The document discusses social change and urbanization. Social change involves transforming political, social, and economic systems to create a more just society. Urbanization refers to an increasing proportion of a population living in cities, which has historically correlated with industrialization. The benefits of urbanization include higher employment rates and compact environments, but challenges include air and water pollution, as well as increased crime and poverty from overcrowding.

1. Social Change

2. Social Change
The structural transformation of political,
social and economic systems and
institutions to create a more equitable and
just society.

3. Western society changing values on trends
such as the birth control pill, voting rights for
non-land holders, and the ups and downs of
acceptance of homosexuality are also the
examples of social change.

4. Urbanization
Urbanization is a complex process in which a
country's organized communities become
larger, more specialized and more
interdependent.

5. The first cities were established about 5,000
years ago, but it has only been in the last 200
years—with the advent and spread
of industrialization and with the global
population rising at an exponential rate—that
cities have grown significantly in size and
number.

6. Urbanization refers to a process in which an
increasing proportion of an entire population
lives in cities and the suburbs of
cities. Historically, it has been closely
connected with industrialization.

7. Urbanization
Benefits of Challenges of
Urbanization Urbanization
include: include:
Compact
Air pollution
environment
Higher rates of
Creation of
employment
brown fields
than rural areas
Water
Contamination

8. Negative Effects
• Lack of sanitation
• Accumulation of sewage
• High disease rates
• High crime rates
• Poverty

9. In 1800, only 3 percent of the world's
population lived in urban areas.
By 1900, almost 14 percent were urbanites,
although only 12 cities had 1 million or more
inhabitants.
In 1950, 30 percent of the world's...

10. The world's cities, including Kingston and
Montego Bay are growing because people are
moving from rural areas in search of jobs,
opportunities to improve their lives and create
a better future for their children.

11. A large number of people are attracted
to urban areas because of:
• The availability of jobs
• Proper infrastructure – roads, water,
electricity etc.
• Availability of social services – health,
education, recreation, postal services and
police stations.
• A wide variety of entertainment and night life
facilities

12. More unemployment.

13. Increased crime rate, especially
since the typical migrant may
be young, unskilled or
inexperienced.

14. Development of slums
(ghettos) due to inadequate
housing. This will add to the
problem of pollution.

15. Traffic congestion

16. Noise pollution

17. High levels of stress