The document provides an outline for a lesson on unity and coherence in essays. It discusses the importance of unity, including having one main idea and using supporting sentences that directly relate to the main idea. It also discusses coherence and how to achieve it, such as using repetition of key nouns, transition signals, consistent pronouns and nouns substitutes to connect ideas. The outline gives examples and exercises for students to practice these concepts.

1. FOREIGN LANGUAGE
FACULTY
WELCOME TO GROUP 3
Subject Writing 4
Members 1. Lê Thị Hồng Ngọc (Leader)
2. Phạm Nguyệt Nga
3. Nguyễn Thị Thủy Tiên
4. Vũ Thị Thu Trang

2. - General statements
- Thesis statement
Conclusion
Body
Paragraph 3
IntroductionBody
Paragraph 1
Body
Paragraph 2
Body Paragraph
- Support main
idea of thesis
statement
- Begin with Topic
sentence
Summary main
points of the essay

3. UNITY
&
COHERENCE

4. CONTENT
A. Unity
I/ What is unity?
II/ How to keep unity in an essay
B. Coherence
I/ What is coherence?
II/ How to achieve coherence
III/ Arrange ideas in logical order

5. A. Unity
A. UNITY
TOPIC/
MAIN IDEA
I/ WHAT IS UNITY?

6. II/ HOW TO KEEP UNITY IN AN ESSAY
A. Unity

7. People sometimes ask why they should buy a hand
made Persian carpet when they can get a machine-
made carpet that is just as attractive and costs less
money. The answer is very simple. First, the materials
used in a Persian carpet are gathered selected, and
treated by hand, and only the finest material are used.
Machine-made carpets, on the other hand, are made by
inanimate devices that have no sense of quality and no
ability to distinguish good material from poor ones.
Second, each handmade Persian carpet is unique; no
other carpet is exactly like it. They are is nothing
unique, however, about a machine-made carpet.
Hundreds and hundreds of identical carpets are
produced by machines. Finally, the value of a Persian
carpet increases with age, while a machine-made
carpet is usually worthless after only a few years’ use.
As a result, machine-made carpets often wind up in
the trash, while Persian carpet may turn up in
museums. In short, each handmade Persian carpet is a
work of art, and for this reason Persian carpets are
much more valuable than their machine-made
imitation.
Supporting ideas/
sentences
Topic
sentence
A. Unity
People sometimes ask why they should buy a hand
made Persian carpet when they can get a machine-
made carpet that is just as attractive and costs less
money. The answer is very simple. First, the materials
used in a Persian carpet are gathered selected, and
treated by hand, and only the finest material are used.
Machine-made carpets, on the other hand, are made by
inanimate devices that have no sense of quality and no
ability to distinguish good material from poor ones.
Second, each handmade Persian carpet is unique; no
other carpet is exactly like it. They are is nothing
unique, however, about a machine-made carpet.
Hundreds and hundreds of identical carpets are
produced by machines. Finally, the value of a Persian
carpet increases with age, while a machine-made
carpet is usually worthless after only a few years’ use.
As a result, machine-made carpets often wind up in
the trash, while Persian carpet may turn up in
museums. In short, each handmade Persian carpet is a
work of art, and for this reason Persian carpets are
much more valuable than their machine-made
imitation.
Conclusion
-Topic Sentence
-Supporting ideas
or sentences
- Conclusion

8. II/ HOW TO KEEP UNITY IN AN ESSAY
A. Unity

9. Answer exercise 1:
Paragraph 1
1. Topic sentence: Adventure travel is the hot
trend in the tourism industry.
2. People of all ages are choosing educational
study tours for their vacations.
Paragraph 2:
1. Topic sentence: Daredevil sports are also
becoming popular.
2. Soccer is also popular in the United States
now, although football is still more popular.
II/ HOW TO KEEP UNITY IN AN ESSAY
A. Unity

10. A. UNITY
One and only
one main idea
from
beginning to
end
Every
supporting
sentence must
directly explain
or prove the
main idea
Only one
advantage/
disadvantage…
in each
paragraph
II/ HOW TO ACHIEVE ESSAY

11. I/ What is coherence?
COHERENCE = HOLD TOGETHER
B. COHERENCE

12. B. COHERENCE
B. COHERENCE

13. B. COHERENCE
People sometimes ask why they should buy a hand made Persian
carpet when they can get a machine-made carpet that is just as
attractive and costs less money. The answer is very simple. First, the
materials used in a Persian carpet are gathered selected, and treated
by hand, and only the finest material are used. Machine-made
carpets, on the other hand, are made by inanimate devices that have
no sense of quality and no ability to distinguish good material from
poor ones. Second, each handmade Persian carpet is unique; no other
carpet is exactly like it. They are is nothing unique, however, about a
machine-made carpet. Hundreds and hundreds of identical carpets
are produced by machines. Finally, the value of a Persian carpet
increases with age, while a machine-made carpet is usually worthless
after only a few years’ use. As a result, machine-made carpets often
wind up in the trash, while Persian carpet may turn up in museums.
In short, each handmade Persian carpet is a work of art, and for this
reason Persian carpets are much more valuable than their machine-
made imitation.
People sometimes ask why they should buy a hand made Persian
carpet when they can get a machine-made carpet that is just as
attractive and costs less money. The answer is very simple. First, the
materials used in a Persian carpet are gathered selected, and treated
by hand, and only the finest material are used. Machine-made
carpets, on the other hand, are made by inanimate devices that have
no sense of quality and no ability to distinguish good material from
poor ones. Second, each handmade Persian carpet is unique; no other
carpet is exactly like it. They are is nothing unique, however, about a
machine-made carpet. Hundreds and hundreds of identical carpets
are produced by machines. Finally, the value of a Persian carpet
increases with age, while a machine-made carpet is usually worthless
after only a few years’ use. As a result, machine-made carpets often
wind up in the trash, while Persian carpet may turn up in museums.
In short, each handmade Persian carpet is a work of art, and for this
reason Persian carpets are much more valuable than their machine-
made imitation.

14. II/ HOW TO ACHIEVE COHERENCE
Repetition of
Key Nouns
Transition
Signals
Consistent
Pronouns
Nouns
Substitutes
B. COHERENCE

15. 1. REPETITION OF KEY NOUNS
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important
characteristics. First of all, gold has a lustrous
beauty that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is
suitable for jewelry, coins, and ornamental
purposes. Gold never needs to be polished and will
remain beautiful forever. For example, a
Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as
the day it was made 25 centuries ago. Another
important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to.
industry and science. For many years, it has been
use in hundreds of industrial applications, such as
photography and dentistry. The most recent use of
gold is in astronauts' suits. Astronauts wear gold-
plated heat shields for protection when they go
outside spaceships in space. In conclusion, gold is
treasured not only for its beauty but also for its
utility.
Gold
Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important
characteristics. First of all, gold has a lustrous
beauty that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is
suitable for jewelry, coins, and ornamental
purposes. Gold never needs to be polished and will
remain beautiful forever. For example, a
Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as
the day it was made 25 centuries ago. Another
important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to.
industry and science. For many years, it has been
use in hundreds of industrial applications, such as
photography and dentistry. The most recent use of
gold is in astronauts' suits. Astronauts wear gold-
plated heat shields for protection when they go
outside spaceships in space. In conclusion, gold is
treasured not only for its beauty but also for its
utility.
Realize the
key noun

16. 2. NOUNS SUBSTITUTES
Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important
characteristics. First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that
is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is suitable for
jewelry, coins, and ornamental purposes. Gold never
needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever. For
example, a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished
today as the day it was made 25 centuries ago. Another
important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to.
industry and science. For many years, it has been use
in hundreds of industrial applications, such as
photography and dentistry. The most recent use of
gold is in astronauts' suits. Astronauts wear gold-plated
heat shields for protection when they go outside
spaceships in space. In conclusion, gold is treasured not
only for its beauty but also for its utility.
B. COHERENCE

17. 3.TRANSITION SIGNALS
B. COHERENCE

18. Chronology Comparison Contrast
Additional
information
Example
Cause and
effect
Concluding
ideas
before
after
next
since
first, second
while
when
Likewise
Compared to
Similarly
As…..as
and
However
On the other
hand
But
Yet
In spite of
In contrast
Although
instead
And
Also
In addition
In fact
Furthermore
Moreover
For example
In general
Generally
For instance
Specifically
In particular
Therefore
So
Thus
As a result
Since
because
In conclusion
In summary
Finally
Therefore
To conclude
To summarize
3.TRANSITION SIGNALS
B. COHERENCE

19. 3.TRANSITION SIGNALS
Instead of focusing on a patient’s health problems,
Chinese medicine tries to make the patient’s whole
body well again. In particular/ Specifically, doctor
of Chinese medicine believe that inside people, there
are two types of energy. The first type of energy, call
“yin”, is quiet and passive. The other type of energy,
called “yang”, is active. When there is an imbalance –
too much yin, for example/ instance - a person
becomes unhealthy. A doctor of Chinese medicine
doesn’t try to stop a person’s cough by giving a cough
medicine. Instead/ Rather, the doctor give a mixture
of herbs that will restore balance in the patient’s body.
Therefore/ Thus, when the body is in balance, the
cough will stop naturally.
ANSWER

20. 4. CONSISTENT PRONOUNS
Olympic Athletes
Olympic athletes must be strong both physically and
mentally. First of all, if you hope to compete in an
Olympic sport, you must be physically strong.
Furthermore, aspiring Olympians must train rigorously
for many years. For the most demanding sports, they
train several hours a day, five or six days a week, for
ten or more years. In addition to being physically strong,
athletes must also be mentally tough. This means that
you have to be totally dedicated to your sport, often
giving up a normal school, family, and social life. Being
mentally strong also means that he or she must be able
to withstand the intense pressure of international
competition with its accompanying media coverage.
Finally, not everyone can win a medal, so Olympians
must possess the inner strength to live with defeat.
ANSWER
you  they

21. III/ LOGICAL ORDER
ANSWER
Paragraph 1: Chronological Order
Paragraph 2: Comparison/Contrast
B. COHERENCE

22. III/ LOGICAL ORDER
Type of writing
1. Chronology (historical
events, personal narratives,
processes)
2. Description
3. Classification
4. Comparison/ Contrast
5. Cause/ Effect, Argument/
Persuasion
Type of organization
a. Order by position, size, and
shape of things
b. Organize in point-by-point
or subject-by-subject (block
style)
c. Order by time or order of
events/ steps
d. Order from least important
to most important
e. Group ideas and explain
them in a logical order

23. REVIEW
1
Every good paragraph has both unity and
coherence.
2
3
You achieve coherence by:
• repeating key nouns.
• using consistent pronouns.
• using transition signals.
• arranging your ideas in some kind of logical order.
You achieve unity by:
• discussing only one idea in a paragraph.
• always staying on the topic in your supporting
sentences.

24. End of our presentation
for your attention