This document discusses different materials and their properties. It defines forces and structures, and explains that structures are designed to resist forces called loads. It describes different types of stresses that result from loads, including traction, bending, compression, and torsion. Several materials are then outlined such as stones like marble and granite, stone binders, ceramics which are made from clay, and glass which can be shaped through various techniques.

2. 1
INDEX
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES?
1. 1 – FORCES
1. 2 – STRUCTURES
2. – STRESS
2.1 – MAIN TYPES OF STRESS
3. – STONES
3.1 – STONE BINDERS
4 – CERAMICS
5 – GLASS
6 – ACTIVITIES

3. 2
WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY?

4. 3
WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY?
Technology is the practical application of knowledge (science) and skills
(techniques) to create solutions which satisfy our needs or solve our
problems.
SCIENCE TECHNIQUE
TECHNOLOGY

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1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES
1. 1 – FORCES
There are many different forces in nature:
 Gravity
 The force of the wind
 Mechanical forces that move machines
 Pressures of gases in closed containers
 The force created by our own muscles
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES

6. 5
WHAT IS THE FORCE?
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES

7. 6
1. 1 – FORCES
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES
A force is anything that can deform a body (static effect) or change its
state of movement or rest (dynamic effect)

8. 7
INDEX
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES?
1. 1 – FORCES
1. 2 – STRUCTURES

9. 8
1. 2 – STRUCTURES
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES
A structure is the set of elements in a body that are intended to resist the
effects of the forces that act on it
A structure:
• Prevents a body from breaking
• Prevents a body to becoming too deformed
The forces that act on a structure are called loads
Classwork:
Now you have to do activities: 3,4 and 5

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1. 2 – STRUCTURES
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES
There are two main types of loads:
• Permanent: don´t vary over time
• For instance: Own weight
• Variable: are occasional and changeable
• For instance: the weight of snow on a roof

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1. 2 – STRUCTURES
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES
Loads act on bodies, causing internal tension. These tensions are called
stresses.

12. 11
INDEX
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES?
1. 1 – FORCES
1. 2 – STRUCTURES
2. – STRESS

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2 – STREESES
2. – STRESSES
The internal tensions are called stresses. It happens to all bodies
subjected to the applying of one or more forces on them

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INDEX
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES?
1. 1 – FORCES
1. 2 – STRUCTURES
2. – STRESS
2.1 – MINE TYPES OF STRESS

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2.1 – MINE TYPES OF STRESS
2. – STRESSES
There are some important types of stresses that you must to learn:
• Traction: The force try to stretch the object

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2.1 – MINE TYPES OF STRESS
2. – STRESSES
There are some important types of stresses that you must to learn:
• Traction
• Bending: The force try to bend a body.

17. 16
2.1 – MINE TYPES OF STRESS
2. – STRESSES
There are some important types of stresses that you must to learn:
• Traction
• Bending
• Compression: The force try to flatten a body.

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2.1 – MINE TYPES OF STRESS
2. – STRESSES
There are some important types of stresses that you must to learn:
• Traction
• Bending
• Compression
• Torsion: The force try to twist a body.

19. 18
INDEX
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES?
1. 1 – FORCES
1. 2 – STRUCTURES
2. – STRESS
2.1 – MAIN TYPES OF STRESS
3. – STONES

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3. – STONES
3. – STONES
Different types of stones are found in large blocks in the Earth:
• Marble:
• High density
• Resistant to environmental conditions

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3. – STONES
3. – STONES
Different types of stones are found in large blocks in the earth:
• Marble
• Granite:
• High density
• Resistant to environmental conditions

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3. – STONES
3. – STONES
Different types of stones are found in large blocks in the Earth:
• Marble
• Granite
• Slate:
• Hard
• Dense
• Waterproof

23. 22
INDEX
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES?
1. 1 – FORCES
1. 2 – STRUCTURES
2. – STRESS
2.1 – MAIN TYPES OF STRESS
3. – STONES
3.1 – STONE BINDERS

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3.1 – STONES BINDERS
3. – STONES
In stones you can also find different sized of granules and fragments:
• Sand
• Gravel
SAND + GRAVEL
ASPHALT BINDERS

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3.1 – STONES BINDERS
3. – STONES
There are different binders such as:
• Plaster:
• High density

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3.1 – STONES BINDERS
3. – STONES
There are different binders such as:
• Plaster
• Cement:
• High density

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3.1 – STONES BINDERS
3. – STONES
There are different binders such as:
• Plaster
• Cement
• Mortar:
• High density
• Resistant to environmental conditions

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3.1 – STONES BINDERS
3. – STONES
There are different binders such as:
• Plaster
• Cement
• Mortar
• Concrete:
• High density
• Resistant to environmental conditions

29. 28
INDEX
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES?
1. 1 – FORCES
1. 2 – STRUCTURES
2. – STRESS
2.1 – MAIN TYPES OF STRESS
3. – STONES
3.1 – STONE BINDERS
4 – CERAMICS

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4. – CERAMICS
4. – CERAMICS
We make ceramics with clay. The process have several stages. There are
two main groups:
• Structure ceramics:
• Permeable
• Whiteware:
• Impermeable

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INDEX
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES?
1. 1 – FORCES
1. 2 – STRUCTURES
2. – STRESS
2.1 – MAIN TYPES OF STRESS
3. – STONES
3.1 – STONE BINDERS
4 – CERAMICS
5 – GLASS

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5. – GLASS
5. – GLASS
Glass is a transparent or translucent material that can have different
textures and colours. Its characteristics are:
• Waterproof
• Smooth
• Hard
• Fragile
• Resistant to environmental conditions
• Resistant to chemical elements
• Termal and electrical insulator

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5. – GLASS
5. – GLASS
We can use different techniques to obtain the required shape:
• Mould blowing

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5. – GLASS
5. – GLASS
We can use different techniques to obtain the required shape:
• Mould blowing
• Float glass making

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5. – GLASS
5. – GLASS
We can use different techniques to obtain the required shape:
• Mould blowing
• Float glass making
• Lamination

36. 1
INDEX
1. – FORCES AND STRUCTURES?
1. 1 – FORCES
1. 2 – STRUCTURES
2. – STRESS
2.1 – MAIN TYPES OF STRESS
3. – STONES
3.1 – STONE BINDERS
4 – CERAMICS
5 – GLASS
6 – ACTIVITIES