Shutter speed determines how long the camera's shutter is open when taking a photo, affecting how motion is captured. ISO measures the camera's sensitivity to light, with lower numbers producing higher quality in bright conditions and higher numbers needed for darker scenes. Aperture and depth of field refer to the size of the opening through which light enters the camera, affecting the area of the photo that is in focus. Macro photography captures objects at life-size or larger magnification for close-up detail.