The OCaT program enrolled 201 boys and 920 girls between 2014-2015. It provided HIV testing, counseling, education programs, and linked some to education, legal aid, and shelters. Results found 22 children tested HIV positive and were enrolled in care, 106 were reintegrated into school, and the program demonstrated the positive effects of tailored HIV prevention for at-risk adolescents. Recommendations include investing in such adolescent-focused interventions to reduce new HIV infections.
Presentation by Dr Bassam Abu Hamad, Dr Nicola Jones, Prof Sarah Baird and Agnieszka Malachowska at the 4th IAAH MENA region Adolescent Health conference in Egypt
YOUTH IN BLACK CAP is a movement against increasing incidences of child sexual abuse It is a peaceful movement to inform and aware communities about the increasing incidences of child sexual abuse and pressurize policy level higher officials/authorities, parliamentarians and law makers for the formulation and implementation of create child protective and friendly laws policies and programs. This is a youth led social movement where the youngsters put on black cap, hold a candle, different handbills and posters related to child sex abuse and stand in the main junctions of the city without hindering the traffic. This movement will be organized every Friday morning from 9-10. Before the organization of the movement, youths will be oriented about the concept of the movement and motivate them to be the part of the campaign. To make the movement throughout the country, local NGOs operating in the district level and youth will be mobilized. CWISH and Dynamic Youth Forum who envisioned the movement will coordinate with different organizations and make a coordination committee to launch the movement from central level. The secretariat of the committee will be in CWISH office, Buddhanagar. The organizations involved in the movement will have active participation. Interested individuals without institutional affiliation can also make voluntary contribution and take part actively in the movement. Coordination committee will provide technical support in need. The movement will be launched in 19 November which is also celebrated as world’s day against child abuse. On this occasion letter of demand will also be submitted to the prime minister.
Speaking at the 2015 CCIH Annual Conference, Susan Hillis, PhD, MS, Senior Global Health Advisor, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control explains research to discover the magnitude and the effects of violence against children on a global scale.
A presentation by Silvia Guglielmi at the Webinar on Adolescent Experiences in Chittagong and Sylhet: the support programme and COVID-19 impact.
Organisers: BRAC Institute of Governance and Development (BIGD), BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health (JPGSPH), GAGE, IPA
Presentation by Dr Bassam Abu Hamad, Dr Nicola Jones, Prof Sarah Baird and Agnieszka Malachowska at the 4th IAAH MENA region Adolescent Health conference in Egypt
YOUTH IN BLACK CAP is a movement against increasing incidences of child sexual abuse It is a peaceful movement to inform and aware communities about the increasing incidences of child sexual abuse and pressurize policy level higher officials/authorities, parliamentarians and law makers for the formulation and implementation of create child protective and friendly laws policies and programs. This is a youth led social movement where the youngsters put on black cap, hold a candle, different handbills and posters related to child sex abuse and stand in the main junctions of the city without hindering the traffic. This movement will be organized every Friday morning from 9-10. Before the organization of the movement, youths will be oriented about the concept of the movement and motivate them to be the part of the campaign. To make the movement throughout the country, local NGOs operating in the district level and youth will be mobilized. CWISH and Dynamic Youth Forum who envisioned the movement will coordinate with different organizations and make a coordination committee to launch the movement from central level. The secretariat of the committee will be in CWISH office, Buddhanagar. The organizations involved in the movement will have active participation. Interested individuals without institutional affiliation can also make voluntary contribution and take part actively in the movement. Coordination committee will provide technical support in need. The movement will be launched in 19 November which is also celebrated as world’s day against child abuse. On this occasion letter of demand will also be submitted to the prime minister.
Speaking at the 2015 CCIH Annual Conference, Susan Hillis, PhD, MS, Senior Global Health Advisor, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control explains research to discover the magnitude and the effects of violence against children on a global scale.
A presentation by Silvia Guglielmi at the Webinar on Adolescent Experiences in Chittagong and Sylhet: the support programme and COVID-19 impact.
Organisers: BRAC Institute of Governance and Development (BIGD), BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health (JPGSPH), GAGE, IPA
The Global Network of People Living with HIV and The World AIDS Campaign have coordinated the development of a set of advocacy messages that speak specifically to the needs of young people living with HIV and how these needs must be recognised in the new UN General Assembly Special Session on AIDS Declaration that will be endorsed by UN member states, in June, 2011.
Feb. 2019 Presentation: Presented a short overview (5 Slides) at SRH Sub-Sector Working Group in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, which is part of the response to the 1 million + Rohingya Refugees who have fled violence in Myanmar.
23 Jan 2019 Dissemination: Population Council conducted a qualitative study (attached) titled “Marriage And Sexual And Reproductive Health of Rohingya Adolescents and Youth in Bangladesh” with support from UNFPA for assessing the current situation of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) condition and available SRH services and needs of Rohingya adolescents and youth in Bangladesh. To share the study findings with policy makers and key stakeholders, Population Council organized a dissemination program on 23 January 2019 in Conference Room, Sayeman Beach Resort, Cox’s bazar. The objective of the event was to inform and discuss about the study findings and explores way to identify approaches to improve adolescents’ knowledge of SRH issues and their access to and uptake of services, and to identify gaps in programming knowledge and practice.
We are grateful to all who participated in the dissemination event in Cox’s Bazar on 23 Jan. Some who were unable to attend the event because of your preschedule involvement. Attached is the soft copy of the report and it will be highly appreciated if you share the (attached) report with the relevant stakeholders around you who feel interest on the topic. Thank you.
A presentation by Nicola Jones at the Global Webinar: Leave No Child Behind – The Way Forward for Education organised by Economic Policy Research Institute
Putting Children First: Session 3.1.C Barbara Kalima-Phiri - Link between chi...The Impact Initiative
Putting Children First: Identifying solutions and taking action to tackle poverty and inequality in Africa.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23-25 October 2017
This three-day international conference aimed to engage policy makers, practitioners and researchers in identifying solutions for fighting child poverty and inequality in Africa, and in inspiring action towards change. The conference offered a platform for bridging divides across sectors, disciplines and policy, practice and research.
En esta publicación encontraras información para tu desarrollo académico sobre las diferentes y distintos tipos de topologías que existen en las cuales te ayudaran en cualquier ámbito laboral de soporte de manteamiento de computo
The Global Network of People Living with HIV and The World AIDS Campaign have coordinated the development of a set of advocacy messages that speak specifically to the needs of young people living with HIV and how these needs must be recognised in the new UN General Assembly Special Session on AIDS Declaration that will be endorsed by UN member states, in June, 2011.
Feb. 2019 Presentation: Presented a short overview (5 Slides) at SRH Sub-Sector Working Group in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, which is part of the response to the 1 million + Rohingya Refugees who have fled violence in Myanmar.
23 Jan 2019 Dissemination: Population Council conducted a qualitative study (attached) titled “Marriage And Sexual And Reproductive Health of Rohingya Adolescents and Youth in Bangladesh” with support from UNFPA for assessing the current situation of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) condition and available SRH services and needs of Rohingya adolescents and youth in Bangladesh. To share the study findings with policy makers and key stakeholders, Population Council organized a dissemination program on 23 January 2019 in Conference Room, Sayeman Beach Resort, Cox’s bazar. The objective of the event was to inform and discuss about the study findings and explores way to identify approaches to improve adolescents’ knowledge of SRH issues and their access to and uptake of services, and to identify gaps in programming knowledge and practice.
We are grateful to all who participated in the dissemination event in Cox’s Bazar on 23 Jan. Some who were unable to attend the event because of your preschedule involvement. Attached is the soft copy of the report and it will be highly appreciated if you share the (attached) report with the relevant stakeholders around you who feel interest on the topic. Thank you.
A presentation by Nicola Jones at the Global Webinar: Leave No Child Behind – The Way Forward for Education organised by Economic Policy Research Institute
Putting Children First: Session 3.1.C Barbara Kalima-Phiri - Link between chi...The Impact Initiative
Putting Children First: Identifying solutions and taking action to tackle poverty and inequality in Africa.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23-25 October 2017
This three-day international conference aimed to engage policy makers, practitioners and researchers in identifying solutions for fighting child poverty and inequality in Africa, and in inspiring action towards change. The conference offered a platform for bridging divides across sectors, disciplines and policy, practice and research.
En esta publicación encontraras información para tu desarrollo académico sobre las diferentes y distintos tipos de topologías que existen en las cuales te ayudaran en cualquier ámbito laboral de soporte de manteamiento de computo
The presentation explains how there has been a change in the definition of marketing from 1995 to 2004 with an addition of value co creation in the definition.
LVCT Health (formerly known as Liverpool VCT, Care and treatment (LVCT)) is an indigenous Kenyan non-governmental and non-profit organization.
Founded in 1998 and registered in 2001
LVCT Health envisions healthy societies and uses research results, capacity improvement and policy reform action for equitable HIV, SRH services to the most vulnerable populations.
LVCT health reached 1.3m Kenyans with HTC in 2013 with 80% linkage to care, 40,000 in care, 4300 survivors of sexual violence in 124 MOH facilities and 150,000 youthful callers to one2one hotline.
Young women are particularly vulnerable to HIV infection compared with young men
3 percent of women age 15-19 are HIV infected, compared with less than one percent of men age 15-19.
Less than 25% reported that they had used a condom at their first sex.
Young women are often willing to participate in transactional relationships for various reasons.
Among young adolescents aged 12 to 14 years, 7% reported ever having sex, with a median age at first sex reported at 10 years, KAIS 2012.
Only 35% of callers at LVCT Health one2one hotline are women.
Girls are confused by changes in their bodies and unsure of how to maintain personal hygiene and prevent stains on their uniforms (FAWE, 2005)
The cards also contain recommendations for inclusion of SRHR in the post-2015 development framework. The briefing cards were developed by partners in the Universal Access Project, which aims to bolster the U.S. government’s support for international reproductive health and family planning. However, the cards are not specific to a U.S. policy context so their content will be useful for a wide range of advocates as we move toward intergovernmental negotiations and continue to make the case with governments about the importance of ensuring the comprehensive inclusion of sexual and reproductive health and rights within the post-2015 development framework.
Youth In Black Cap : A movement against Child Sexual abuse in NepalRamesh Bhandari
Although child sexual abuse is prevalent in our society, many of the parents and children are unaware that it is happening against them. We do not have specific mechanism to aware and enable children, parents, teachers or the community members about protecting children against these abuses. Moreover, children are seldom encouraged to speak about sex. This has resulted into hiding of the cases although they have been victimized of it.
Christine Washington Davis of the Christian HIV and AIDS Network of Liberia and Seventh Day Adventist Church discusses the prevalence of teenage pregnancy and HIV infection among Liberian adolescents and how her organization is addressing the challenge.
Utilizing HIV combination prevention interventions in reaching sexually exploited children in slums in Kenya (3)
1. 1
Utilizing HIV Combination Prevention Interventions in Reaching
Sexually Exploited Children in Slums in Kenya.
Karoki, H., Thiomi, J. Jeckonia, P., Otiso, L.
Presented by
Hellen Karoki
10th
Annual HIV Prevention, Care and Treatment Consultative Forum.
Nairobi, Ole Sereni Hotel 3rd to 5th June 2015
2. Building Partnerships, transforming lives 2
www.lvcthealth.org
• Background
• Rationale
• Objectives
• Methodology
• Reasons for engaging in sex work
• Results
• Conclusion
• Recommendations
• Acknowledgements
OVERVIEW
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Children should be the first to benefit from our successes in defeating HIV, and
the last to suffer from our failures
(Anthony Lake, Executive Director, UNICEF)
She deserves a future
free of HIV/AIDS
Can we provide it!
4. Building Partnerships, transforming lives 4
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• Young girls joining sex work are desirable because they are thought to be “safe”
and uninfected with HIV (UNAIDS, 1999)
• Globally 1 million children are forced into prostitution every year. (US.CDC,
2002)
• In Kenya more than 30,000 children are exploited in the sex industry.
(UNICEF, 2006)
• Children do not join sex work by free choice; only through Manipulation,
coercion, violence, trafficking, poverty, debt bondage, and through being
orphaned. (UNAIDS, 2010)
• Increased sexual exploitation, vulnerability to HIV infection and negative
Sexual Reproductive Health (SRH) outcomes among girls and young women
aged 10 to 24 years in Korogocho slum, Kenya (LVCT Health 2009).
BACKGROUND
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BACKGROUND CONT’D
• In 2009, LVCT Health carried out a study in
Korogocho slum in Nairobi
• The aim was to gather evidence to inform
HIV/AIDS, sexual and reproductive health
(SRH) interventions and services targeting girls
in the urban slums.
• Study established that young girls below age of
11 were exploited through sex work and the
community has ‘normalized’ having sex with
children.
• Many of the study participants were;
• Orphaned (as a result of their parents
succumbing to HIV AIDS)
• Dropped out of school
• Abused alcohol
• They also did not have alternative means to
fend for themselves and their siblings other
than through sex work.
Lost Innocence: Stories of
children exploited through sex
work in Korogocho, Nairobi
6. Building Partnerships, transforming lives 6
www.lvcthealth.org
• Nearly 14% of women reported sexual debut before 15 years (KMOT 2009).
• Sex workers and their clients contributed 14.1 % of the national HIV
incidence by 2006. (KMOT 2009)
• 74% of respondents in a national situational analysis of sex workers and their
clients knew a child sex worker. (KMOT 2009)
• Kenya’s HIV prevalence has reduced from 7.2 % to 5.6% in the last 4 years
(KAIS 2012) .
• Young women (15-24 years) are four times more likely to be HIV infected
(5.6 %) than their male peers (1.4%) and stays consistently higher than that of
male counterparts. (KAIS 2012)
• Women account for 49% of all new HIV infections with young women and
girls aged 15 to 24 contributing up to 21% of the same (Kenya HIV Estimates
2014).
• Young women are often willing to participate in transactional relationships
for emotional reasons; perceived educational, work, or marriage
opportunities; monetary and material gifts; or basic survival (KDHS 2008-9).
RATIONALE
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• In response to the evidence of the burden of HIV among girls and young women
in Kenya and the vulnerability of the children in the slums, LVCT Health
through funding from CDC implemented a program known as One Child at a
Time (OCaT) in 2013 with the following objectives:
– To respond to the HIV risks and the negative Sexual Reproductive Health
(SRH) outcomes among children aged 17 and below.
– To provide combination prevention interventions aimed at reducing
vulnerability to HIV infection, sexual exploitation and negative SRH
outcomes.
– To provide evidence to inform HIV, SRH interventions targeted at young
girls exploited through sex.
– To understand the HIV and SRH practices, access to services and needs of
young girls exploited through sex.
OBJECTIVE(S).
8. Building Partnerships, transforming lives 8
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• Three implementation sites were identified for implementation of OCaT;
Korogocho, Kibera and Kibagare slums in Nairobi
• Stakeholders including; Government offices, community leaders (Chief, village
elders) and other implementing partners were sensitized on the program and
sought for buy-in and partnership.
• Community Health Workers (CHWs) and HIV Testing and Counselling service
providers were identified and sensitized on program objectives and criteria for
selecting participants.
• A risk screening tool was developed and was applied to recruit participants who
reported sexual exploitation.
• Consent was then obtained from participants, their parents or guardians during
recruitment for enrollment in the program.
• Participants were then enrolled into OCAT program where they received HIV
combination prevention interventions.
METHODOLOGY
9. Building Partnerships, transforming lives 9
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• The combination prevention interventions that were offered include:
– Biomedical interventions that include quarterly HIV testing and counselling,
condoms dispensing, Sexual Reproductive Health information and services,
Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC), family planning and
cervical cancer screening offered.
– Evidence based behavioral interventions (Sister to Sister, Respect-K and
Healthy Choices II) and health education.
– Structural interventions which include financial and material support for
those out of school and need reintegration.
– Linkage to legal services and social support
• Peer educators were trained from among the participants who run health forums
known as OCAT clubs formed of about 30 children with support from the service
providers.
• Mentorship forums were conducted to the parents and teachers on a quarterly
basis.
METHODOLOGY
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1. Poverty, unemployment, insecurity, burden of HIV
‘..When I was young I had to take care of my ailing parents who were infected
with the HIV. I spent most of my time preparing uji [porridge] for them.
This denied me the opportunity to go to school completely. My parents, my
younger brother and one of my aunties later died from complications
caused by the disease. My auntie left 3 children who are now under my
care.….. in view of the burden of bringing up my little cousins, I
considered engaging in sex work...’
16 years old girl
2. Peer Pressure- from peers/friends in school & neighbourhood.
“…When I turned 11 years my friends introduced me to a male friend who
introduced me to sex and rewarded me with food or twenty shillings. On a
good day I make about five hundred shillings ($5) and on a bad day I
manage to get a soda for myself and cake for my child…’’
11 years old girl
– Parental influence
‘..My mother asked me where I had gotten money from and I told her that I had
done ‘bad manners’ with a man who gave me money. She was happy and
encouraged me to continue with that so that I can provide for the family…’
14 years old girl
REASONS FOR ENGAGING IN SEX WORK
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5. Gifts and presents offers
‘…There is one who used to lie to me that he would give me 50 shillings and then
after we have sex, he gives me 5 shillings or 10 shillings…‘
11 years old girls
6. Lack of HIV information; Some of the OCaT participants have never seen a
condom neither do they know its purpose especially in the prevention of HIV.
‘….I have never used a condom with anyone …I have never even touched one, I
only see them lying on the roads here in Korogocho...’
13 years old boy
7. Drugs, alcohol and substance abuse; Some of the children especially boys
consume alcohol and drugs to be able to engage in sex work.
‘….I had to take alcohol so that I can be able to ‘sleep’ with women in charge of
the dump site in exchange for a scavenging space at the dump site...’
14years old boy
REASONS FOR ENGAGING IN SEX WORK
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• From February 2014 to January 2015, 201 boys and 920 girls have been enrolled
in OCaT.
• All children have been tested for HIV, with 98% (1099) receiving quarterly HIV
testing and counselling. Twenty two children (2%) tested positive for HIV and
were successfully enrolled to care and treatment.
• Eighty percent (896) of the children were trained on Healthy Choices II, 38%
(348) girls underwent through Sister to Sister, and 70% (786) Respect-K.
• Thirteen peer educators were trained to facilitate OCaT clubs consisting of 30
members each.
• Nineteen boys and 82 girls were re - integrated into school (61 primary, 32
secondary and 13 tertiary (A total of 106)).
• In collaboration with the children’s offices at sub county level, 20 orphaned
children experiencing sexual violence were supported with legal aid and 6 of
those rescued and placed in shelters/orphanages.
RESULTS
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• OCaT program demonstrates positive effects of an adolescent tailored HIV
combination prevention approach in resource-limited settings.
• There is need to invest and scale up targeted interventions that respond to HIV
prevention and SRH needs of adolescents in order to reduce new HIV infections.
• Community inclusivity is key for success in programming and continuity of HIV
community focused interventions
CONCLUSION
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• There is need to invest and scale up targeted interventions that respond to HIV
prevention and SRH needs of adolescents in order to reduce new HIV infections.
• Pre Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP), will be useful in reducing the risk of acquiring
HIV if and when used correctly and consistently.
• There is need for continuous sensitization to the adolescents, girls and young
women on:
– Correct HIV information; empowerment on condom negotiation; SRH and
need for HIV testing & counselling.
– Post Rape Care services
– Drugs and substance abuse
RECOMMENDATIONS
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•CDC Kenya
•MOH – Kasarani, Langata and Westlands
•Children's Department
•National youth service
•The Senior chiefs of Korogocho, Kibera and Kibagare
•OCaT Participants
•OCaT implementing staff
•Other sponsors:
– Kenya Commercial Bank
– Pendekezo letu
– Miss Koch
– SHOFCO
– UNDUGU Society
– LVCT staff
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT