The document summarizes two journal articles that studied psychological factors influencing attitudes toward capital punishment. The first article examined correlations between views on the insanity defense and demographic/death penalty attitudes. It found political affiliation reliably predicted insanity defense views while gender/ethnicity did not. It also found a correlation between opposing the insanity defense and overestimating its use/success rates. The second article studied how expert testimony on a defendant's mental health influenced juror death penalty views. It found labeling a defendant as psychopathic or psychotic increased perceptions of future dangerousness and likelihood of a death sentence. However, expert testimony had only a slight impact on perceptions of future dangerousness. Both studies provided insight into psychological factors shaping capital punishment
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G219 Nahoko Kitakaze Takehiko Ito Takayo Inoue (2014, September,). GENDER DI...Takehiko Ito
G219 Nahoko Kitakaze Takehiko Ito Takayo Inoue (2014, September,). GENDER DIFFERENCE OF EFFECTS OF RAPE SUPPORTIVE ATTITUDE ON THE JUDGMENT OF GUILT OR INNOCENCE IN A MOCK JURY TRIAL EXPERIMENT. XVI World Congress of Psychiatry. Madrid
An Introduction to Biblical Interpretation (Effective Bible Study)roberthatfield
While reading the Bible answers the question, "What does the Bible say?," interpreting the Bible answers the question, "What does the Bible mean by what it says?"
Presented at the North Charleston church of Christ | http://northcharlestonchurchofchrist.com
Does fact presentation method affect death penalty attitudes? Shelby Ullrich
Having the right to an impartial jury is a key component of the American criminal justice system, especially in capital punishment cases. It is important to consider how jurors' attitudes can affect trial outcomes and how attitudes can be most easily swayed. This experiment tested the hypothesis that a death penalty facts formatted emotionally is more influential than death penalty facts formatted logically. Fifty-seven participants were randomly assigned to read facts in an emotional or logical format. All participants responded to various types of questions to measure their attitudes about the death penalty. The results were insubstantial as there was only a slight difference between the conditions. Nonetheless, there is much more research needed in this area to better understand the dynamics of persuasion through the format of information.
ArticleThe Role of Self-Esteem in SuicidesAmong Young .docxfestockton
Article
The Role of Self-
Esteem in Suicides
Among Young Men
Mette Lyberg Rasmussen
1
, Kari Dyregrov
1,2
,
Hanne Haavind
3
, Antoon A. Leenaars
1
, and
Gudrun Dieserud
1
Abstract
This study explores self-esteem in suicide among young males with no earlier
history of suicide attempt(s) or treatment in mental health services. The data
come from an ongoing psychological autopsy study; 10 cases of young men aged
18 to 30, were selected to generate a phenomenologically based understanding of
the psychological mechanisms and processes involved in the suicidal process. The
analyses are based on in-depth interviews with 61 closely connected individuals,
as well as suicide notes. We used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. For
these young men, the transition to young adulthood, a period of major life chal-
lenges, seemed to be associated with personal defeats. According to their signifi-
cant others, the deceased seemed to have experienced intolerable discrepancies
between their actual performances and their ideal self standards. Four themes
emerged from the analysis: (a) striving to find a viable path to life as an adult man;
(b) experiencing a sense of failure according to own standards; (c) emotional self-
restriction in relationships; and (d) strong feelings of loneliness and rejection of
self. Improved understanding of suicides outside the mental illness paradigm may
have important implications for preventive strategies.
OMEGA—Journal of Death and
Dying
2018, Vol. 77(3) 217–239
! The Author(s) 2015
Reprints and permissions:
sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/0030222815601514
journals.sagepub.com/home/ome
1
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Mental Health, Oslo, Norway
2
Center for Crisis Psychology, Bergen, Norway
3
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
Corresponding Author:
Mette Lyberg Rasmussen, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Mental Health,
P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, Norway.
Email: [email protected]
https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/journals-permissions
https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222815601514
journals.sagepub.com/home/ome
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1177%2F0030222815601514&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2015-08-19
Keywords
suicide, young men, self-esteem, shame, psychological autopsy, qualitative analysis,
suicide prevention
Our knowledge base for suicide prevention is largely based on studies of clinical
populations, often indicating a causal relationship between suicide and mental
disorder (e.g., Cavanagh, Carson, Sharpe, & Lawrie, 2003). However, several
studies have not supported this causal link, and there is growing evidence that
not all suicides are preceded by symptoms of serious mental disorder (Judd,
Jackson, Komiti, Bell, & Fraser, 2012; O’Connor, Sheehy, & O’Connor, 1999;
Owens, Booth, Briscoe, Lawrence, & Lloyd, 2003). From a preventive standpoint,
due to high suicide rates among young men, there is a need to understa ...
Attitudes toward suicide may influence the
treatment content and outcomes. Hence, this study aimed to
investigate how public attitudes toward suicide were influenced
by (1) their degree of idealism; and (2) their degree of
relativism. A questionnaire survey with Suicide Perception
Scale and Ethic Position Questionnaire was carried out on 50
male and 50 female participants (aged 21 and above) from
Klang Valley, Malaysia to obtain answer. The findings
supported both hypotheses, indicated that (1) higher idealism is
associated with lower level of acceptance toward suicide; and
(2) higher relativism is associated with higher level of
acceptance toward suicide. In sum, variations in public’s
attitude toward suicide were related to individual differences in
personal ethical ideologies and moral philosophies.
Running head RESEARCH PROPOSAL10RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 10
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8
Research Proposal
Jamie Bass
Argosy University
March 3, 2016
ABSTRACT
Suicide is experienced in all parts of parts of the world. Even though it has been argued that suicide is common amongst the elderly in the society, it is worth noting that even children as young as 13 years old have committed suicide. The myths and misconceptions surrounding suicidal individuals are inherently different from one culture to another. For instance, in some cultures it is believed that suicidal individuals are possessed by demons. Other cultures attribute suicide to generational curses whereas other cultures attribute suicide to such factors as depression and other mental disorders. The purpose of the proposed research is to establish the risk factors of suicide and realize possible strategies which if undertaken can help to counteract suicide and hence its adverse effects in the society. In this proposal are the points to be addressed in the course of the research. It is anticipated that there will be objections to the factors to be established and hence part of this proposal are possible objections and how each of the possible objections will be addressed. The research will use secondary sources of information and hence part of this proposal is an annotated bibliography of the sources that will be utilized in course of the research. Comment by Spencer Ellsworth: This is good, but could you state it more as a piece of argumentation? Like “This paper argues that early intervention can prevent suicide if done correctly.”
WORKING THESIS
Suicide has negatively affected the society, and unless there are mitigation strategies to curb this menace, it will continue to take the lives of many people in the society.
EXPLANATION
Suicide is the act of human beings voluntarily taking their lives. Research has shown that it has always been caused by a sense of despair or hopelessness. All these issues may be induced by mental illness which may include Bipolar disorder or even depression. Suicide has been traumatizing and shameful to the bereaved families and many people in the society have always viewed it as a cowardice way of taking one’s life. Many suicidal persons have been haunted by their thoughts in many cases this is depicted as a very personal process (Goldsmith, Pellmar, Kleinman & Bunney, 2002).
In this paper, it is very much possible to look at what suicide is and the risk factors associated with suicide. A study conducted in Sweden consisting of 271 men aged 15 years and above revealed that mental disorder is a major suicide risk factor. It is thus recommended that the research paper will dwell on mental disorder and substance abuse as risk factors that contribute to suicide as well as medical conditions and psychosocial states. Harris & Barraclough (2009) also established a causal relationship between mental disorder and suicide a factor that further makes the proposed research ...
G219 Nahoko Kitakaze Takehiko Ito Takayo Inoue (2014, September,). GENDER DI...Takehiko Ito
G219 Nahoko Kitakaze Takehiko Ito Takayo Inoue (2014, September,). GENDER DIFFERENCE OF EFFECTS OF RAPE SUPPORTIVE ATTITUDE ON THE JUDGMENT OF GUILT OR INNOCENCE IN A MOCK JURY TRIAL EXPERIMENT. XVI World Congress of Psychiatry. Madrid
An Introduction to Biblical Interpretation (Effective Bible Study)roberthatfield
While reading the Bible answers the question, "What does the Bible say?," interpreting the Bible answers the question, "What does the Bible mean by what it says?"
Presented at the North Charleston church of Christ | http://northcharlestonchurchofchrist.com
Does fact presentation method affect death penalty attitudes? Shelby Ullrich
Having the right to an impartial jury is a key component of the American criminal justice system, especially in capital punishment cases. It is important to consider how jurors' attitudes can affect trial outcomes and how attitudes can be most easily swayed. This experiment tested the hypothesis that a death penalty facts formatted emotionally is more influential than death penalty facts formatted logically. Fifty-seven participants were randomly assigned to read facts in an emotional or logical format. All participants responded to various types of questions to measure their attitudes about the death penalty. The results were insubstantial as there was only a slight difference between the conditions. Nonetheless, there is much more research needed in this area to better understand the dynamics of persuasion through the format of information.
ArticleThe Role of Self-Esteem in SuicidesAmong Young .docxfestockton
Article
The Role of Self-
Esteem in Suicides
Among Young Men
Mette Lyberg Rasmussen
1
, Kari Dyregrov
1,2
,
Hanne Haavind
3
, Antoon A. Leenaars
1
, and
Gudrun Dieserud
1
Abstract
This study explores self-esteem in suicide among young males with no earlier
history of suicide attempt(s) or treatment in mental health services. The data
come from an ongoing psychological autopsy study; 10 cases of young men aged
18 to 30, were selected to generate a phenomenologically based understanding of
the psychological mechanisms and processes involved in the suicidal process. The
analyses are based on in-depth interviews with 61 closely connected individuals,
as well as suicide notes. We used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. For
these young men, the transition to young adulthood, a period of major life chal-
lenges, seemed to be associated with personal defeats. According to their signifi-
cant others, the deceased seemed to have experienced intolerable discrepancies
between their actual performances and their ideal self standards. Four themes
emerged from the analysis: (a) striving to find a viable path to life as an adult man;
(b) experiencing a sense of failure according to own standards; (c) emotional self-
restriction in relationships; and (d) strong feelings of loneliness and rejection of
self. Improved understanding of suicides outside the mental illness paradigm may
have important implications for preventive strategies.
OMEGA—Journal of Death and
Dying
2018, Vol. 77(3) 217–239
! The Author(s) 2015
Reprints and permissions:
sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/0030222815601514
journals.sagepub.com/home/ome
1
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Mental Health, Oslo, Norway
2
Center for Crisis Psychology, Bergen, Norway
3
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
Corresponding Author:
Mette Lyberg Rasmussen, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Mental Health,
P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, Norway.
Email: [email protected]
https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/journals-permissions
https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222815601514
journals.sagepub.com/home/ome
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1177%2F0030222815601514&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2015-08-19
Keywords
suicide, young men, self-esteem, shame, psychological autopsy, qualitative analysis,
suicide prevention
Our knowledge base for suicide prevention is largely based on studies of clinical
populations, often indicating a causal relationship between suicide and mental
disorder (e.g., Cavanagh, Carson, Sharpe, & Lawrie, 2003). However, several
studies have not supported this causal link, and there is growing evidence that
not all suicides are preceded by symptoms of serious mental disorder (Judd,
Jackson, Komiti, Bell, & Fraser, 2012; O’Connor, Sheehy, & O’Connor, 1999;
Owens, Booth, Briscoe, Lawrence, & Lloyd, 2003). From a preventive standpoint,
due to high suicide rates among young men, there is a need to understa ...
Attitudes toward suicide may influence the
treatment content and outcomes. Hence, this study aimed to
investigate how public attitudes toward suicide were influenced
by (1) their degree of idealism; and (2) their degree of
relativism. A questionnaire survey with Suicide Perception
Scale and Ethic Position Questionnaire was carried out on 50
male and 50 female participants (aged 21 and above) from
Klang Valley, Malaysia to obtain answer. The findings
supported both hypotheses, indicated that (1) higher idealism is
associated with lower level of acceptance toward suicide; and
(2) higher relativism is associated with higher level of
acceptance toward suicide. In sum, variations in public’s
attitude toward suicide were related to individual differences in
personal ethical ideologies and moral philosophies.
Running head RESEARCH PROPOSAL10RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 10
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8
Research Proposal
Jamie Bass
Argosy University
March 3, 2016
ABSTRACT
Suicide is experienced in all parts of parts of the world. Even though it has been argued that suicide is common amongst the elderly in the society, it is worth noting that even children as young as 13 years old have committed suicide. The myths and misconceptions surrounding suicidal individuals are inherently different from one culture to another. For instance, in some cultures it is believed that suicidal individuals are possessed by demons. Other cultures attribute suicide to generational curses whereas other cultures attribute suicide to such factors as depression and other mental disorders. The purpose of the proposed research is to establish the risk factors of suicide and realize possible strategies which if undertaken can help to counteract suicide and hence its adverse effects in the society. In this proposal are the points to be addressed in the course of the research. It is anticipated that there will be objections to the factors to be established and hence part of this proposal are possible objections and how each of the possible objections will be addressed. The research will use secondary sources of information and hence part of this proposal is an annotated bibliography of the sources that will be utilized in course of the research. Comment by Spencer Ellsworth: This is good, but could you state it more as a piece of argumentation? Like “This paper argues that early intervention can prevent suicide if done correctly.”
WORKING THESIS
Suicide has negatively affected the society, and unless there are mitigation strategies to curb this menace, it will continue to take the lives of many people in the society.
EXPLANATION
Suicide is the act of human beings voluntarily taking their lives. Research has shown that it has always been caused by a sense of despair or hopelessness. All these issues may be induced by mental illness which may include Bipolar disorder or even depression. Suicide has been traumatizing and shameful to the bereaved families and many people in the society have always viewed it as a cowardice way of taking one’s life. Many suicidal persons have been haunted by their thoughts in many cases this is depicted as a very personal process (Goldsmith, Pellmar, Kleinman & Bunney, 2002).
In this paper, it is very much possible to look at what suicide is and the risk factors associated with suicide. A study conducted in Sweden consisting of 271 men aged 15 years and above revealed that mental disorder is a major suicide risk factor. It is thus recommended that the research paper will dwell on mental disorder and substance abuse as risk factors that contribute to suicide as well as medical conditions and psychosocial states. Harris & Barraclough (2009) also established a causal relationship between mental disorder and suicide a factor that further makes the proposed research ...
Proposed Study
Alexander Wenceslao, Briahna Pitts, Shaina Clasberry, Elbert Johnson, and Edith Zamora
January 18, 2016
PSY/ 335
Dr. Nancy Lees
Summary
Suicide is a national risk to all ages, both attempted and completed suicides. Suicidal behavior is able to be influenced by many factors that are both internal and external. While external factors such as the media may pose as an influence, internal factors such as genetics or situational stress may pose as influences as well. A new study that the group would create to answer the remaining unanswered questions would be to incorporate as many individuals as possible with a mass survey. The individuals that the survey targets would be those who are currently experiencing suicide related situations or have experienced suicidal situations in the past. Also, this survey would be inclusive to ask questions about what the causes are for the individuals to contemplate suicide. The external factors outside of the targeted group, the survey would be the media and its effect on suicidal influence, benefactors of the suicidal community, and those related to the suicidal individuals. To ensure gaining questions to remaining unanswered questions, the survey can ask questions concerning the external factors.
Our group would set out to answer the following research question: “Is it possible to prevent suicidal influences by taking preemptive measures?” The hypothesis would be if it is possible to prevent suicidal influences, then the preemptive measures could be implemented across all demographics—thus decreasing national suicide rates.
Suicide risk in relation to socioeconomic, demographic, psychiatric, and familial factors: A national register-based study of all suicides in denmark
Abstract. Suicide risk was addressed in relation to the joint effect of factors regarding family structure, socioeconomics, demographics, mental illness, and family history of suicide and mental illness, as well as gender differences in risk factors. Method: Data were drawn from four national Danish longitudinal registers. Subjects were all 21,169 persons who committed suicide in 1981-1997 and 423,128 live comparison subjects matched for age, gender, and calendar time of suicide by using a nested case-control design. The effect of risk factors was estimated through conditional logistic regression. The interaction of gender with the risk factors was examined by using the log likelihood ratio test. The population attributable risk was calculated. Results: Of the risk factors examined in the study, a history of hospitalization for psychiatric disorder was associated with the highest odds ratio and the highest attributable risk for suicide. Cohabiting or single marital status, unemployment, low income, retirement, disability, sickness-related absence from work, and a family history of suicide and/or psychiatric disorders were also significant risk factors for suicide. Moreover, these factors had different effects in male and fe ...
EARLY MORTALITY8Early Mortality Review of the Charl.docxmadlynplamondon
EARLY MORTALITY 8
Early Mortality: Review of the Charleston Heart Study
A Critiqué Submitted by
[Your Name]
El Centro College
Psychology 23xx, Section 5xxxx, Fall 2013
Running head: EARLY MORTALITY 1
Abstract
This essay provides a review of forty years of follow-up data from the Charleston Heart Study (CHS) in their article Divorce and Death: Forty Years of the Charleston Heart Study. This includes a longitudinal CHS, which included data collected from more than 1300 adults from 1960 to 2000, Sbarra and Nietert explored the relationship between social connectedness and health using the CHS data and attempted to provide insight into the long term health consequences of becoming separated or divorced (2009). Being separated or divorced during the follow-up window appeared to be one of the strongest predictors of early mortality. In addition to the review of the actual study, a critique is included that provides a critical analysis of the quality of the researchers’ study and article as published in the Psychological Science journal. The critique addresses such items as ethics, usefulness, sample size and diversification as well as a plethora of other interesting items useful to provide collegiate feedback of the work by Sbarra and Nietert.
Early Mortality: Review of the Charleston Heart StudyIntroduction
The researchers posed that recent research in social epidemiology has spurred advances into the association between interpersonal relationships and health (Sbarra & Nietert, 2009) but there were limits to the overall findings. It is suggested that relationship can play a vital role in an individual’s lifespan development. Sbarra and Nietert share this sentiment. More specifically, that social integration (i.e. a close relationship in which one feels close to others and that the relationship is reciprocally dependable) is positively correlated with mortality; however, a life deficient in social integration may be a strong predictor of early mortality (Sbarra & Nietert, 2009). The researchers carefully reviewed the data from the CHS to help explain the mechanism linking social connectedness and health.
The authors were interested in providing new insights into the long-term health consequences of divorce or separation. Many previous studies on the link between divorce and health have failed to present marital status as a dynamic variable. However, the researchers took into account both the length of time the participants were divorced and eventual remarriage rates which appears to have significantly improved their ability to make the link.Review
In order to present marital status as dynamically as possible, the researchers classified participants in the study in three ways. First, marital status (married, separated-divorced, widowed, or never married) at the first assessment was examined as a predictor of long-term mortality (Sbarra & Nietert, 2009). Second, the researchers calculated the hazard ratio (HR) of early death f ...
The Suicide (SPI) and Violence Potential Indices (VPI)from t.docxarnoldmeredith47041
The Suicide (SPI) and Violence Potential Indices (VPI)
from the Personality Assessment Inventory: A Preliminary
Exploration of Validity in an Outpatient Psychiatric Sample
Samuel Justin Sinclair & Iruma Bello & Maren Nyer &
Jenelle Slavin-Mulford & Michelle B. Stein &
Megan Renna & Daniel Antonius & Mark A. Blais
Published online: 9 February 2012
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract Assessing risk of harm to self and others is an
important component of psychological assessment, although
methods for risk assessment vary considerably. The Person-
ality Assessment Inventory (PAI) is frequently administered
to evaluate general psychological functioning, as well as to
provide information about suicide and violence risk. The
purpose of this study was to evaluate the construct validity
of the PAI Suicide (SPI) and Violence Potential (VPI) indi-
ces in a sample of 158 psychiatric outpatients referred for
psychological and neuropsychological assessment within a
large northeastern academic medical center between 2007
and 2011. Results generally supported the convergent and
divergent validity of both SPI and VPI when evaluating
groups with and without a history of suicide and violence
risk, and effect sizes were moderate to large even after
controlling for other covariates. SPI and VPI scores were
also found to vary significantly across different psychiatric
groups in ways that would be expected. Finally, we explored
the relationship between SPI and VPI, and executive
functioning impairment—a neuropsychological variable
found to be associated with impulsive self and other-
harming behaviors. Consistent with prior research, SPI and
VPI were found to be significantly elevated in groups dem-
onstrating executive dysfunction. The implications of these
findings and specifically the utility of using SPI and VPI in
the assessment of risk are discussed.
Keywords Personality assessment inventory. Risk
assessment . Suicide potential . Violence potential
Psychologists and other healthcare providers are increasingly
being asked to provide clinical judgments regarding a person’s
level of risk of harm to self and others in both clinical and non-
clinical settings. As some have noted previously, current
frameworks for evaluating risk are varied and often imprecise,
which when coupled with low base rates of suicide and
aggression in the general population results in prediction
models that are frequently unreliable (Monahan et al. 2001;
Wenzel, et al. 2011). Further, research over the last decade has
demonstrated that factors underlying risk for suicide and
aggression are themselves complex, and include a wide array
of affective, neuropsychological, biological, demographic,
and contextual variables (Dougherty, et al. 2004; Jollant et
al. 2005; Keilp, et al. 2001; Monahan et al. 2001; Monahan
and Steadman 1994; Soloff, et al. 2000; van Heering and
Marusic 2003; Wenzel et al. 2011). As a result, accurately
predicting the near-term risk of suicidal an.
Advancing Suicide Prevention Research With Rural American Indian a.docxdaniahendric
Advancing Suicide Prevention Research With Rural American Indian and Alaska Native Populations
| Lisa Wexler, PhD, Michael Chandler, PhD, Joseph P. Gone, PhD, Mary Cwik, PhD, Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, Teresa LaFromboise, PhD, Teresa Brockie, PhD, Victoria O'Keefe, MA, John Walkup, MD, and James Allen, PhD
As part of the National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention's American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) Task Force, a multidisciplinary group of AI/AN suicide research experts convened to outline pressing issues related to this subfield of suicidology. Suicide disproportionately affects Indigenous peoples, and remote Indigenous communities can offer vital and unique insights with relevance to other rural and marginalized groups. Outcomes from this meeting include identifying the central challenges impeding progress in this subfield and a description of promising research directions to yield practical results. These proposed directions expand the alliance's prioritized research agenda and offer pathways to advance the field of suicide research in Indigenous communities and beyond. (Am J Public Health. 2015;105:891-899. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014. 302517)
Although the Surgeon General published a call to action to prevent suicide in 1999,1 national rates of suicide have shown little improvement, and from 2002 to 2010 suicide moved from the 11th to the 10th leading cause of death in the United States2,3 National suicide rates are consistently higher among White men aged 65 years and older than in younger age groups.3 However, suicide remains one of the top 5 causes of death for American adults younger than 45 years and one of the top 3 for adolescents and young adults.2 Although suicide is clearly an important public health priority for all Americans, it is an especially critical issue for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). North America’s Indigenous peoples have disproportionately high rates of suicide deaths, attempts, and ideation, and suicide deaths are approximately 50% higher for AI/AN people than for White people.1,3 However, AI/AN elder suicides are quite rare. Suicide is the second leading cause of death among AI/AN adolescents and young adults, and their rate of suicide is 2.5 times as high as the national average across all ethnocultural groups.2 AI/AN young men are particularly vulnerable4; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that AI/AN youths aged 10 to 24 years have the highest suicide rates of all ethnocultural groups
in the United States, at 31.27 per 100 000 among male youths and 10.16 per 100 000 among female youths. To eliminate this health disparity, research identifying the unique factors contributing to AI/AN suicide is essential to tailor interventions to fit the particular cultural and situational contexts in which they occur.1 Driven by the pressing need to better understand and reduce AI/AN suicide, the AI/AN Task Force of the National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention (NAASP) crea ...
Must be completely familiar with APA style formatting! Answer all 5 .docxlea6nklmattu
Must be completely familiar with APA style formatting! Answer all 5 questions please!
1. The following paragraph has been formatted incorrectly according to APA formatting rules. Identify and describe 4 errors in the following paragraph:
Smith, Jones, & Terry 2008 investigated the effects of death-qualification on jurors’ confidence. A “death-qualified” juror is one who is willing to give the death penalty. 60 college students were randomly assigned to one of 2 different conditions. In both conditions, participants completed a short questionnaire that asked them whether they would or would not be willing to give the death penalty. In the first condition, participants reported aloud their response, and those participants who were not willing to give the death penalty were asked to leave the experiment. In the other condition, participants handed in their response on a written survey. Again, the researchers told participants who were not willing to give the death penalty to leave. After participants unwilling to give the death penalty left, the researchers told the remaining 45 “death-qualified” participants to fill out surveys regarding how confident they felt in their original death-qualification answers. The researchers found that, “participants in the verbal response condition were more confident in their death qualification status than participants in the written response condition”. The researchers concluded that making public commitments about death-qualification status makes participants more confident in their death-qualified status.
2.
What is (are) the independent variable(s) in this study?
3.
What is (are) the dependent variable(s) in this study?
4.
This paragraph is actually fictional, but imagine that you want to reference the William Smith, Beth J. Jones, and Bennett Terry article, and that it was published it in May, 2008 in Law and Human Behavior, volume 8, pages 234-267. Their title was, “Death Qualification: The Question Format Matters.” In the box below, write out the correct reference in APA format. Note – there is no doi for this journal article.
5. Correct the following references:
Greenberg, Jeff, Schimel, Jeff, Martens, Andy, Solomon, Sheldon., & Pyszcznyski, Tom. (2001). Sympathy for the devil: evidence that reminding whites of their mortality promotes more favorable reactions to white racists.
Motivation and Emotion
,
25(2),
113-133
. doi: 10.1023/A:1010613909207
Leander, N. P., Chartrand, T. L., and Wood, W. 2011. Mind Your Mannerisms: Behavioral Mimicry Elicits Stereotype Conformity.
Journal of experimental social psychology, volume 47, issue
1, 195-201. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.09.002
.
Similar to Review of 2 Journal Articles on Psychological Factors Influencing Capital Punishment Attitudes (20)
Review of 2 Journal Articles on Psychological Factors Influencing Capital Punishment Attitudes
1. A Review of 2 Journal Articles on Psychological Factors Influencing Capital
Punishment Attitudes
By Oleg Nekrassovski
Capital punishment is a hot issue in the U.S., whereas in, far less criminal, Canada, it
sometimes causes private debates because majority of Canadians supposedly do not believe in
sentencing anyone, no matter how evil, to death. Since there are many potential psychological
factors which may be responsible for individual views on the subject, I decided to investigate
the recent psychological literature regarding such factors, and found two interesting articles
which are summarized below.
Bloechl et al.’s (2006) study involved a search for correlations between individual
attitudes toward the insanity defense and the previously identified factors influencing such
attitudes, such as individual demographic characteristics and individual attitudes toward death
penalty (Bloechl et al., 2006, p. 155).
A sample of 578 undergraduate students (395 females and 183 males) majoring in a
variety of subjects and being eligible for jury duty, with a mean age of 19.90 years, constituted
the participants of the study. 91.1% of the participants were Euro-Americans. 198 described
themselves as Democrats, 193 as Republicans, 159 as non-affiliated, and 28 as “other” (Bloechl
et al., 2006, p. 155).
The participants of the study completed two tests with self-explanatory names, the
Insanity Defense Attitude Scale – Revised (IDAS-R) and the Attitudes Toward the Death Penalty
Scale (ATDP), as well as the demographic questionnaire. The resulting IDAS-R scores indicated
to the authors that the participants, on average, did not support the idea of defense on the
grounds of insanity. On the other hand, the scores on the ATDP test indicated to the authors
that the participants varied significantly in their attitudes toward capital punishment. The
results of the demographic questionnaire presented each participant’s gender, ethnicity,
political affiliation, and religious beliefs. While the answers to other, relevant, questions of the
questionnaire showed that the participants greatly overestimated the extent of the use of
insanity defense and its success rate (Bloechl et al., 2006, pp. 155-156).
The influence of individual demographic characteristics and views on capital
punishment, on insanity defense attitudes, as revealed by the IDAS-R, was analyzed with
exploratory statistics (Bloechl et al., 2006, p. 156).
One statistical analysis used in the study demonstrated that the participant’s gender
was clearly an unreliable predictor of his/her attitude towards the insanity defense. The
participant’s ethnicity turned out to be equally unreliable (Bloechl et al., 2006, p. 156).
Further statistical analysis of the data overturned Tygart’s (1982, 1992) hypothesis by
demonstrating that the religious beliefs of the participants were not a reliable indicator of their
2. attitudes toward the insanity defense. Another of Tygart’s (1982, 1992) hypotheses, namely
that political affiliation is a reliable indicator of the insanity defense attitudes, was well
supported by the statistical analysis of the data in this study. Also, the analysis of data revealed
that opposition to the insanity defense strongly correlates with the overestimation of the
extent to which it is used, as well as its success rate (Bloechl et al., 2006, p. 157).
The final statistical analysis of the study analyzed the relationship between the scores
on ATDP and IDAS-R, demonstrating that there was a significant correlation between the
participants’ views on capital punishment and on defense on the grounds of insanity. In
particular, it was revealed that those participants who were the strongest supporters of capital
punishment were most strongly opposed to allowing the use of mental illness diagnosis as a
legal defense (Bloechl et al., 2006, pp. 157-158).
In spite of the seeming success of the study, the authors readily pointed out its many
limitations. The generally young age of the participants could potentially mean that the results
of the study are unique to this age group. Also, the ethnic diversity of the participants was very
different from the general American population, which may as a result have different attitudes
on the subject. Finally, this research was conducted in a non-death penalty state, a variable
which may have significantly biased the views of the participants and made the results
unrepresentative of the general American population (Bloechl et al., 2006, p. 159).
The focus of Edens et al.’s (2005) study was on testing whether (1) labeling the
defendant, by an expert witness, in a capital murder case as being psychopathic or psychotic
made the potential jurors more likely to rank him as possessing greater future danger to society
and sentence him to death, than when the same defendant was judged to be free of any
mental illness; (2) the extent of influence of expert testimony, regarding the defendant’s
mental health, on those potential jurors who already consider the defendant to be a future
danger to society, determined the extent of their support for a death sentence; (3) the extent
to which the jurors perceive the defendant in a capital murder case as being psychopathic or
psychotic, before hearing expert testimony on the subject, determined the extent of their
support for a death sentence; (4) labeling the defendant, by an expert witness, as being at a low
as compared to a high risk to engage in future violence caused a significant decrease in the
amount of future danger attributed to him by the potential jurors; (5) the more future danger is
attributed, for whatever reason, to the defendant by a potential juror, the more it is likely that
he will be sentenced to death by that same juror (Edens et al., 2005, pp. 608-609).
231 American university students taking psychology courses, constituted the
participants of the study. The mean age of the participants was 20.0 years. 64.5 % of them were
female. 93.5% were unmarried. 71.4% were Caucasian; 14.3% African American; and 10.8%
Hispanic (Edens et al., 2005, pp. 609-610).
The participants of the study were presented with a list of key facts about an actual
capital murder case, which concluded with the statement that the defendant was found guilty.
3. Next, the participants were randomly split into six groups, and presented with six different
testimonies of psychological experts regarding the defendant’s psychiatric condition. The
expert testimonies presented the defendant to the participants, depending on the group to
which they were assigned, as being either mentally healthy, psychotic, or psychopathic and
either at high or at low risk to engage in violence in the future (Edens et al., 2005, pp. 610, 612-
613).
The next step in the study asked the participants to complete a questionnaire, which
was taken from the work of Edens et al. (2004) and was aimed at identifying those participants
whose views of capital punishment or the defendant were too biased to allow them to give him
a fair sentence. As a result, all assessments of twenty five, out of the original 231 participants,
were excluded from the final data used for analysis. This group of twenty five consisted of
twenty who indicated their inability to impose a death sentence on anyone; three, who
indicated that they would sentence to death every convicted capital offender; and two, who
believed that the defendant is not guilty, even though the summary of the case, that was
presented to them, clearly stated that the defendant has confessed to the two homicides he
was accused of and that several witnesses identified him as the perpetrator of the two crimes
(Edens et al., 2005, pp. 610, 611, 613).
After the evaluation of participants’ views on death penalty and of the defendant, the
participants completed a brief questionnaire, which assessed their desire to either sentence the
defendant to death, because in their view he is clearly a future threat to society, or to life
imprisonment, because there is little reason to believe that he is prone to future acts of
violence. Also, a four-item scale from a previous study (Edens et al., 2004) was used to examine
the participants’ perception of defendant’s future dangerousness, based on the expert
testimony provided to them. Moreover, in order to assess whether the participants might have
sentenced the defendant in the way they did out of their own perceptions of his psychopathic
or psychotic inclinations, irrespective of the testimony provided, the participants were asked to
decide whether in their view the defendant was likely to exhibit the twenty specific traits from
the Hare Psychopathy Checklist – Revised (Hare, 1991, 2003) and five specific traits of
schizophrenics (Edens et al., 2005, pp. 611-612).
Statistical analysis of the collected data revealed that, on average, those participants
that were in the psychopathic- or psychotic-defendant-groups, consistently ranked him as
possessing greater future danger to society, than those participants who were in the mental-
illness-free-defendant-groups (Edens et al., 2005, p. 613). However, 60% of the participants in
the psychopathic-defendant-groups and only 30% of those in the psychotic-defendant-groups
voted for a death penalty; while among those who were in the mental-illness-free-defendant-
groups, 38% sentenced him to death (Edens et al., 2005, p. 614). On the other hand, among
those participants who already ranked the defendant as possessing considerable future danger
to society, 69% of those asked to judge a psychopathic defendant, sentenced him to death; as
4. did 57% of those dealing with a non mentally disordered defendant; and 38% of those who
dealt with a psychotic defendant (Edens et al., 2005, pp. 615-616). Also, the greater was the
extent to which the participants perceived the defendant as being psychopathic, before
considering expert testimony on the subject, the greater was the likelihood that they later
sentenced him to death (Edens et al., 2005, pp. 616, 618). It was also revealed that labeling the
defendant, through expert testimony, as being at a low as compared to a high risk to engage in
future violence caused only a slight decrease in the amount of future danger attributed to him
by the participants (Edens et al., 2005, pp. 613-614). However, the more future danger was
attributed, for whatever reason, to the defendant by a participant, the more likely he was to be
sentenced to death by that same participant (Edens et al., 2005, p. 615).
In spite of the informative nature of the results, the authors acknowledged several
limitations of their study. They pointed out that in this study they did not consider many other
factors (such as the evidence regarding defendant’s future dangerousness, the type of
information used in assessing the defendant’s mental health, or cross-examination testimony)
that could influence the decisions of the jurors exposed to the expert testimony on the
defendant’s mental health. Also, the authors pointed out that unlike real jury members, the
participants of the study were not asked to deliberate about their sentencing decisions; hence
the results of this research cover only individual decisions of would-be jurors rather than the
combined, final, decisions of whole juries (Edens et al., 2005, pp. 619-620).
The above two studies are consistent with my initial view that there are many
psychological factors which do or may influence individual attitudes toward capital punishment.
Also, the above two studies made it clear to me that these factors can only be uncovered
through controlled experiments and rigorous statistical analysis of experimental data, rather
than through conversations of opportunity.
5. References
Bloechl, A. L., Vitacco, M. J., Neumann, C. S., & Erickson, S. E. (2006). An empirical investigation
of insanity defense attitudes: exploring factors related to bias. International Journal of
Law and Psychiatry, 30, 153-161.
Edens, J.F., Colwell, L. H., Desforges, D. M., & Fernandez, K. (2005). The impact of mental health
evidence on support for capital punishment: Are defendants labeled psychopathic
considered more deserving of death? Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 23, 603-625.
Edens, J.F., Desforges, D. M., Fernandez, K. & Palac, C. A. (2004). Effects of psychopathy and
violence risk testimony on mock juror perceptions of dangerousness in a capital murder
trial. Psychology, Crime and Law, 393-412.
Hare, R. D. (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist – Revised manual. Toronto: Multi-Health
Systems.
Hare, R. D. (2003). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist – Revised technical manual (2nd
ed.).
Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
Tygart, C. E. (1982). Effects of religiosity on public opinion about legal responsibility for mentally
retarded felons. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 86, 457-464.
Tygart, C. E. (1992). Public acceptance/rejection of insanity mental illness legal defenses for
defendants in criminal homicide cases. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 20, 375-389.