Design of Temporary and Permanent Joints M.D.Raj Kamal
This document discusses different types of temporary and permanent joints used in structures, including bolted joints, knuckle joints, cotter joints, welded joints, and riveted joints. It specifically focuses on eccentrically loaded riveted joints and provides examples of calculating the size of rivets needed based on the load and permissible stresses.
The document discusses balancing of reciprocating masses in engines. It describes:
1. The various forces acting on reciprocating parts and how the inertia force is balanced by an opposing force on the crankshaft, leaving an unbalanced force.
2. Methods to partially balance the primary unbalanced force using a balancing mass on the crank, which changes the direction of the maximum unbalanced force.
3. How balancing is applied to two-cylinder locomotives, reducing variation in tractive force, swaying couple, and hammer blow.
This document discusses balancing rotating masses on a shaft. It provides examples of balancing a single mass, balancing multiple masses in the same plane, and balancing masses in different planes. It then gives two example problems:
1) A shaft carries four masses rotating at different radii and angles, and asks to find the balancing mass and its position if placed at a given radius.
2) A shaft carries four masses at different radii and angles across three planes, and asks to find the magnitudes and positions of balancing masses placed at a given radius in two other planes.
The document contains several examples of calculating weld sizes and bolt sizes for different welded and bolted joints. The examples involve calculating shear stresses in welds due to direct loads and bending moments and determining necessary weld sizes. They also involve calculating bolt sizes for different bolted joints based on allowable shear stresses and safety factors. The final example calculates the necessary bolt size for connecting a steam engine cylinder head based on the steam pressure, cylinder dimensions, bolt material properties, and a preload on the bolts.
The document discusses problems related to the design of helical springs, leaf springs, and coned disc springs. It provides examples of spring design problems involving the calculation of spring dimensions, loads, stresses, and deflections given various input parameters such as material properties, load ranges, spring indices, and dimensional constraints. The problems cover topics such as determining wire diameter, number of coils, spring rates, thicknesses of leaf springs, and stresses induced in coned disc springs. Solutions to the problems are presented using relevant spring design equations.
Design of Temporary and Permanent Joints M.D.Raj Kamal
This document discusses different types of temporary and permanent joints used in structures, including bolted joints, knuckle joints, cotter joints, welded joints, and riveted joints. It specifically focuses on eccentrically loaded riveted joints and provides examples of calculating the size of rivets needed based on the load and permissible stresses.
The document discusses balancing of reciprocating masses in engines. It describes:
1. The various forces acting on reciprocating parts and how the inertia force is balanced by an opposing force on the crankshaft, leaving an unbalanced force.
2. Methods to partially balance the primary unbalanced force using a balancing mass on the crank, which changes the direction of the maximum unbalanced force.
3. How balancing is applied to two-cylinder locomotives, reducing variation in tractive force, swaying couple, and hammer blow.
This document discusses balancing rotating masses on a shaft. It provides examples of balancing a single mass, balancing multiple masses in the same plane, and balancing masses in different planes. It then gives two example problems:
1) A shaft carries four masses rotating at different radii and angles, and asks to find the balancing mass and its position if placed at a given radius.
2) A shaft carries four masses at different radii and angles across three planes, and asks to find the magnitudes and positions of balancing masses placed at a given radius in two other planes.
The document contains several examples of calculating weld sizes and bolt sizes for different welded and bolted joints. The examples involve calculating shear stresses in welds due to direct loads and bending moments and determining necessary weld sizes. They also involve calculating bolt sizes for different bolted joints based on allowable shear stresses and safety factors. The final example calculates the necessary bolt size for connecting a steam engine cylinder head based on the steam pressure, cylinder dimensions, bolt material properties, and a preload on the bolts.
The document discusses problems related to the design of helical springs, leaf springs, and coned disc springs. It provides examples of spring design problems involving the calculation of spring dimensions, loads, stresses, and deflections given various input parameters such as material properties, load ranges, spring indices, and dimensional constraints. The problems cover topics such as determining wire diameter, number of coils, spring rates, thicknesses of leaf springs, and stresses induced in coned disc springs. Solutions to the problems are presented using relevant spring design equations.
The document discusses the design of various types of rigid and flexible couplings. It provides steps to design a flange coupling connecting two shafts transmitting 37.5 kW power at 180 rpm. Key details include calculating torque from power, selecting shaft diameter, coupling dimensions based on standards, and checking design of key and bolts for shearing and crushing. The document also provides problems and solutions for designing flange, muff, and clamp couplings for given power and speed conditions.
Here are the steps to design and draw a flywheel for a four stroke four cylinder 133 kW engine running at 375 rpm with a diameter not exceeding 1 m:
Given:
Power of engine, P = 133 kW = 133000 W
Number of cylinders, n = 4
Speed of engine, N = 375 rpm
Maximum diameter, Dmax = 1 m
Step 1) Calculate the mean effective pressure (p):
p = (2*P)/(n*π*D^2*N)
p = (2*133000)/(4*π*(0.5)^2*375) = 7 bar
Step 2) Calculate the mass moment of inertia (I) required:
I
1. The document discusses forced vibrations of mechanical systems subjected to periodic external forces such as harmonic, stepped, or periodic disturbances. It provides examples and discusses the amplitude of forced vibrations.
2. Vibration isolation techniques are introduced to minimize the transmission of vibrations from machines to foundations using springs and dampers. The transmissibility ratio, which is the ratio of transmitted force to applied force, is defined.
3. Several examples are provided to calculate the natural frequency, stiffness, amplitude of vibrations, damping coefficient, and transmissibility ratio of systems undergoing forced vibrations. Resonance conditions and their effects are also considered.
Here are the key steps to solve this problem:
1) Calculate the centrifugal forces at the minimum and maximum radii using Fc = mω2r
2) Use the lever equation to relate the centrifugal forces to the spring forces:
Fc1/S1 = r1/x
Fc2/S2 = r2/x
3) The initial compression of the spring is r2 - r1
4) Use the relation between spring force and compression to find the spring constant:
ΔS/Δx = s
Where ΔS is the change in spring force (S2 - S1) and Δx is the change in compression (r2 - r1
1. The document discusses gyroscopic couple, which acts on a spinning object that is rotating about another axis.
2. It provides examples of gyroscopic couple in naval ships, where the spinning of propeller shafts affects steering, pitching, and rolling.
3. The document also examines the gyroscopic couple and centrifugal couple in vehicles like cars and motorcycles taking turns, and how this affects their stability.
The document discusses equivalent dynamical systems used to model the motion of rigid bodies acted on by external forces. It defines an equivalent dynamical system as one where: 1) the sum of the masses equals the total body mass, 2) the center of gravity of the masses matches the body's, and 3) the sum of the mass moments of inertia about the center of gravity equals the body's. It then gives an example of calculating the equivalent dynamical system for a connecting rod suspended and oscillating, determining the radius of gyration and placing one mass at the small end center and the other a distance l2 from the center of gravity.
A punching press punches 38mm holes in 32mm thick plates, requiring 7 N-m of energy per square mm of sheared area. It punches one hole every 10 seconds. The mean flywheel speed is 25 m/s.
To calculate the motor power required, the energy per hole is calculated based on the sheared area of the hole. The mass of the flywheel required to limit speed fluctuations to 3% of the mean is then calculated using the energy variation and flywheel properties.
This document covers free and damped vibrations. It defines key terms like natural frequency, damping, and damping ratio. It describes the equations of motion for an undamped single degree of freedom system and how to calculate the natural frequency. It also covers calculating the natural frequency of damped systems and defines types of damping like overdamped, underdamped, and critically damped systems. Formulas are provided for damped vibration frequency, logarithmic decrement, and damping ratio. Examples are given on calculating natural frequency, damping coefficient, and damping ratio from data provided on an oscillating system.
This document provides instructions on how to calculate the natural frequency of vibration of a shaft that is carrying multiple loads at different points. It describes calculating: 1) the moment of inertia of the shaft, 2) the static deflection caused by each point load individually, 3) the total static deflection by summing the individual deflections, and 4) the natural frequency of transverse vibration of the shaft based on the total deflection. It then gives two example problems involving shafts of different sizes, materials, and load configurations to calculate the natural frequency.
This document discusses torsional vibrations in shafts. It provides equations to calculate the natural frequency of torsional vibrations based on the shaft's torsional stiffness, mass moment of inertia, and material properties. As an example, it calculates the natural frequency of a flywheel mounted on a vertical shaft. It then discusses multi-rotor shaft systems and how to determine the location of nodes. Finally, it provides methods to calculate the natural frequency and node locations of stepped shafts with varying diameters connecting multiple flywheels.
The document provides information on vibrations including definitions of key terms like natural frequency, forced vibrations, and damped vibrations. It also discusses single degree of freedom systems and how to calculate the natural frequency of longitudinal and transverse vibrations in beams and shafts using different methods. An example is provided to show how to calculate the natural frequencies of longitudinal and transverse vibrations for a cantilever shaft with a mass at the free end. Formulas are given for stiffness, static deflection, and natural frequency of beams and shafts.
The document discusses different types of damping in vibrating systems, including viscous, Coulomb, and critical damping. It provides equations to calculate damping coefficient, logarithmic decrement, damping ratio, natural frequency, and damped vibration frequency. Examples are given to show how to determine damping coefficient, critical damping coefficient, damping factor, logarithmic decrement, and ratio of damped to undamped frequencies based on given mass, spring constant, amplitude decay between cycles.
The document describes a three rotor system with rotors A, B, and C connected by a shaft. Rotor A has an inertia of 0.15 kg-m2, rotor B has an inertia of 0.30 kg-m2, and rotor C has an inertia of 0.09 kg-m2. The system can vibrate with nodes forming between rotors C and A or between rotors C and B depending on the direction of rotation. The task is to find the natural frequency of the torsional vibrations using the given inertias, shaft dimensions, and modulus of rigidity.
Free torsional vibrations of a geared systemM.D.Raj Kamal
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
1) The shaft carries a disc that is eccentrically mounted, subjecting the shaft to bending stresses from centrifugal force as it rotates.
2) The critical speed is the speed at which the additional deflection from bending becomes infinite, causing high vibrations and potential failure.
3) Other factors that determine the critical speed include the distance between the center of gravity of components and the axis of rotation, as well as the speed of rotation.
1. The document contains information about flywheel design including formulas for centrifugal stress, energy variation, and determining the necessary mass and dimensions of a flywheel.
2. Key parameters that must be determined from the problem information include the energy variation, mean resisting torque, angular velocity, and coefficient of fluctuation of speed.
3. The mass and dimensions of the flywheel can then be calculated using the density of the material, maximum safe centrifugal stress, energy variation, and other specified parameters such as diameter.
The document discusses equivalent dynamical systems used to model the motion of rigid bodies acted on by external forces. It defines an equivalent dynamical system as one where: 1) the sum of the masses equals the total body mass, 2) the center of gravity of the masses matches the body's, and 3) the sum of the mass moments of inertia about the center of gravity equals the body's. It then gives an example of calculating the equivalent dynamical system for a connecting rod suspended and oscillating, determining the radius of gyration and placing one mass at the small end center and solving to find the location of the other mass.
The document discusses determining a correction couple to make a two-mass system dynamically equivalent. The two-mass system is a connecting rod in an internal combustion engine, with one mass of 2 kg at the gudgeon pin and another implied mass at the crank pin 250 mm away. If the connecting rod is replaced by just the 2 kg mass at the gudgeon pin, a correction couple must be applied to account for the removed mass and maintain dynamic equivalence.
The document discusses methods for determining the velocity and acceleration of reciprocating parts in engines, such as pistons. It presents both graphical and analytical methods. The graphical methods covered are Klein's, Ritterhaus's, and Bennett's constructions. The analytical method involves modeling the motion of a crank and connecting rod system. Equations are developed to calculate the displacement, velocity, acceleration, angular velocity, and angular acceleration of the piston and connecting rod at different positions of the crank. Examples of problems applying these equations are also provided.
1) A turning moment diagram (TMD) graphically represents torque over crank angle and is used to calculate work done per cycle and mean torque.
2) A flywheel stores excess energy from the engine during the power stroke and releases it during other strokes to reduce fluctuations in speed. There are disc and rim types of flywheels.
3) To calculate the energy stored in a flywheel, formulas use mass, radius of gyration, angular velocity, and the coefficient of fluctuation of speed. The problem gives values for an engine to calculate the required flywheel's mass moment of inertia.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
The document discusses the design of various types of rigid and flexible couplings. It provides steps to design a flange coupling connecting two shafts transmitting 37.5 kW power at 180 rpm. Key details include calculating torque from power, selecting shaft diameter, coupling dimensions based on standards, and checking design of key and bolts for shearing and crushing. The document also provides problems and solutions for designing flange, muff, and clamp couplings for given power and speed conditions.
Here are the steps to design and draw a flywheel for a four stroke four cylinder 133 kW engine running at 375 rpm with a diameter not exceeding 1 m:
Given:
Power of engine, P = 133 kW = 133000 W
Number of cylinders, n = 4
Speed of engine, N = 375 rpm
Maximum diameter, Dmax = 1 m
Step 1) Calculate the mean effective pressure (p):
p = (2*P)/(n*π*D^2*N)
p = (2*133000)/(4*π*(0.5)^2*375) = 7 bar
Step 2) Calculate the mass moment of inertia (I) required:
I
1. The document discusses forced vibrations of mechanical systems subjected to periodic external forces such as harmonic, stepped, or periodic disturbances. It provides examples and discusses the amplitude of forced vibrations.
2. Vibration isolation techniques are introduced to minimize the transmission of vibrations from machines to foundations using springs and dampers. The transmissibility ratio, which is the ratio of transmitted force to applied force, is defined.
3. Several examples are provided to calculate the natural frequency, stiffness, amplitude of vibrations, damping coefficient, and transmissibility ratio of systems undergoing forced vibrations. Resonance conditions and their effects are also considered.
Here are the key steps to solve this problem:
1) Calculate the centrifugal forces at the minimum and maximum radii using Fc = mω2r
2) Use the lever equation to relate the centrifugal forces to the spring forces:
Fc1/S1 = r1/x
Fc2/S2 = r2/x
3) The initial compression of the spring is r2 - r1
4) Use the relation between spring force and compression to find the spring constant:
ΔS/Δx = s
Where ΔS is the change in spring force (S2 - S1) and Δx is the change in compression (r2 - r1
1. The document discusses gyroscopic couple, which acts on a spinning object that is rotating about another axis.
2. It provides examples of gyroscopic couple in naval ships, where the spinning of propeller shafts affects steering, pitching, and rolling.
3. The document also examines the gyroscopic couple and centrifugal couple in vehicles like cars and motorcycles taking turns, and how this affects their stability.
The document discusses equivalent dynamical systems used to model the motion of rigid bodies acted on by external forces. It defines an equivalent dynamical system as one where: 1) the sum of the masses equals the total body mass, 2) the center of gravity of the masses matches the body's, and 3) the sum of the mass moments of inertia about the center of gravity equals the body's. It then gives an example of calculating the equivalent dynamical system for a connecting rod suspended and oscillating, determining the radius of gyration and placing one mass at the small end center and the other a distance l2 from the center of gravity.
A punching press punches 38mm holes in 32mm thick plates, requiring 7 N-m of energy per square mm of sheared area. It punches one hole every 10 seconds. The mean flywheel speed is 25 m/s.
To calculate the motor power required, the energy per hole is calculated based on the sheared area of the hole. The mass of the flywheel required to limit speed fluctuations to 3% of the mean is then calculated using the energy variation and flywheel properties.
This document covers free and damped vibrations. It defines key terms like natural frequency, damping, and damping ratio. It describes the equations of motion for an undamped single degree of freedom system and how to calculate the natural frequency. It also covers calculating the natural frequency of damped systems and defines types of damping like overdamped, underdamped, and critically damped systems. Formulas are provided for damped vibration frequency, logarithmic decrement, and damping ratio. Examples are given on calculating natural frequency, damping coefficient, and damping ratio from data provided on an oscillating system.
This document provides instructions on how to calculate the natural frequency of vibration of a shaft that is carrying multiple loads at different points. It describes calculating: 1) the moment of inertia of the shaft, 2) the static deflection caused by each point load individually, 3) the total static deflection by summing the individual deflections, and 4) the natural frequency of transverse vibration of the shaft based on the total deflection. It then gives two example problems involving shafts of different sizes, materials, and load configurations to calculate the natural frequency.
This document discusses torsional vibrations in shafts. It provides equations to calculate the natural frequency of torsional vibrations based on the shaft's torsional stiffness, mass moment of inertia, and material properties. As an example, it calculates the natural frequency of a flywheel mounted on a vertical shaft. It then discusses multi-rotor shaft systems and how to determine the location of nodes. Finally, it provides methods to calculate the natural frequency and node locations of stepped shafts with varying diameters connecting multiple flywheels.
The document provides information on vibrations including definitions of key terms like natural frequency, forced vibrations, and damped vibrations. It also discusses single degree of freedom systems and how to calculate the natural frequency of longitudinal and transverse vibrations in beams and shafts using different methods. An example is provided to show how to calculate the natural frequencies of longitudinal and transverse vibrations for a cantilever shaft with a mass at the free end. Formulas are given for stiffness, static deflection, and natural frequency of beams and shafts.
The document discusses different types of damping in vibrating systems, including viscous, Coulomb, and critical damping. It provides equations to calculate damping coefficient, logarithmic decrement, damping ratio, natural frequency, and damped vibration frequency. Examples are given to show how to determine damping coefficient, critical damping coefficient, damping factor, logarithmic decrement, and ratio of damped to undamped frequencies based on given mass, spring constant, amplitude decay between cycles.
The document describes a three rotor system with rotors A, B, and C connected by a shaft. Rotor A has an inertia of 0.15 kg-m2, rotor B has an inertia of 0.30 kg-m2, and rotor C has an inertia of 0.09 kg-m2. The system can vibrate with nodes forming between rotors C and A or between rotors C and B depending on the direction of rotation. The task is to find the natural frequency of the torsional vibrations using the given inertias, shaft dimensions, and modulus of rigidity.
Free torsional vibrations of a geared systemM.D.Raj Kamal
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
1) The shaft carries a disc that is eccentrically mounted, subjecting the shaft to bending stresses from centrifugal force as it rotates.
2) The critical speed is the speed at which the additional deflection from bending becomes infinite, causing high vibrations and potential failure.
3) Other factors that determine the critical speed include the distance between the center of gravity of components and the axis of rotation, as well as the speed of rotation.
1. The document contains information about flywheel design including formulas for centrifugal stress, energy variation, and determining the necessary mass and dimensions of a flywheel.
2. Key parameters that must be determined from the problem information include the energy variation, mean resisting torque, angular velocity, and coefficient of fluctuation of speed.
3. The mass and dimensions of the flywheel can then be calculated using the density of the material, maximum safe centrifugal stress, energy variation, and other specified parameters such as diameter.
The document discusses equivalent dynamical systems used to model the motion of rigid bodies acted on by external forces. It defines an equivalent dynamical system as one where: 1) the sum of the masses equals the total body mass, 2) the center of gravity of the masses matches the body's, and 3) the sum of the mass moments of inertia about the center of gravity equals the body's. It then gives an example of calculating the equivalent dynamical system for a connecting rod suspended and oscillating, determining the radius of gyration and placing one mass at the small end center and solving to find the location of the other mass.
The document discusses determining a correction couple to make a two-mass system dynamically equivalent. The two-mass system is a connecting rod in an internal combustion engine, with one mass of 2 kg at the gudgeon pin and another implied mass at the crank pin 250 mm away. If the connecting rod is replaced by just the 2 kg mass at the gudgeon pin, a correction couple must be applied to account for the removed mass and maintain dynamic equivalence.
The document discusses methods for determining the velocity and acceleration of reciprocating parts in engines, such as pistons. It presents both graphical and analytical methods. The graphical methods covered are Klein's, Ritterhaus's, and Bennett's constructions. The analytical method involves modeling the motion of a crank and connecting rod system. Equations are developed to calculate the displacement, velocity, acceleration, angular velocity, and angular acceleration of the piston and connecting rod at different positions of the crank. Examples of problems applying these equations are also provided.
1) A turning moment diagram (TMD) graphically represents torque over crank angle and is used to calculate work done per cycle and mean torque.
2) A flywheel stores excess energy from the engine during the power stroke and releases it during other strokes to reduce fluctuations in speed. There are disc and rim types of flywheels.
3) To calculate the energy stored in a flywheel, formulas use mass, radius of gyration, angular velocity, and the coefficient of fluctuation of speed. The problem gives values for an engine to calculate the required flywheel's mass moment of inertia.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.