Values are ideals that guide personal conduct and involvement in career or life. They help distinguish right from wrong and provide meaning. Personal values like honesty define individuals, while cultural values sustain community connections. Beliefs are convictions without proof. Worldviews attempt to explain social and physical worlds. Rituals are symbolic actions performed regularly. Hierarchy ranks elements in a system with each below the one above. Myths are traditional stories explaining natural phenomena.

2. What are Values?
• Values are ideals that guide or qualify
your personal conduct, interaction with
others, and involvement in your career.
Like morals, they
• help you to distinguish what is right
from what is wrong and
• inform you on how you can conduct
your life in a meaningful way.

3. Personal Values
• Personal values are principles that
define you as an individual.
Personal values, such as honesty,
reliability, and trust, determine
how you will face the world and
relate with people.

4. Cultural Values
• Cultural values, like the practice of
your faith and customs, are
principles that sustain connections
with your cultural roots. They help
you feel connected to a larger
community of people with similar
backgrounds.

5. Beliefs
• A Belief is a conviction in
the truth of a proposition.
• Beliefs are held without
recourse to proof
or evidence.
• Belief Systems often deal
with issues which
cannot be explained by
reason or logic –creation,
the meaning of life,
afterlife.

6. WORLDVIEWS
• An organised and accepted
set of ideas attempting to
explain the social, cultural,
physical and psychological
world.
• Linked to values and beliefs
• Christian, Jewish and Muslim
worldviews focus on human
individuality
• Hindu and Buddhist
worldviews have a wider
social perspective.

7. Symbols are pictures
representing concepts
•

8. Rituals
A ritual is a formalized,
predetermined set of symbolic
actions performed in a particular
environment at a regular, recurring
interval. The set of actions that
comprise a ritual often include, but
are not limited to, such things as
recitation, singing, group
processions, repetitive dance,
manipulation of sacred objects
Examples are,- Hindus performing
Puja, Catholics taking Communion.
Muslims praying.

9. Hierarchy
• A hierarchy (from Greek
ιερός-hieros, sacred, and
άρχω-arkho, rule) is a
system of ranking and
organizing things or
people, where each
element of the system
(except for the top
element) is subordinate to
a single other element.

10. Ideology
• The body of doctrine,
myth and symbols of a
social movement, a social
class or institution.
• People who adopt
ideologies often act in
extreme ways because
their ideology ( set of
beliefs) makes them think
they are special.
• Islamic Fundamentalism,
• Communism, Nazism,
Zionism are ideologies

11. PHILOSOPHY
• 1. Love and pursuit of wisdom by
intellectual means
• 2. Investigation of the nature,
causes, or principles of reality,
knowledge, or values, based on
logical reasoning.
• 3. A system of thought based on or
involving such inquiry
• 4. The critical analysis of
fundamental assumptions or
beliefs.
• 5. The disciplines presented in
university curriculums of science
and the liberal arts, except
medicine, law, and theology.
• 6. The discipline comprising logic,
ethics, aesthetics, metaphysics, and
epistemology.
• 7. A set of ideas or beliefs relating
to a particular field or activity; an
underlying theory
• 8. A system of values by which one
lives

12. MYTHS
• [Webster's]
• a traditional story of
unknown authorship,
ostensibly with a
historical basis, but
serving usually to
explain some
phenomenon of nature,
the origin of [humanity],
or the customs,
institutions, religious
rites, etc. of a people;
myths usually involve
the exploits of gods and
heroes.

13. LIFE CYCLE

14. Language-Communication of thoughts and feelings
through a system of arbitrary signals, eg-voice
sounds, gestures, or written symbols.

15. Globalisation
The emergence of a global
culture brought about by a
variety of social and cultural
developments such as: the
existence of world information
systems; the emergence of
global patterns of consumption
and consumerism; the growth
of transnational corporations;
the emergence of global sport
like World Cup soccer; the
spread of world tourism and
the growth of global military
and economic systems. It
involves a consciousness of the
world as a single place.

16. CONCEPTS FOR BELIEF
SYSTEMS
• values • beliefs • continuity
• customs • norms • change
• language• symbols • worldviews
• philosophy • ideology
• globalisation • power structures
• ritual • hierarchy • life cycle
• myth • conflict