vertebrae.pptx
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The vertebral column is composed of 33 vertebrae divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal sections. Each vertebra has a body, vertebral arch and processes including transverse and spinous processes. The vertebral column is segmented and flexible due to intervertebral discs between vertebrae. It encloses the spinal cord and transmits nerves and vessels through intervertebral foramina. The number and fusion of vertebrae can vary between individuals.
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The vertebral arch is posterior, meaning it faces the back of a person.
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1 transverse process comes out the left, and 1 on the right.
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In between each pair of vertebrae are 2 small holes called intervertebral foramina. The spinal nerves leave the spinal cord through these holes.
Cervical spine:
The cervical spine located in the neck area, consists of seven bones (C1 to C7)
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Protecting spin
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原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
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bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
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3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
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8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
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vertebrae.pptx
- 2. Group 6 1) Saqib Iqbal 1015 2) Muhammad tayab 1030 3) Khuram 1032 4) Syeda Ayesha Sajjad 1038 5) Sadia Aslam 1021 6) Ume Farwa 1049
- 3. Contents 1) General characteristics of vertebras 2) Structure of vertebras 3) Composition of vertebral column 4) Importance of vertebral column
- 4. Structure of vertebrae: • Body. • Transverse process. • Vertebral foramen. • Spinous process. • Superior articular process. • Inferior articular process. • Vertebral arch. • Lamina. • Pedicles. 4
- 5. Composition of vertebral column: • The vertebral column is composed of 33 vertebrae: • Cervical: 7 • Thoracic: 12 • Lumbar: 5 • Sacral:5 (fused to form the sacrum) • Coccygeal:4 (the lower 3 are commonly fused ) • Because it is segmented and made up of vertebra, joints, and pads of fibrocartilage called intervertebral discs, it is a flexible structure. 5
- 6. General characteristics: Typical vertebra consist of a rounded body anteriorly and a vertebral arch posteriorly. These encloses a space called vertebral foramen , through which run the spinal cord and its coverings. The vertebral arch consist of a pair of cylindrical pedicles. The vertebral arch gives rise to seven processes: one spinous , two transverse , and four articular. The spinous process, or spine is directed posteriorly from the junction of two laminae. The transverse processes are directed laterally from the junction of the laminae and the pedicles. Both the spinous and transverse processes serves as levers and receive attachments of muscles and ligaments. The articular process are vertically arranged and consist of two superior and two inferior processes. They arise from junction of laminae and pedicles, and their articular surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage. The pedicles are notched on their superior and inferior borders, forming the superior and inferior vertebral notches. These vertebra together form an intervertebral foramen. These foramen, in an articulated skeleton, serves to transmit the spinal nerves and blood vessels.
- 7. Importance of vertebral column: • The number of cervical vertebrae is constant, but the seventh cervical vertebrae may posses a cervical rib. • The thoracic vertebrae may be increased in number by the addition of 1st lumbar vertebrae, which may have a rib. • The 5th lumbar vertebrae may be incorporated into the sacrum; this is usually incomplete and may be limited to one side. • The 1st sacral vertebra may remain partially or completely separate from sacrum and resemble a 6th lumbar vertebra. • The coccyx, which is usually consist of four fused vertebra, may have three or five vertebra. • The 1st coccygeal vertebra may be separate. In this condition, the free vertebra usually projects downward and anteriorly from the apex of the sacrum. 7