Vagina infection: What is vagina infection or vagina yeast infection
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Vaginal Cancer
Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer most common in women 60 and older.
Women are more likely to develop vaginal cancer if they have the human papillomavirus (HPV) or if your birth mother took diethylstilbestol (DES) when she was pregnant.
There are several types of vaginal cancer:
Squamous cell carcinoma
About 70 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are squamous cell carcinomas. These cancers begin in the squamous cells that make up the epithelial lining of the vagina. These cancers are more common in the upper area of the vagina near the cervix. Squamous cell cancers of the vagina often develop slowly. First, some of the normal cells of the vagina get pre-cancerous changes. Then some of the pre-cancer cells turn into cancer cells. This process can take many years.
The medical term most often used for this pre-cancerous condition is vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). "Intraepithelial" means that the abnormal cells are only found in the surface layer of the vaginal skin (epithelium). There are 3 types of VAIN: VAIN1, VAIN2, and VAIN3, with 3 indicating furthest progression toward a true cancer. VAIN is more common in women who have had their uterus removed (hysterectomy) and in those who were previously treated for cervical cancer or pre-cancer.
In the past, the term dysplasia was used instead of VAIN. This term is used much less now. When talking about dysplasia, there is also a range of increasing progress toward cancer - first, mild dysplasia; next, moderate dysplasia; and then severe dysplasia.
Adenocarcinoma
Cancer that begins in gland cells is called adenocarcinoma. About 15 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are adenocarcinomas. The usual type of vaginal adenocarcinoma typically develops in women older than 50. One certain type, called clear cell adenocarcinoma, occurs more often in young women who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero (when they were in their mother’s womb). (See the section called "What are the risk factors for vaginal cancer?" for more information on DES and clear cell carcinoma.)
Melanoma
Melanomas develop from pigment-producing cells that give skin its color. These cancers usually are found on sun-exposed areas of the skin but can form on the vagina or other internal organs. About 9 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are melanomas. Melanoma tends to affect the lower or outer portion of the vagina. The tumors vary greatly in size, color, and growth pattern. More information about melanoma can be found in our document called Melanoma Skin Cancer.
Sarcoma
A sarcoma is a cancer that begins in the cells of bones, muscles, or connective tissue. Up to 4 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are sarcomas. These cancers form deep in the wall of the vagina, not on its surface. There are several types of vaginal sarcomas. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common type of vaginal sarcoma. It is most often found in children and is rare in adults. A sarcoma called leiomyosarcoma is seen more often in adults.
Vaginal Thrush
The document discusses thrush and vaginitis. Common symptoms include itching, discharge, burning during urination, discomfort during sex, and rash. Symptoms are caused by infections like thrush, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomoniasis that lead to vaginal inflammation. Other causes can include steroid creams, douching, and contraceptives. Many women misdiagnose themselves and do not seek proper testing and treatment, promoting recurrent infections and resistance. The key is to obtain an accurate diagnosis through a home test or clinic before proceeding with treatment.
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Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, usually Candida albicans. It can affect the mucous membranes, skin, nails, GI tract, and organs systemically. Candidiasis is found worldwide and can affect people of all ages with predisposing factors like chronic diseases, pregnancy, antibiotics, and high temperature/humidity. Symptoms vary depending on the infected site, such as white patches in the mouth (oral thrush), skin cracks at the mouth corners (perleche), white vaginal discharge (vulvovaginitis), penile plaques (balanitis), and lesions in immunocompromised patients (chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis).
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Vaginal Cancer
Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer most common in women 60 and older.
Women are more likely to develop vaginal cancer if they have the human papillomavirus (HPV) or if your birth mother took diethylstilbestol (DES) when she was pregnant.
There are several types of vaginal cancer:
Squamous cell carcinoma
About 70 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are squamous cell carcinomas. These cancers begin in the squamous cells that make up the epithelial lining of the vagina. These cancers are more common in the upper area of the vagina near the cervix. Squamous cell cancers of the vagina often develop slowly. First, some of the normal cells of the vagina get pre-cancerous changes. Then some of the pre-cancer cells turn into cancer cells. This process can take many years.
The medical term most often used for this pre-cancerous condition is vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). "Intraepithelial" means that the abnormal cells are only found in the surface layer of the vaginal skin (epithelium). There are 3 types of VAIN: VAIN1, VAIN2, and VAIN3, with 3 indicating furthest progression toward a true cancer. VAIN is more common in women who have had their uterus removed (hysterectomy) and in those who were previously treated for cervical cancer or pre-cancer.
In the past, the term dysplasia was used instead of VAIN. This term is used much less now. When talking about dysplasia, there is also a range of increasing progress toward cancer - first, mild dysplasia; next, moderate dysplasia; and then severe dysplasia.
Adenocarcinoma
Cancer that begins in gland cells is called adenocarcinoma. About 15 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are adenocarcinomas. The usual type of vaginal adenocarcinoma typically develops in women older than 50. One certain type, called clear cell adenocarcinoma, occurs more often in young women who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero (when they were in their mother’s womb). (See the section called "What are the risk factors for vaginal cancer?" for more information on DES and clear cell carcinoma.)
Melanoma
Melanomas develop from pigment-producing cells that give skin its color. These cancers usually are found on sun-exposed areas of the skin but can form on the vagina or other internal organs. About 9 of every 100 cases of vaginal cancer are melanomas. Melanoma tends to affect the lower or outer portion of the vagina. The tumors vary greatly in size, color, and growth pattern. More information about melanoma can be found in our document called Melanoma Skin Cancer.
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Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, usually Candida albicans. It can affect the mucous membranes, skin, nails, GI tract, and organs systemically. Candidiasis is found worldwide and can affect people of all ages with predisposing factors like chronic diseases, pregnancy, antibiotics, and high temperature/humidity. Symptoms vary depending on the infected site, such as white patches in the mouth (oral thrush), skin cracks at the mouth corners (perleche), white vaginal discharge (vulvovaginitis), penile plaques (balanitis), and lesions in immunocompromised patients (chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis).
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection with over 100 types. More than 60 types can cause skin warts while high risk types 16, 18, 45 and 31 cause most cervical cancers. Genital HPV infections are very common among sexually active individuals, with about 20 million people infected at any time. HPV is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity and infected birth canals. While warts can be removed, the virus itself cannot be cured as it may grow back, but vaccines exist to protect against high risk HPV types.
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Check out the slideshow by itself here.
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Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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