This document discusses urbanization and its impacts on health. It defines urbanization as the process by which cities grow and higher percentages of the population live in cities, through population shifts from rural to urban areas. Some key causes of urbanization discussed are industrialization, commercialization, transportation/communication, and economic opportunities in cities. The document outlines several health impacts of urbanization, including environmental concerns, housing/shelter quality, non-communicable diseases, water/sanitation issues, violence/crime, mental health/substance abuse, traffic accidents, and climate change. It concludes by outlining WHO initiatives focused on urban planning, living conditions, governance, inclusion/accessibility, and emergency resilience to address urban health challenges.

1. Urbanization
Dr Nasir Jamal Pathan
MBBS,MPH, Post Graduate in Clinical Research (Canada)
Public Health Specialist and visiting Assistant Professor
nasir_jamal04@yahoo.com

2. What is Urbanization
• Urbanization is the process through
which cities grow, and higher and higher
percentages of the population comes to
live in the city.
• Population shift from rural areas
to urban areas. .

3. Urban Population at Glance

4. Global
Urbanization
1980-2050

5. Urban Asia

6. Pakistan
Urban
Population

7. Causes of Urbanization
INDUSTRIALIZATION COMMERCIALIZATION TRANSPORTATION AND
COMMUNICATION
ECONOMIC PULL OF
THE CITY

8. Causes of Urbanization
Better Opportunities
of Education
Better Recreational
Facilities
Desire for Change in
Social life
Change in the Mode
of Living
Urban Planning

9. Urbanization Health Impacts
Environmental
concerns
Housing and
shelter quality:
strong health
determinants
Non communicable
Disease NCDs
Health hazards of
poor water supply
and sanitation
Violence and crime
Mental health,
loneliness and
depression
Substance abuse
Road traffic
accidents
Climate change Fuel Health inequity

10. Urbanization Health Impacts
Environmental Concerns Air Pollutions Immediate effects : Acute bronchitis. b. Delayed effects
: Chr. Bronchitis, lung cancer, bronchial asthma,
Emphysema& resp. allergy.

11. Urbanization Health Impacts
HOUSING AND SHELTER QUALITY: STRONG
HEALTH DETERMINANTS
OVERCROWDING OVER CROWDING WILL LEAD TO RAPID SPREAD
OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES ESPECIALLY RESP.
INFECTIONS SUCH AS T.B, INFLUENZA,
DIPHTHERIA

12. Urbanization Health Impacts
Non-Communicable Disease
(NCDs)
Traditional staples are often
more expensive in urban areas
than in rural areas, whereas
processed foods are less
expensive
This favors the consumption of
new processed foods
This places the urban
population at increased risk of
NCDs

13. Urbanization Health Impacts
HEALTH HAZARDS OF WATER SUPPLY AND
SANITATION INSUFFICIENT OR CONTAMINATED
DRINKING WATER, INADEQUATE SANITATION AND
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SERVICES
CONTAMINATED WATER CAN TRANSMIT DISEASES
SUCH DIARRHEA, CHOLERA, DYSENTERY,
TYPHOID, AND POLIO.
INADEQUATE SEWAGE & GARBAGE DISPOSAL:
LEAD TO FLY NUISANCE.

14. Urbanization Health Impacts
VIOLENCE AND CRIME URBAN SLUMS BECOME A HAVEN FOR CRIMINAL
ELEMENTS, YOUTH GANGS, AND THE ARMS TRADE, THEY
ALSO CREATE INSECURITY FOR MUCH OF THE
POPULATION.
SPECIFIC POPULATIONS, SUCH AS WOMEN, MIGRANTS,
AND REFUGEES, BEAR THE BRUNT OF THIS LACK OF
SECURITY, WITH SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS ON THEIR
LIVELIHOODS, HEALTH, AND ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES

15. Urbanization Health Impacts
Mental Health and depression Lack of privacy leading to
depression, anxiety, stress.

16. Urbanization Health Impacts
SUBSTANCE ABUSE URBANIZATION SEEMS TO AFFECT MENTAL HEALTH
AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE BECAUSE OF INCREASED
STRESSORS AND REDUCED SOCIAL SUPPORT

17. Urbanization Health Impacts
Road traffic accidents Traffic conflicts and traffic congestion at urban
area, causing road accidents leading to injury and
death

18. Urbanization Health Impacts
CLIMATE CHANGE MANY INFECTIOUS DISEASE AGENTS SUCH AS VIRUSES
AND BACTERIA, AND VECTORS SUCH AS MOSQUITOES
ARE INFLUENCED BY SEASONALITY AND CHANGES IN
TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL AND HUMIDITY

19. Urbanization Health Impacts
FUEL URBANIZATION PLAYS A LEADING ROLE
IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND CO 2
EMISSIONS

20. Urbanization Health Impacts
Health inequity Inequitable distribution of health facilities
Multiple agencies/bodies providing health care

21. World Health Organization initiatives on urban health
WHO recommends the
five calls to action to build
a healthy and safe urban
environment:
1. Promote urban
planning for healthy
behaviours and safety
2. Improve urban living
conditions
3. Ensure participatory
urban governance
4. Build inclusive cities
that are accessible and
age-friendly
5. Make urban areas
resilient to emergencies
and disasters

22. Assignment
Topic
Enumerate:
Group 1.How does urbanization affect the
population?
Group2. What are the challenges of urbanization
Submission by email: nasir_jamal04@yahoo.com
Date: Sunday June 7,2020 till Midnight

23. Any Question
Thank you