Use the 5-step procedure for all problems Each of the 5 steps is worth the following point values: Step 1 (8 points), Step 2 (2 points), Step 3 (5 points), Step 4 (5 points), and Step 5 (5 points). 1. The warden of a state correctional institution is concerned about the stress levels of the correctional officers. Specifically, he wants to see if work related stress decreases based upon years of experience on the job. Random samples of officers who have worked at the institution for more than ten years and officers who have worked 10 years or less were administered a scale designed specifically to measure stress among correctional workers. The scale is scored on a 1 to 4 scale (the higher the number, the greater the stress). The results are contained in the data file, “CO Stress.” Test the hypothesis that the officers that there is no difference in stress between those who have been there more than 10 years and the officers who have been there 10 years or less. Step 1. H0: µ1 = µ2 H1: µ1 ≠ µ2 Step 2. α = .05 Step 3. Independent Samples T-test, Non-directional Step 4. Group Statistics CO's Years on the Job N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Stress Level Score 10 years or less 21 2.1429 .79282 .17301 More than 10 years 21 2.4762 .92839 .20259 Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Stress Level Score Equal variances assumed 1.725 .197 -1.251 40 .218 -.33333 .26641 -.87177 .20510 Equal variances not assumed -1.251 39.043 .218 -.33333 .26641 -.87218 .20552 Step 5. This is not statistically significant because p=.218. T (40) = -1.251, p > .05. Therefore we fail to reject H0 2. A study is being done on the change in anxiety that occurs throughout a graduate statistics class. A group of 20 students were administered an anxiety score before the first lesson of their class and right after the last unit. Higher scores indicate greater anxiety. Using the data below, test the hypothesis that there is no difference in anxiety scores. Student First Lesson Last Lesson 1 1 2 2 2 4 3 1 6 4 3 2 5 4 5 6 7 9 7 6 6 8 4 3 9 4 7 10 1 1 11 2 1 12 3 4 13 4 9 14 6 7 15 7 8 16 2 2 17 2 7 18 3 3 19 1 4 20 6 4 Step 1. H0: µ1 = µ2 H1: µ1 ≠ µ2 Step 2. α = .05 Step 3. Dependent or Paired Samples T-test, Non Directional Step 4. Paired Samples Statistics Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Pair 1 FirstLesson 3.4500 20 2.03845 .45581 LastLesson 4.7000 20 2.55672 .57170 Paired Samples Test Paired Differences t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Pair 1 FirstLesson – LastLesson -1.25000 2.07428 .46382 -2.22079 -.27921 -2.695 19 .014 Step 5. t(19) = -2.695, p = .014, p < .05. We reject H0. There was a difference in anxiety between the first lesson and th ...

1. Use the 5-step procedure for all problems
Each of the 5 steps is worth the following point values: Step 1
(8 points), Step 2 (2 points), Step 3 (5 points), Step 4 (5 points),
and Step 5 (5 points).
1. The warden of a state correctional institution is concerned
about the stress levels of the correctional officers. Specifically,
he wants to see if work related stress decreases based upon
years of experience on the job. Random samples of officers
who have worked at the institution for more than ten years and
officers who have worked 10 years or less were administered a
scale designed specifically to measure stress among correctional
workers. The scale is scored on a 1 to 4 scale (the higher the
number, the greater the stress). The results are contained in the
data file, “CO Stress.” Test the hypothesis that the officers that
there is no difference in stress between those who have been
there more than 10 years and the officers who have been there
10 years or less.
Step 1.
H0: µ1 = µ2
H1: µ1 ≠ µ2
Step 2.
α = .05
Step 3.
Independent Samples T-test, Non-directional
Step 4.
Group Statistics
CO's Years on the Job
N

2. Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
Stress Level Score
10 years or less
21
2.1429
.79282
.17301
More than 10 years
21
2.4762
.92839
.20259
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
F
Sig.
t
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean Difference
Std. Error Difference
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

3. Lower
Upper
Stress Level Score
Equal variances assumed
1.725
.197
-1.251
40
.218
-.33333
.26641
-.87177
.20510
Equal variances not assumed
-1.251
39.043
.218
-.33333
.26641
-.87218
.20552
Step 5.
This is not statistically significant because p=.218. T (40) = -
1.251, p > .05.
Therefore we fail to reject H0

4. 2.
A study is being done on the change in anxiety that occurs
throughout a graduate statistics class. A group of 20 students
were administered an anxiety score before the first lesson of
their class and right after the last unit. Higher scores indicate
greater anxiety. Using the data below, test the hypothesis that
there is no difference in anxiety scores.
Student
First Lesson
Last Lesson
1
1
2
2
2
4
3
1
6
4
3
2
5
4
5
6
7
9
7
6
6
8
4
3
9

5. 4
7
10
1
1
11
2
1
12
3
4
13
4
9
14
6
7
15
7
8
16
2
2
17
2
7
18
3
3
19
1
4
20
6
4

6. Step 1.
H0: µ1 = µ2
H1: µ1 ≠ µ2
Step 2.
α = .05
Step 3.
Dependent or Paired Samples T-test, Non Directional
Step 4.
Paired Samples Statistics
Mean
N
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
Pair 1
FirstLesson
3.4500
20
2.03845
.45581
LastLesson
4.7000
20
2.55672
.57170
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences
t
df
Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean

7. Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Lower
Upper
Pair 1
FirstLesson – LastLesson
-1.25000
2.07428
.46382
-2.22079
-.27921
-2.695
19
.014
Step 5.
t(19) = -2.695, p = .014, p < .05. We reject H0. There was a
difference in anxiety between the first lesson and the second
lesson.
3. A research project was conducted on the relationships
between stereotypes and sentencing of offenders convicted of a
terrorist act. Subjects in this study read a scenario describing
the arrest and conviction of a man who was found to have bomb

8. making materials and was planning a suicide bombing in a
large, suburban shopping mall. Subjects one of three versions
of the case in which the perpetrator was described as either:
African American, Caucasian or Middle Eastern. (a) Test the
hypothesis that there is no difference in the sentence
administered to all three types of offenders and display the
means in a bar graph. (b) If there is a significant difference for
sentence, indicate where the significant differences were for
each of the three groups. (c) Determine the effect size for
offender ethnicity. (d) Based on all of these results, would you
make any recommendations to the Justice Department about
investigating bias in sentencing? Why or why not? (5)
African American
Caucasian
Middle Eastern
6
5
2
5
5
5
4
6
5
5
5
6
5
6
2
2
6
2
6
7

9. 3
6
6
4
5
5
3
7
3
5
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
2
2
2
6
2
6
3
5
5
3
5
7
6
6
5
6
2
5
7

10. 5
5
6
6
Step 1.
Ho: µ1 = µ2 = µ3
H1: µ1 ≠ µ2 ≠ µ3
Step 2.
α = .05
Step 3.
ANOVA
Step 4.
Descriptives
Sentence
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Minimum
Maximum
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
AfricanAmerican
20

11. 5.1500
1.30888
.29267
4.5374
5.7626
2.00
7.00
Caucasian
20
5.2500
1.40955
.31519
4.5903
5.9097
2.00
7.00
MiddleEastern
20
4.0500
1.60509
.35891
3.2988
4.8012
2.00
6.00
Total
60
4.8167
1.52373
.19671
4.4230
5.2103
2.00
7.00
ANOVA

12. Sentence
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
Between Groups
17.733
2
8.867
4.238
.019
Within Groups
119.250
57
2.092
Total
136.983
59
Step 5.
F (2, 57) =4.238, p=.019. p < .05, Therefore, we reject the null
hypothesis because the data is statistically significant, showing
that there is a difference.
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: Sentence

13. Tukey HSD
(I) Race
(J) Race
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Sig.
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
AfricanAmerican
Caucasian
-.10000
.45740
.974
-1.2007
1.0007
MiddleEastern
1.10000
.45740
.050
-.0007
2.2007
Caucasian
AfricanAmerican
.10000
.45740
.974
-1.0007
1.2007

14. MiddleEastern
1.20000(*)
.45740
.030
.0993
2.3007
MiddleEastern
AfricanAmerican
-1.10000
.45740
.050
-2.2007
.0007
Caucasian
-1.20000(*)
.45740
.030
-2.3007
-.0993
* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
There is a statistical significance between African Americans &
Middle Eastern as well as between Caucasians and Middle
Easterners.
η2= 17.733/136.983 = .13
This is not a very strong statistic. We can say that 13% of the
variation in sentences was based on race.
Mean:
African American = 5.1500, Caucasian = 5.2500, Middle
Eastern = 4.0500
__
I would not recommend that the Justice Department open an

15. investigation. The results showed that both Caucasian and
African American suspects received larger sentences than
Middle Eastern suspects. Moreover, these findings, although
significant, were very weak.
MiddleEasternCaucasianAfricanAmerican
Race
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
Mean Sentence
Sentences based on Race
JUS520 Exam 2
I expect the answers to be organized neatly in a Word
document. For all questions, use the 5-step procedure that I
have outlined. Each of the 5 steps is worth the following point
values: Step 1 (8 points), Step 2 (2 points), Step 3 (5 points),
Step 4 (5 points), and Step 5 (5 points). Paste all relevant
output.
1. You are interested in assessing the effectiveness of a
domestic violence counseling program designed to decrease the
number of domestic abuse incidents among convicted abusers.
The case files of ten offenders are randomly selected from the
population of convicted abusers. The number of abuse incidents
(verbal or physical) six reported six months before the
implementation of the counseling program and six months
following the completion of the program are reported below.
Using a .01 level of significance, test the hypothesis that the
number of abuse incidents was greater before participation in
the counseling program.

16. Number of Abuse Incidents Before and After Implementation of
Domestic Violence Counseling Program
Offender number
Before
After
1
4
2
2
3
1
3
1
1
4
4
0
5
1
2
6
3
1
7
4
3
8
4
2
9
4
2
10
2
0

17. 2. You have been hired by the mayor of a mid-sized city who
wants to see if senior citizens and younger citizens differ in
their attitudes toward a neighborhood watch program. Fifteen
citizens from each age group were randomly selected to give
their opinions about the effectiveness of the program on a 7-
point scale (the higher the number, the more favorable the
attitude). Using the data below, test the hypothesis that there is
no difference between the two groups of citizens.
Younger Citizens
Senior Citizens
5
3
5
4
7
5
7
7
7
4
6
4
7
3
6
4
5
4
7
3
5
5
7
4

18. 6
2
7
3
6
2
3. A researcher undertakes a study of physical force incidences
among a sample of correctional officers. The research is
specifically interested in determining whether the use of force
differs depending on the height of the officer. The researcher
selected a random sample of 45 officers in three different height
categories and examines the number of times each of those
officers used physical force within the past 12 months. Use the
data below to answer the following questions:
(a) Test the hypothesis that there is a significant difference,
overall, between the three height groups and display the means
in a bar graph. (30)
(b) Using a post hoc analysis, write where the specific
differences are between each of the possible pairwise
comparisons of officers’ height. (10)
(c) Calculate the strength of the effect for height on officers’
use of physical force (5)
(d) Based on all of these results, would you make any
recommendations to your state department of corrections
regarding the hiring of correctional officers? Why or why not?
(5)
5’0” – 5’10” (X1)
5’11” – 6’4” (X2)
Over 6’4” (X3)
0
3
4
3

19. 3
5
1
1
6
1
2
2
0
4
3
2
3
4
2
5
5
0
1
6
2
2
8
0
0
7
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
0
3
1

20. 3
5
2
2
3