, training and organizational support influenced their experience. It provides background on international human resource management, culture shock, and factors that can impact an expatriate's experience of culture shock like training, personality traits and organizational support.
This document reviews the emerging framework of the multi-level perspective (MLP) on socio-technical transitions for analyzing sustainable innovation and technological change. It discusses how innovation studies have progressively broadened their analytical frameworks and problem framings to address larger sustainability issues. The MLP provides a policy-relevant framework for understanding transitions as the interaction between niches, socio-technical regimes, and an exogenous socio-technical landscape. However, the framework also faces challenges regarding its empirical application that require further research. This special journal section aims to address some of these challenges.
THESEUS Usability Guidelines for Usecase ApplicationsDaniel Sonntag
Usability Guidelines for Use Case Applications serves as an introduction to the general topic of usability, i.e., how user-friendly and efficient a THESEUS prototype is. In these guidelines, we emphasize the importance of usability testing, particularly during the development of a given THESEUS prototype. We discuss the many advantages of testing prototypes and products in terms of costs, product quality, and customer satisfaction. Usability testing can improve development productivity through more efficient design and fewer code revisions. It can help to eliminate over-design by emphasizing the functionality required to meet the needs of real users. Design problems can be detected earlier in the development process, saving both time and money. In these Guidelines we provide a brief overview of testing options, ranging from a cognitive walkthrough to interviews to eye tracking. Different techniques are used at different stages of a product's development. While many techniques can be applied, no single technique alone can ensure the usability of prototypes. Usability is a process with iterative steps, meaning the cycle is repeated but in a cumulative fashion, similar to software development. In order to test, a prototype must be available and we devote some time in the Guidelines to an overview of different tools and ways to build the necessary prototypes. We also describe some options such as paper prototyping, prototypes from Visio, PowerPoint, HTML, Flash and others, and working prototypes (Java, C++, etc.) before addressing the actual tests. Before any testing is conducted, the purpose of the test should be clarified. This will have considerable impact on the kind of testing to be done. A test plan should also be written before the start of the test which considers several different aspects including, for instance, the duration of the test, where it will take place, or who the experimenter will be. A pilot test is also recommended to avoid misunderstandings and other problems during the actual test. In this context, the Guidelines also discuss other important aspects such as budget, room set-up, time, and limitations of the experimenter and test subjects themselves. To provide an overview of some of the projects THESEUS is concerned with in the context of usability, we supply explicit recommendations that result in proposed scenarios for use cases in the Guidelines. The THESEUS program consists of six use cases: ALEXANDRIA, CONTENTUS, MEDICO, ORDO, PROCESSUS, and TEXO. In order to come up with the different testing scenarios, each of which has specific design and testing recommendations, we first extracted some substantial information from the different use cases in different user settings: we discerned between those who will use the system, where they will use the system, and what they will do with the system. After considering the results, we determined that the THESEUS program works with seven different scenarios. We provide a decision tree that leads to specific recommendations for designing and testing with prototypes for each of the different scenarios and user settings. General recommendations concerning various input methods, the design, and the testing itself have also been included in the Guidelines. Following that, we emphasize what we find important for the design and testing of each of the seven testing scenarios. We address, for instance, the appropriate input method (keyboard, mouse, speech, etc.), according to the type of test subject (e.g., administrator or mobile user), or also which prototype could be used for the usability test. We will also challenge the usability of traditional usability guidelines. Oftentimes, guideline descriptions and explanations are unsatisfactory, remaining vague and ambiguous in explanation The Guidelines close with an extensive list of recommended further information sources.
Au dallas clinical training manual 2007 2008Mark Matthews
The document outlines the formative and summative measures used to evaluate students' progress in the PsyD and MACL clinical psychology programs. Key measures include the Clinical Competence Comprehensive Exam (COMPS), practicum site supervisor evaluations, and practicum seminar leader evaluations. COMPS is a summative exam assessing proficiency across all program outcomes. Practicum site supervisors and seminar leaders provide formative evaluations of students' demonstration of outcomes at practicum placements. Together, these measures track students' development in knowledge, skills, and attitudes defined in the program outcomes of diversity, assessment, intervention, research/evaluation, scientific foundations, relationship, and consultation/supervision.
The study was designed to analyze data on extent as well as dynamics and manifestations of child sexual abuse in the country. It identifies precisely the characteristics of child victims and the profile of the perpetrators. Furthermore, it also provides information on the existing capacities of state’s
institution to protect children from sexual abuse in the country. The research has the following two specific objectives:
To identify the current policies and practices of the criminal justice system and child
protection system in the country to respond to child sexual abuse; and
To assess the institutional capacities currently available to protect children from sexual
abuse.
"Just Imagine!" a Strategic Foresight exerciseJohn Ratcliffe
Having just completed a Strategic Foresight exercise for the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) entitled "Just Imagine!", I am convinced that the RICS stands at a crossroads; a turning-point that is only encountered once every few decades. Arguably, the next five to ten years will be a time of massive transition for everyone, everywhere. For the RICS, the big question is: will it be a period of dithering about direction – some progress here, some retreat there – or will it be a period where, emboldened by a ‘new mindset’, the Institution venturesomely sets out on a fresh path towards a spectacular new future? What is needed, to my mind, is nothing short of a “Grand Transformation”.
"Just Imagine!" a Strategic Foresight exerciseJohn Ratcliffe
Having just completed a Strategic Foresight exercise for the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) entitled "Just Imagine!", I am convinced that the RICS stands at a crossroads; a turning-point that is only encountered once every few decades. Arguably, the next five to ten years will be a time of massive transition for everyone, everywhere. For the RICS, the big question is: will it be a period of dithering about direction – some progress here, some retreat there – or will it be a period where, emboldened by a ‘new mindset’, the Institution venturesomely sets out on a fresh path towards a spectacular new future? What is needed, to my mind, is nothing short of a “Grand Transformation”.
This document is an architectural portfolio submitted by Liao, Chi-Yi. It includes details of his education, professional experience, and selected academic and professional works from 2007 to 2011. The portfolio contains information on the Qinhe Refuge House Project and Cannon Street Project, along with renderings and descriptions of the designs. It also includes Liao's resume, contact information, and descriptions of other selected works. The portfolio is submitted in support of Liao's application for a Master of Architecture, Urbanism & Building Sciences program at TU Delft.
1) Alice Ciccone's doctoral thesis examines decision making in environmental dilemmas through natural and laboratory experiments.
2) The thesis contains three chapters, with the first analyzing the environmental effects of a vehicle tax reform in Norway using registry data. It finds the reform led to reductions in CO2 emissions from new vehicles.
3) The second chapter uses a bilateral trade experiment to study fairness preferences, finding offers and outcomes tend to be fair but self-interest also plays a role.
4) The third chapter develops a model of sequential bargaining with reference points and loss aversion, then compares predictions to results from a laboratory experiment on bargaining with outside options.
This document analyzes the potential for biomass energy production from afforestation of wastelands in Rajasthan, India. It discusses wasteland categories and availability in India. Afforestation programs in India are also examined. The methodology section outlines the process used to estimate biomass yields based on soil type, slope, and climate indices. Input data on wasteland areas and characteristics in Rajasthan are provided. The results section estimates biomass potential from wastelands in Rajasthan and calculates costs of biomass production and transportation under different supply chain scenarios. A sensitivity analysis is also conducted.
Similar to Vhembe Water reclamation project final paper - Copy (20)
Vhembe Water reclamation project final paper - Copy
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WATER RECLAMATION PROJECT IN
VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY
Project Proposal
Research and Development Unit (Vhembe)
And Vhembe District Municipality
15 July 2015
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Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................................3
2. CASE STUDY ONE: FUMANI WATER WORKS AND BOREHOLE .............................................6
2.1 Background..........................................................................................................................................6
Description of the study area .....................................................................................................................7
Research Problem / Problem Statement.....................................................................................................7
2.4 Define the concept or problem.............................................................................................................9
2.5 Objectives of the project ......................................................................................................................9
Justification of Research..........................................................................................................................10
2.7 Literature Review...............................................................................................................................10
2.7.1 Consequences..................................................................................................................................11
2.7.2 Management solutions ....................................................................................................................12
The proposed types of AMD treatments: 12
Reverse osmosis.......................................................................................................................................13
Rhodes BioSURE process........................................................................................................................13
Roughing Filters.......................................................................................................................................14
Legislative and Policy Review.................................................................................................................14
Methodology (N.B; How we wish to valid/prove and solve problem)....................................................15
Site visit ...................................................................................................................................................15
Lab analysis .............................................................................................................................................16
Geochemical Test.....................................................................................................................................16
Geophysics/ Geotechnical Investigations ................................................................................................16
Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................................16
CASE STUDY TWO: NZHELELE THERMAL SPRINGS...................................................................17
Background..............................................................................................................................................17
Description of the study area (s) ..............................................................................................................18
Borehole in Siloam Village......................................................................................................................19
Mphephu Resort.......................................................................................................................................20
Mamvuka Village.....................................................................................................................................20
Research Problem / Problem Statement...................................................................................................20
Objectives of the project ..........................................................................................................................21
Justification of Research..........................................................................................................................21
Literature Review.....................................................................................................................................23
Define the concept or problem.................................................................................................................24
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Causes ......................................................................................................................................................24
Consequences (Environmental, Economic, Social, etc) ..........................................................................24
Management solutions .............................................................................................................................24
Legislative and Policy Review (of Subject matter) ................................................................................25
Methodology (N.B; How we wish to valid/prove and solve problem)....................................................25
4 CASE STUDY THREE: THOHOYANDOU WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT .................26
Background..............................................................................................................................................26
4.2 Description of the study area .............................................................................................................28
Objectives of the project ..........................................................................................................................31
4.5.1 Main objective ................................................................................................................................31
4.5.2 Specific objectives ..........................................................................................................................31
Justification of Research..........................................................................................................................31
Literature Review.....................................................................................................................................32
4.7.1 Define the concept or problem........................................................................................................32
Causes ......................................................................................................................................................34
Consequences (Environmental, Economic, Social, etc) ..........................................................................35
4.8 Methodology......................................................................................................................................39
4.9 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................................40
Recommendations:...................................................................................................................................40
References................................................................................................................................................42
List of figures
Fig.1.1. Fumani Water Works and Mine……………………………………………………….....7
Fig.1.2. Consequences of AMD………………………………………………………………......8
Fig.2.1. Limpopo Thermal springs………………………………………………………………18
Fig.2.2. Nzhelele Map…………………………………………………………………………...19
Fig.3.1. Map of the study area…………………………………………………………………...27
Fig.3.2. A schematic illustration of wastewater treatment plant………………………………....32
Fig.3.3. Summary of legislations to be looked for the purpose of this study…………………...36
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List of Tables
Table 1: Unknown……………………………………………………………………………....22
Table 2: Temperature of study area……………………………………………………………..28
Table 3: Proposed standards by water specialist in SA………………………………………....37
Table 4: Depicting methodology structure……………………………………………………...38
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1.Introduction
Vhembe District Municipality (VDM) as a Water Service Authority (WSA) state organ is
faced with a great challenge of distributing safe portable water which is fit for domestic
and industrial utilization to its population. As in other district municipalities in South
Africa, the problem is not that there’s no enough raw water supply from the dams, rivers
and underground water systems. The issue is with the infrastructures and water supply
channels (C. Marius 2013).
The VDM has a population of approximately 1 472 615, with 821 settlements, 14 of
which are urban and 807 are villages. Of the 821 settlements, 1% still does not have
formal water supply systems. 60% of these settlements have water supply below
acceptable standards, that is their water supply has infrastructure but communal one and
not per household (2012 Vhembe WSDP).
The VDM has not been able to effectively address the backlog challenge in terms of the
distribution of safe portable water, which is fit for domestic and industrial utilization, to
its entire population. This project seeks to address such a challenge by focusing on three
main case studies located within the VDM, and they are; Fumani water works and
borehole, Siloam hot-water boreholes and Thohoyandou wastewater treatment
plant.
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2. CASE STUDY ONE: FUMANI WATER WORKS
AND BOREHOLE
2.1 Background
Fumani water works is situated in Mtititi village, under the Jilongo chieftency,
approximately 25 Km away from Malamulele town in Limpopo Province, South Africa.
The plant started operating in November 2004, with its raw water supply from
groundwater sources (boreholes). The main raw water supply is a municipal borehole
situated a few tens of meters away from the plant, inside an old abandoned none
operational gold mine. The borehole was drilled in 2003 inside the mine (Fumani Mine)
directly from what appears to be an exploratory adit. The water from the exploratory adit
contains contaminants of heavy metals from the mine, some of the these metals when
exposed to oxygenated water results to acidic water which is assumed to be Acid Mine
Drainage. The case study is focused on contaminated groundwater within Fumani water
works.
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2.2 Description of the study area
Fumani water works is situated outside Malamulele town in Mtititi village under Vhembe
district municipality in the Limpopo province (see map below).
Legend
Study area
Plant & Borehole
SOURCE: GOOGLE
MAPS
SCALE: NTS
Fig. 1.1. Fumani Water Works and Mine
Climatic condition: The town has a very dry subtropical climate, specifically a humid
subtropical climate (koppen climate classification: Cwa), with long hot and rainy
summers and short cool and dry winters.
Soil type and vegetation: ?????
Geology of the area: ?????
2.3 Research Problem / Problem Statement
The raw water extracted from the borehole has serious side effect of corrosion on the
pipelines and pressure pump motors at the borehole and at the plant and all other
metal it comes in contact with.
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Even after the treatment process, the “clear water” supplied still shows evidence
heavy metals residue.
From the evidence gathered on site, the locals have indicated that the use of the
treated water has an itchy feel and a burning sensation thereafter, the usage of the
very same water also has a negative effect of vegetation if used for watering and the
livestock get sicknesses (swollen mouths) from the consumption of the water.
Based on the in-situ evidence obtained, the team came to the assumption that the
cause of this may be Acid Mine Drainage, because the available evidence’ are typical
side effects of AMD.
Fig.1.2. Consequences of AMD
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2.4 Define the concept or problem
Mining operations are a source of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) in South Africa that
renders water useless for consumption, industrial and agricultural purpose if not treated
(Steyl, 2012). Coal and other sulphide-bearing mining operations expose sulphide to air
and water, thereby increasing the surface area, the rate of acid generation and then
possibly the salt load. The metal toxicity, acidity of the water and salinization from these
mines is known as AMD (Mey & Van Niekerk, 2009).
When the surface comes in contact with atmospheric oxygen and rain water, it results in
oxidisation of minerals and an enrichment of ferric iron. This process is known as Acid
Rock Drainage (ARD) or Acid Mine Drainage (AMD). AMD occurs when the sulphide-
bearing minerals are exposed by mining operations/constructions to oxygen and water
whereas ARD is when a rock that contains sulphide-bearing minerals is exposed or
comes in contact with oxygen and water. Leaching solution is accumulated from the
oxidation zone into the cementation zone just below the groundwater level. This affects
the groundwater quality. A common tell-tale sign of AMD occurrence is a discharge of
bright orange colored (yellowboy) water or stained rock due to the precipitation of
(Fe(OH)3) ferric hydroxide (Usher, 2003; Lawrence and Day 1997).
2.5 Objectives of the project
Conduct a thorough scientific (hydrogeological, environmental & chemical)
research to assess and confirm whether or not AMD certainly is the cause behind
the challenge.
Identify and analyse the raw water contaminants and elements, identifying a way
of removing them from the raw water to make it safe and suitable for treatment
and purification at the plant.
Device proper and effective borehole management plan and raw water treatment
plan.
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2.6 Justification of Research
Economically, the municipality has been losing a lot of money(millions) from
replacing pipelines and pressure pump motors that get ruined by the side effects
of the water, to an extent that they had to shut down the plant due to lack of
maintenance funds. The shutdown of the plant mean that surrounding
communities do not have access to water anymore (businesses have to shut down
as well). Solving this problem will not only save the municipality money, but
generate money for it as well since local business would be operational and have
to buy water supplied from the plant.
Socially, the shutdown means that surrounding settlements have no water supply,
which is fit for domestic consumption, at all. Due to this, settlers rely on unsafe
sources of water supply and are prone to waterborne diseases. Addressing this
challenge will save lives of many settlers from the surrounding disadvantaged
communities.
Environmentally, the water from the plant has been having serious hazardous side
effects on the vegetation and the livestock from local communities. These
negative impacts can only be avoided by effectively addressing this challenge.
2.7 Literature Review
Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is highly acidic water, usually containing high
concentrations of metals, sulphides and salts as a consequence of mining activity. The
major sources of AMD include drainage from underground mine shafts, runoff and
discharge from open pits and mine waste dumps, tailings and ore stockpiles (CSIR,
2009).
AMD is a common and pervasive environmental concern, one that can occur anytime,
pyrite (FeS2) or other sulfide minerals are excavated, exposing them to surficial oxygen,
water and bacteria. It is characterized by acidic (pH<5), sulfate (SO42-) rich water with
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high concentrations of dissolved metals. The presence of these metals and metalloids can
significantly impair biological functions in the receiving streams, with even small
amounts (100-200μg/L) of dissolved inorganic Al3+ capable of fish kills (Baker et al.,
1996).
AMD may form in underground workings (groundwaters) of deep mines, although this is
generally of minor importance when a mine is in active production and water tables are
kept artificially low by pumping. However, when mines are closed and abandoned, and
the pumps turned off, the rebound of the water table can lead to contaminated
groundwater (Younger et al., 2004; Neal et al., 2004).
Acid mine drainage arises primarily when the mineral Pyrite or Sulphur bearing rocks
comes into contact with oxygenated water (McCarthy,2011). During the oxidation of
sulphide bearing minerals several chemical reactions occurs. Each sulfide mineral and
other heavy minerals (Pd, Zn, As, Cu and Co) have different oxidation rate. E.g. during
the study carried out in Fumani mine it is revealed that high concentration of Zn in water
leads to water contamination. Generally Zn content of 15mg/L in water is considered to
be toxic and results in renal damage (DWAF, 1996; Us EPA, 2009).
Although acid drainage is formed within tunnels during active mining, it is limited by
continuous water removal. Once abandoned, the severity of acidity generated within the
flooded mine workings is influenced both by the sulfide geochemistry and by the
hydrogeology; the volume and recharge of oxygenated water (Blowes, 2005).
2.7.1 Consequences
Mine water impacts negatively on the water environment by increasing the levels of
suspended solids, leading to mobilization of elements such as iron, aluminum, cadmium,
cobalt, manganese and zinc, it also decreases PH of the receiving water. The overall
effect of mine water is the deterioration of water quality in many surface water sources
that may impact on domestic, industrial and agricultural uses (Ochieng et al, 2010).
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AMD plays a vital role in water pollution and has a negative impact on the environment
and human life. The most immediate and serious impacts of acid mine drainage are on
natural waterways. If mining waste is acid-generating, the impacts to animals and plants
can be severe (Jennings et al, 2008). Contamination of drinking water supply via the toxic
heavy metals that remain dissolved in the acidic water from mines.
The metals can be ingested by humans through drinking water supplies which can
endanger human lives (Ochieng et al, 2010). Migratory creatures not resident to mining
sites are also affected. The death of migratory birds has been documented at mine sites
where contaminated water filled abandoned pits or accumulated in tailings ponds. Left
unremedied, acid mine drainage can leave streams and rivers and areas downstream
biological dead zones for decades, if not centuries. Metals contamination can also weave
itself into the food chain causing serious physical stress to soil, plants and animals,
impacting biodiversity and food sources used for human subsistence (Jennings et al,
2008).
2.7.2 Management solutions
Management of AMD in practice could be enhanced by understanding geochemistry and
hydro-chemistry of a system. Some solutions include:
Treatments of mining effluents and AMD
Water ingress prevention
Decant management
Mine layout
Environmental Management Plan (pollution control, mine closure and
rehabilitation plans)
The proposed types of AMD treatments:
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Reverse osmosis
Reverse osmosis water purification is a process of mechanical filtration to remove
particles, absorb carbon and remove chlorine, taste, odour and chemical contaminants.
Reverse osmosis water purification removes up to 99.9% of undesirable water
contaminants by forcing untreated water through semi permeable membrane that
separates down to 0.0001 micron. It removes dissolves solids at the ionic level. In this
process the water pressure forces the water to flow in the reverse direction of flow in
natural osmosis. It has been proven that reverse osmosis water purification in South
Africa provides the best quality drinking water.
Rhodes BioSURE process
The Rhodes BioSURE process is the first full scale plant in the world, locally developed,
and first-of its kind solution for treating acid mine water drainage. It is the most cost
effective biological treatment option developed to date for reducing sulphates in acid
mine water without the external addition of chemicals. This process was developed by
Rhodes University’s environmental biotechnology research unit. (Ochieng et al, 2010).
The development of the Rhodes BioSURE process commenced at Rhodes University in
the early 1990s with observations of high degree of hydrolysis and utilization of organic
matter, sulphate reduction, hydrogen sulphide production and associated metal
precipitation and increased alkalinity in this systems. In follow up studies, the feasibility
of employing primary sewage sludge as an electron donor source for biological sulphate
reduction was successfully demonstrated. The findings led to the bench scale studies of
what become known as the Rhodes BioSURE Process. Following bench scale studies of
the operation , the process was scaled up to a 40Kl/day pilot plant located on site at
Grootvlei mine in Springs, Gauteng province, Treating an AMD stream with a sulphate
load as high as 200 mg/l (Christopher, 2001).
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Roughing Filters
Roughing filters can be considered as a major pretreatment process for mine water, since
it efficiently separate fine solid particles over prolonged periods without addition of
chemicals. Roughing filters are simple and efficient mine water pre-treatment technology.
This is in terms of technical labour requirement, daily operation, maintenance and
treatment efficiency and effectiveness. The first horizontal roughing filter was developed
in delmas coal in Mpumalanga province of South Africa to treat heavy metals and
increase the pH of the mine water. Gravel was used as a control medium. The filter was
divided into three parts namely the inlet structure, the outlet structure and the filter bed.
The inlet and outlet structures are where flow control installations are required to
maintain a certain water level and flow along the filter as well as the establishment of an
even flow distribution along and across the filter. In order to improve the performance of
roughing filters, this process was modified by applying local available material like
charcoal as the filter media. The pilot plant was monitored for a continuous 90 days from
commissioning till the end of the project. The overall function of the filter in removing
parameters that were put to test was accepted using charcoal. Achieved results in this
study showed that roughing filters may be considered as a packed, low-cost and efficient
pre-treatment process for mine water treatment. (Ochieng et al, 2010).
2.8 Legislative and Policy Review
Section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
- Everyone has the right to an environment that is not harmful to their health or
well-being, and have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and
future generation, through reasonable legislative and other measures that prevent
pollution and ecological degradation, promote conservation, and secure
ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while
promoting justifiable economic and social development.
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NEMA (National Environmental Management Act), 107 of 1998
NEM: WA (National Environmental Management: Waste Act), 59 of 2008
National Water Act (NWA), 36 of 1998
Purpose – is to ensure that national water resources are:
- Protected
- Used
- Developed
- Conserved
- Managed
And control in ways which take into account relevant factors, these includes:
- Basic human needs
- Equitable access to water
- Efficient and sustainable use of water
- Adequate provide for the growing demand o water
- Protecting aquatic and associated water based ecosystems
- Reducing and preventing pollution and degradation of water resources
- Meeting South Africa’s international obligations
2.9 Methodology (N.B; How we wish to valid/prove and solve
problem)
To prove that the water supplied to the treatment plant and to the community was
contaminated the following have to be conducted:
Site visit:
- Collect water samples
- Rock samples
- Drill core samples
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Lab analysis:
- Test water )Concentration of heavy metals, PH and Total dissolved salts
Geochemical Test
- Petrological analysis
- Borehole profile assessment
Geophysics/ Geotechnical Investigations
- Geological mapping
2.10 Conclusion
Mining activities in Limpopo have helped increase the economy, funding the development of the
province. However due to these mining activities the environment is being damaged (in this case
study groundwater). AMD is the problem affecting groundwater and is related to gold and coal
mining. The by-products (mine dumps, tailings) produced by these mining activities contain
heavy metals which causes harm when reacting with rain water, resulting in AMD. The impact
has affected Fumani water works treatment plant resulting in it closing down and the borehole
being deserted.
As groundwater is the raw water supply to Fumani water works (treatment plant), communities
depending on this plant have been strongly affected due to this plant being deserted and as a
result they rely on other limited water sources. Therefore conducting this study is essential to
find solutions that will help with the problem faced in this study area.
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3. CASE STUDY TWO: NZHELELE THERMAL
SPRINGS
3.1 Background
A thermal spring is a spring that is produced by the discharge of geothermally heated
groundwater from the Earth’s crust; this may be from volcanic or meteoric origin. South
Africa is known to have a large number of thermal springs, with a documented 87 being
located in the northernmost region of the country, these being associated with deep faults
in the Earth’s crust (Olivier et.al. 2010). “At least 33 thermal springs and boreholes are
located in the Limpopo Province”, (Yibas et.al, 2011).
Thermal springs in Limpopo occur in two main regions or ‘belts’, the Waterberg in the
south and in the vicinity of the Soutpansberg in the north. According to Lurie (2013), the
Soutpansberg Group occurs in the area of the mountain range of the same name’ it
largely consists of lavas and reddish sedimentary rocks (mainly quartzites). The areas of
focus in this study, namely Siloam thermal borehole, Mphephu thermal spring and
Mamvuka borehole are in the Soutpansberg region. The Siloan and Mamvuka boreholes
were drilled in the 1960’s by different mining companies.
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3.2 Description of the study area (s)
Fig.2.1. Limpopo Thermal springs
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LEGEND
Study Area
Site
SCALE : NTS
Fig.2.2. Nzhelele Map
The study areas are Siloam village, Mphephu Resort and Mamvuka village, which are
situated under the Nzhelele area. Siloam village and Mphephu Resort fall under the
quaternary catchment of the Nzhelele River located in Limpopo Province.
3.3 Borehole in Siloam Village
The borehole in Siloam village is situated within a villager’s premises. Water coming
out of the borehole is hot resulting in the pipes being hot as well. The borehole isn’t
facilitated by any pumping system; due to the high pressure of the water. The pipes of
the borehole are covered by an evaporate, in the form of salt particles which might be
identified as halide.
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3.4 Mphephu Resort
Mphephu Resort is also situated in Siloam Village which is approximately 2km away
from the borehole in Siloam. The hot spring within the resort is a natural hot spring.
The rocks surrounding the hot spring are covered with white residue which might be
halite, similar to the one identified on the pipes of the borehole in Siloam Village.
The residue on the rocks indicates change of water levels in the spring.
3.5 Mamvuka Village
The borehole in Mamvuka Village is situated between villagers’ houses. It is one of
the six boreholes found around the village. This particular borehole produces more
water than the other five; water is hot during the morning and evening but cool during
the day. Like the borehole in Siloam Village, there is no pumping system aiding in
the water outflow. The pipe of the borehole is rusted, upon careful observation, rust
particles were identified in the water.
3.6 Research Problem / Problem Statement
The literature reviewed on the thermal springs of South Africa revealed that not much is
known about how they have been used in the past and how their geochemical and
physical compositions and land-use around them has changed over time (Olivier et al.,
2011). And because of this, this research will attempt to study the geological, chemical
and physical properties of the areas of interest under the Ndelele village, so the thermal
spring waters can be used by the communities for consumption and domestic purposes.
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3.7 Objectives of the project
Examine the physical and chemical characteristics of geothermal water at the study areas;
discuss the different uses associated with such water; and assess the health risks posed to
humans, through the different uses of the waters of the boreholes.
3.8 Justification of Research
The interest of this project is that the water coming out of the borehole in Siloam village
is hot and it’s not fit for domestic purposes because of there being some unwanted
elements in the water. The interest of the study of Mamvuka village boreholes is that the
temperatures of the water fluctuates with time which differs with the borehole in Siloam
Village were its temperature is more or less constant.
There is more water abandoned in the areas but cannot be utilised because of lack of
infrastructure and treatment facilities. According to a geochemical study by Olivier
(2010), the results obtained confirmed that none of the spring waters are fit for human
consumption since they contain unacceptably high levels of bromide and fluoride
elements.
The water that is wasted can be used for household purposes, since there are water
challenges in that area. The water does not meet Water Quality Standard because it
contains unwanted compounds and minerals e.g. hydrogen sulphide, and halide. The old
pipes of the Mamvuka boreholes should be replaced and there should also be a water
storage system implemented, for instance a reservoir.
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Table 1 Major element and selected water quality parameters (Yibas et al., 2011 after
Olivier et al., 2010).
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Table 2 Trace elements (Olivier et al., 2010).
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3.9 Literature Review
3.9.1 Define the concept or problem
The water in the Siloam village borehole is hot and it has a certain odour, this odour
indicates the presence of certain compounds in the water e.g. hydrogen sulphide (H2S).
There is a continuous outflow of water, resulting in waste.
When the water from the borehole in Mamvuka was tasted, it had a rusty taste. Waste
was also identified in the Mamvuka borehole.
3.9.1 Causes
The hot water is a result of hydrothermal activities, which cause dissolution of
compounds and minerals from the underlying rock, resulting in the presence of certain
minerals in the water e.g. halite. And because of the high pressures, the water outflow is
continuous, resulting in the identified waste.
The pipes of the borehole in Mamvuka Village are old; the rust is as a result of this.
3.9.2 Consequences (Environmental, Economic, Social, etc)
Studies have shown that the water of geothermal springs could contain toxic elements,
pathogenic organisms, toxic gases and even elements that are radio-active in nature
(Olivier et.al. 2011). These may cause health risks to humans, kill plants and animals and
also have an environmental impact.
3.9.3 Management solutions
On an international scale, thermal spring waters are used for a number of things other
than recreation, namely, agriculture, aquaculture, industry, space heating, mineral
extraction and bottled water (Sheppard, 2013). Because South Africa lacks in studies
about thermal springs, and little is known and understood, they aren’t utilized for many
things.
In Siloam, two tanks can be built to store the hot water and then release it to another tank,
once it has cooled, to be purified and released for consumption or a reservoir can be built
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or a canal to cool down the water, and a water purification method implemented, so as to
meet water use requirement standards.
In Mamvuka, the old pipes can be replaced, and a pumping machine can be used pump or
abstract more water, and a dam built to store the water and supply it to the surrounding
communities.
3.10 Legislative and Policy Review (of Subject matter)
National Environmental Management Act, 107 0f 1998
National Environmental Management : Waste Act, 57 0f 2004
National Water Act, 36 of 1998
Sustainable Development/Triple Bottom Line
International Organization for Standardization : ISO 14001 and ISO 18001
Environmental Management Plan
Water Quality
Environmental Management Plan
3.11 Methodology (N.B; How we wish to valid/prove and
solve problem)
The stratigraphy of the area should be known and must also do an Environmental
Impact Assessment for the site.
Take water samples and analyse mineral content and elements present in it, then
investigate the physical and chemical properties of the water.
Investigate water supply and demand of the areas.
Calculate the capacity or quantity of the reservoir or tanks to meet the water
demand of the areas.
Investigate the geohydrological characterisation of the underlying rocks.
Measure the temperature of the water at different times and different weather.
Investigate the ground water recharge and catchment.
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Gather more information from other studies that were conducted on the areas
before, ask local people for more information.
3.12 Conclusion
Since the communities of Nzhelele area are suffering with access to portable water, while
the water is abandoned in their areas or villages and cannot be utilized because it is
contaminated, the project must be done to solve the Nzhelele problems discussed. This
would increase water supply in the Vhembe district and reduce the water demand from
the Nandoni and Thathe Vondo dams.
4. CASE STUDY THREE: THOHOYANDOU WASTE
WATER TREATMENT PLANT
4.1 Background
The high demand for clean water, which is green drop for waste water has come to a vital
necessity for sewage treatment plants which have to meet both the current legislation and
waste water purification standards. Wastewater treatment plants process water from
homes and business, which contains nitrogen and phosphorus from human waste, food
and certain soaps and detergents. The waste effluent comprises of high levels of
compounds such as phosphates and nitrates to mention a few. In excess amounts, these
minerals are known to be harmful. During eutrophication process, dissolved minerals and
nutrients flow into streams, lakes and other bodies of water. A good portion of these
dissolved minerals consists of phosphates and nitrates. High levels of phosphates and
nitrates are known to deplete dissolved oxygen levels by causing algae blooms
(http://westcumbriariverstrust.org accessed on 23 July 2015). This study investigates the
challenges faced in a Thohoyandou wastewater treatment plant and brings about solutions
to improve the efficiency of the process used.
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The plant operates manually since 1973. Another plant was built which is an extension of
the existing plant and it started operating automatically in 2013.The capacity of the plant
is 12Ml/day. It treats sewage from the surrounding areas of Thohoyandou, amongst them
is: Shayandima, Tshilidzini hospital, Itsani, Makwarela, Muledzhi, and many more.
The Thohoyandou wastewater treatment plant receives raw sewage from these areas and
undergoes primary and secondary treatment. The primary treatment is more of physical
process that uses screens and a grit channel to remove large floating objects such as
diapers, plastics, and to allow solids such as sand and rock to settle out which is then
removed by shovels into wheelbarrows to the landfill (open dump) few meters across the
inlet. Then the waste stream flows into a primary settling tank where suspended solids
settle out as sludge. The sludge is taken to digester where it gets cooked for about 4-6
weeks. Then to the sludge drying beds where most of the sludge is sold to the community
serving as manure. The wastewater flows directly to biological filters in secondary
process.
The secondary treatment process is more of biological process in which aerobic bacteria
removes most of the dissolved and suspended biodegradable, oxygen-demanding organic
wastes as well as nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. Biological filters are used to remove
phosphates and nitrates from the wastewater before it is discharged. Before discharge, the
water is disinfected to kill disease-carrying bacteria and some viruses. This is
accomplished through chlorination, where in this case of the plant they use HTH tablets
instead of chlorine gas to clean the water. There are sampling collection point where
samples are taken towards the channels that discharge water to the river, to the lab for
analysis of ammonia, pH levels, nitrates and chlorine contained in the water.
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4.2 Description of the study area
The study area is located at Muledane, which falls under Thulamela Municipality, within
Vhembe district, Limpopo province of South Africa. Thohoyandou, Tswinga, Maniini,
and Shayandima surround Muledane which is 8 Kilometers from Thohoyandou.
Thohoyandou waste water treatment plant is located between latitudes 23⁰01’00’’ S and
longitude 30⁰27’00’’ E. The location map of the study area is in figure 1.1.
Legend Study Area
Area NTS
Fig.3.1. Map of the study area
Muledane village is a farmstead with an elevation of 588 m above the sea level. It is
composed of variety of hills. The exact site where the study was undertaken is comprised
Thohoyandou
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of gentle, flat and steep slopes. The vegetation of Muledane village is comprised of
shrubs and subtropical trees, and the type of soil found at Muledane village is composed
of Clay and Loam soil.
Thohoyandou waste water treatment plant is located within the subtropical climatic
region, which has high temperature, and humidity (60%) in summer and it is mild during
the winter. However, the area is relatively warm throughout the year with the temperature
of about 160
C to 400
C. During high rainfall seasons, soil erosion to take place. This
erosion can enable deposited solid waste at treatment plant to be transported easily into
water bodies.
Table 2. Temperature at study area (Source: Meo weather services)
Months
Temperature ⁰C Average rainfall (mm)
Average Absolute
Daily Monthly
Min Max Min Max
January 19,6 31 14,2 38,8 1,7 53,6
February 19,9 31,3 14,4 38,6 2,8 78,9
March 18,6 29,9 12,6 37,9 2,1 65,9
April 15,9 28,6 7,5 37,7 0,9 27,6
May 11,9 27,3 2,6 36,6 0,1 4,3
June 10,2 25,1 0 32,3 0,5 14,5
July 9,4 24,9 3,8 32,8 0,3 10,2
August 11,2 27,5 4,1 37 0,4 12,9
September 13,5 29,6 6,4 39,8 0,3 8,6
October 16 30,1 9 40,1 1,2 36,4
November 18,1 30,9 9,8 41,1 2,4 71,3
December 19,1 31,1 9,5 31,5 3 93,7
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4.3 Research Problem / Problem Statement
The first stage of the treatment process involves the removal of solid waste. Within a few
meters from the screening process there is a trench which functions as a landfill site,
where the non-degradable are then disposed. The effluent discharge area is also located
few meters from this landfill site. The topography in the waste water treatment plant is
steep, the landfill site located on the tip, which the effluent is discharge zone and the river
is the bottom of this inclined landscape.
There are environmental and social implications of this landfill site. Substances from the
landfill site can be removed or accumulated in by a percolating liquid in a process called
leaching. Landfills without leachate treatment facilities become a prominent source of
pollution that contaminates surface and groundwater. As evident in rainy seasons, rain
percolates through the water and soil strata and thus pollutes the ground water. In an
event where there are winds blowing or heavy rain due to the dipping topography, the
solid waste is able to find its way downstream.
Socially, diseases on a landfill site can be picked up and spread by different vectors like
birds, insects and there is a release of uncontrolled dangerous gases. The removal of
bacteria from the waste water occurs in the secondary process in the biological filters.
During the wastewater treatment processes there is a biological filter where in aerobic
digestion process takes place to remove phosphates and nitrates in the water. The aerobic
bacteria are kept alive by oxygen which comes in through the top of biological filter and
also the holes on the sides of the filter. Not all these nitrates and phosphates are removed
because aerobic bacteria receive less oxygen to keep them alive in the biological filters,
hence there is a growth of weeds in the maturation river indicating high concentration of
nitrates, amonia and phosphates in the effluent discharged, meaning the final effluent
doesn’t meet the waste water discharge standard(green drop) to the water bodies, thus
lead to eutrophication in the river which is harmful to aquatic life, human and animal
health.
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According to the observations made in the site, the team has broadened its horizons to
look at the factors influencing the wastewater treated and discharged in the Mvudi River
by Thohoyandou sewage treatment plant. It is clear that there are pollutants received from
point and nonpoint sources that have effects to the water treated which were observed
mainly to be:
Solid waste disposal after the screening and grit channel phases of the primary
treatment process.
Adequate amounts of nitrates and phosphates in the final effluent lead to growing of
the weeds in the maturation river during the secondary treatment process.
4.5 Objectives of the project
4.5.1 Main objective
The main objective of this project is to analyse the state of the Thohoyandou
wastewater treatment plant and to detect challenges related to operational
management and compliance to relevant policies that govern municipal solid
waste disposal, wastewater treatment plant and to establish the possible solution
for the detected challenges.
4.5.2 Specific objectives
To examine possible environmental impact caused by noncompliance of the plant
in terms of its operational management
To establish possible strategies to maximize plant compliance
4.5.3 Justification of Research
As South Africa is a water-scarce country, removal of effluents and waste before it can
enter the water resource is critical. Undertaking research in Thohoyandou wastewater
treatment plant is important for the Vhembe District Municipality to assess the factors
influencing water quality and waste management as it supply large number of population
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of the municipality. Looking deeper in the legislative and policies regulating waste
treatment will be easier for the municipality to manage the above mentioned problems as
they have negative environmental and social impacts within the plant and the Muledane
area as discussed earlier.
4.7 Literature Review
4.7.1 Define the concept or problem
Waste water treatment plants undergo similar number of stages of treatment as illustrated
in the figure 1 below. These stages include the preliminary, primary, secondary and
tertiary.
Stage 1: preliminary treatment
Screening is the first stage of the wastewater treatment process. Screening removes large
objects like diapers, nappies, sanitary items, cotton buds, face wipes and even broken
bottles, bottle tops, plastics and rags that may block or damage equipment. Special
equipment is also used to remove grit that gets washed into the sewer.
Stage 2: Primary treatment
This involve the separation of organic solid waste matter (Or human waste) from the
wastewater. This is done by putting the wastewater into large settlement tanks for the
solids to sink to the bottom of the tank. Settled solids are called sludge, at the bottom of
these circular tanks, large scrappers continuously scrape the floor of the tank and push the
sludge towards the center where it is pumped away for further treatment. The rest of the
water is then moved to the secondary treatment.
Stage 3: Secondary Treatment
The water, at this stage is put into large rectangular tanks. These are called aeration tank.
Air is pumped into the water to encourage bacteria to breakdown the tiny bits of sludge
that escaped the sludge scrapping process.
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Stage4: Tertiary treatment
Next the almost treated wastewater is passed through a settlement tank. Here, more
sludge is formed at the settling of the bacterial action. Again, the sludge is scrapped and
collected for treatment. The waste at this stage is almost free from harmless substances
and chemicals. The water is allowed to flow over a wall where it is filtered through a bed
of sand to remove any additional particles. The Filtered water is then released into the
river.
Fig.3.2.: A schematic illustration of the wastewater treatment plant
(http://water.me.vccs.edu/c ourses/env108/Lesson1_print.html accessed 24/07/2015)
According to DEA (2014) during the screening process the solid waste is being deposited
or disposed in landfill sites, however if these landfills are not managed properly they
poses a threat to the environment and human health of residents nearby the plant. It is
known that landfills eventually leak leading to contamination of groundwater through
leaching process (Miller & Spoolman, 2009). In addition Strydom & King (2009)
revealed that in rainy season, waste can runoff to the river near the site contaminating the
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water that is later purified for human consumption. Again residents near the site get
exposure via inhalation of the air emitted by the treatment plant which may lead to illness
or human diseases.
Abdel-Raouf et al (2012) stated that the main aim of secondary process of the treatment
is to remove biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids nutrients, coliform
bacteria and toxicity, in order to get purified wastewater. Wastewater consists of a
mixture of organic and inorganic materials, most of these materials are in a form of
microorganisms especially bacteria, viruses and protozoa (Abdel-Raouf et al, 2012).
Wastewater treatment plants are designed to function as “microbiology farms” where
bacteria and other microorganisms are fed oxygen and organic waste as a source of
nutrition (Abdel-Raouf et al, 2012) . In this way, the aerobic micro-organisms degrade
the organic matter and remove it from the wastewater as activated sludge (products of the
aerobic metabolism). However, in the presence of more plantations growing on the
maturation river during wastewater treatment that indicates excess amount of unwanted
activated sludge (organic matter) that would lead to effects on the water supply and
environment receiving the water through eutrophication.
4.7.2 Causes
Rapid population growth through urbanization and industrialization and changing
consumption pattern are resulting in the generation of excess amount of solid waste and
diversification of the type of solid waste generated (Visvanathan & Ulrich, 2006). Thus
the excess amount of solid waste in the treatment plant causes the contamination of the
environment and water resource nearby.
Frequently, the quality of effluents does not consistently meet effluent quality
requirements for discharge because their performance varies with climatic conditions. At
low temperatures, nutrient removal is difficult to achieve (Mbwele, 2006). As the aerobic
micro-organisms degrade the organic matter and remove it from the wastewater as
activated sludge, the high concentration of phosphates and nitrates in the final effluent is
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caused by insufficient oxygen supply to the bacteria in the biological filters, as the
aerobic bacteria doesn’t reproduce accordingly.
4.7.3 Consequences (Environmental, Economic, Social, etc)
The environmental degradation caused by inadequate disposal of waste can be
expressed by the contamination of surface and groundwater through leachate, air
pollution, spreading of disease by different vectors like birds, insects, rodents or
uncontrolled release of methane by aerobic decomposition of waste (Visvanathan
& Ulrich, 2006).
Open dumpsites are a major problem to the environment, especially on the air that
people inhale. Dumpsites emit obnoxious odours and smoke that cause illness to
people living in, around or closer to them (Marshal, 1995).
Dumpsites maybe source of airbone chemical contamination via off site migration
of gases, particles and chemicals adhering to dust, especially during the period of
active operation of the site (Wrench, 1990).
Contamination of soil and groundwater may lead to direct contact or pollution of
indoor air, for example in the case of volatile organic chemicals into basements of
nearby residents and in the case of consumption of home grown vegetables as
well.
According to Dolk (1997), researches have been carried out in a number of
community/workers health surveys, a wide range of health problems including
respiratory symptoms, irritation of skin, nose and eyes, gastrointestinal problems,
psychological disorders and allergies have been discovered.
Waste placed in landfills or open dumps are subjected to either underflow or
infiltration from precipitation. Ares near the landfill sites have a great possibility
of groundwater contamination because of the potential pollution source of
leachate originating from the nearby site. Such contamination of groundwater
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resource possesses a substantial risk to local resource users and to the natural
environment. Migration of the generated leachate in conjunction with
underground water automatically limits the quality of groundwater around the
landfill site (Abolfzi & Elache, 2008). According to Trina (2006), concentration
(mg/l) of leachate constituents are in phases namely: transition (0-5 years), Acid
formation (5-10), Methane fermentation (10-20 years), and find maturity (>20
years). Therefore the age of a landfill also significantly affects the quality of
leachate formed.
4.7.4 Management solutions
The key to protect the groundwater and river from water pollution from point and non-point
sources is to reduce the flow of pollutants (solid waste) from the sewers, improve the
natural systems of removing pollutants (nitrogen and phosphorus) during wastewater
treatment by implementing systems that provide sufficient oxygen in the biological filters.
By doing so “the idea is to prevent toxic and harzadous chemicals from reaching sewage
treatment plants” Miller & Spoolman (2009).
Solid waste in landfills (open dumps) can be managed through:
Incineration: this is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of
organic substances contained in waste material. Incinerators reduce the solid mass of
the original waste by 80-85% and the volume by 95-96%. Incineration does not
replace landfiling, it significantly reduces the necessary volume for disposal (Klein
et al., 2004)
Gasification: is a process that converts organic or fossil fuels based carbonaceous
materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. This is achieve by
reacting the material at high temperatures (>7000
C) without combustion with a
controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called
syngas or producer gas and is itself a fuel.
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Pyrolysis: is a form of treatment that chemically decomposes organic material by
heat in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis typically occurs under pressure and at
operating temperatures above 4300
C (8000
F). Organic materials are transformed into
gases, small quantities of liquid, and solid residue containing carbon and ash. The
off-gases may be also be treated in a secondary thermal oxygen unit. Several types
of pyrolysis are available including the rotary kiln, rotary health furnace and
fluidized bed furnace. These units are similar to incinerators except they operate at
lower temperatures with less air supply (http://www.cpeo.org// 22/07/2015).
Anaerobic digestion: is a series of biological processes in which microorganisms’
breakdown biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen (http://www.epa.gov//
22/072015).
4.8 Legislative and Policy Review
Compliance to the South African laws that regulate the treatment plant is critical
especially when it comes to management of any plant. It is also of importance for the
municipality to look at the activities that have the potential of polluting water resources
as per National Water Act defined under section 21, these needs to be enforced to
municipality (Strydom & King, 2009). Thus the legislative framework has been provided
to summarize the main legislations focused on the case study concerned (see figure?
below)
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Fig.3.3. Summary of legislations to be looked for the purpose of this study.
South Africa made it mandatory through the South African water act (Act 54 of
1956) that effluent be treated to acceptable standards and returned to the water
course from where was originally obtained.
National environmental management act, 1998 (Act No.107 of 1998).
National Water Act (NWA) under section 21 looks at legal obligation in terms of
management and control of land-based wastewater/effluent (Department of
Environmental Affairs, 2014).
NWA section 36 of 1998 aims at the protection of the national water resources for
long term sustainable use (van Niekerk, 2000)
Public health
Minimum Requirement for Waste Disposal by Landfill.
The table below shows the proposed new waste discharge standards by the water
specialists, which are compared with the achievable performance of advanced secondary
treatment.
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Table 3: Proposed standards by water specialists in South Africa (van Niekerk, 2000)
According to van Niekerk, (2000), the new standards reached for the faecal chloroform
and free chlorinedue to public health considerations and impact of the free chlorine on the
natural aquatic environment are:
FaecalChloroform ≤ 100#/100ml
Free Chlorine ≤ 0.1mg/l
4.9 Methodology
Draw a map which will show the proximity of the river to the waste disposal site.
Draw a geological map which show the proximity of the soil to see effects of penetration
to the groundwater
Do analysis of waste water to check the amount of phosphates and nitrates, using the
following apparatus: pH meter, conductivity meter, Gas Chromatography (GC) or
relevant lab equipment to test the elements present in the waste.
Table 4: Depicting methodology structure
Objectives Tool
Analysis of existing plant
operational management
- Observation
- Questionnaires
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Examining water quality - Water sampling parameter
instruments
Examining of the environmental
impact
- Observation
Analysis of plant compliance and
establishment of possible strategies
to maximize plant compliance
- Reviewing legislations, policy, and
guidelines
4.10 Conclusion & Recommendations
With all the investigations and observations made, it can be concluded that the waste
water treatment standards have to be met and with a team that consist of various
specialist, chemical, environmental and geological, it is possible to come with a clean
solution to all problems encountered.
Recommendations:
To improve the function of the biofilters, the filter medium can be increased to
allow more time for the microorganisms to breakdown the waste; this will help to
reduce phosphates and nitrates in the treated water.
In order to handle the disposal of solid waste, incinerators can be installed at the
disposal site to burn the solid waste instead of dumping it in an open pit.
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5. Conclusion
With all the information collected from the different site visits, it was found that different
challenges affect different locations within the Vhembe District Municipality. These challenges
were summarized as follows: Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) due to mining activities in the Fumani
water works and borehole; lack of access to portable water in Nzhelele area because of
contamination and lack of storing water from boreholes as its abandoned and not managed
properly; and meeting waste water treatment standards.
It can then be concluded that, collaborating all different scientific fields of study which are
chemical engineering, hydrology, environmental management and geology, within the task team
appointed, the Vhembe District Municipality water challenges will be solved with the help of
highly experienced professional experts on board. The geology team is going to mainly focus on
doing geotechnical investigations, geological mapping and analyzing groundwater movement
patterns of all affected areas. The environmental management team will conduct Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) in all three sites, draft Environmental Management Plans (EMP) for all
the three sites and ensure that the project as a whole is In compliance with ISO 1400&1800
standards. Lastly the hydrology and chemistry/ chemical engineering team would be focusing on
the water sampling and lab analysis, SANS241 water standards compliance, and monitoring
pipelines corrosion.
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