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1. Grammar Focus 2
Unit 2: Energy in Nature.
Course 3: Inglés A2
GHIREN CANAHUATE
BERNARDO GALLEGOS
Profesores de inglés.
Inglés Nivel Elemental.
Universidad de Concepción

2. Questions using “how”.

3. “How” in questions.
 We use “how” when we introduce direct and indirect questions:
- I don’t know how you do it… - How was the
movie?
- It’s easy, I can teach you if you want. - I
really enjoyed it!
 We also use “how” to introduce questions about measurements or amounts:
- How old are you? - How far is Santiago from Concepción?
- I’m 21, and you? - Not so much really, just about 500 kms.
 This last use is the one we are going to practice during the unit.

4. Questions using “how”.
How far is Santiago from Concepción? It’s about
500 kilometers.
 Notice the correspondence between the question and the answer.

5. Questions using “how”.
 How cold is Punta Arenas in winter? It gets down to minus
2° Celsius.
 How hot is Chillán in summer? It gets up to about 43°
Celsius.
 How far is Santiago from Concepción? It’s about 500 kilometers.
 How big is the Patagonia? It’s about 1.043 million
square kilometers.
 How high is the Everest? It’s 8,849 meters high.
 How long the Loa river? It’s about 440 kilometers
long.
 How deep is the Pacific Ocean? It has about 11.022 meters
of depth.
 How expensive is to live in London? A single person
monthly cost without rent is about 1.175

6. Conditionals.

7. What is a conditional?
 A conditional sentence is based on the word ‘if’. There are always two
parts to a conditional sentence – one part beginning with ‘if’ to describe
a possible situation, and the second part which describes the consequence.
For example:
If it rains, we’ll get wet.
(possible situation) + (Consequence)
 We can also invert the two parts of a conditional sentence so that the
‘if’ part comes second, and this is especially common in questions.
For example:
What will you do if you miss the train?
(Consequence) + (possible situation)

8. Zero conditional.
 We use the zero conditional to talk about permanent truths, such
as scientific facts, and general habits. The structure is simple:
If + present simple, present simple.
(50% possibility) + (100%
certainty)
 Examples:
If you heat water to 100°, it boils.
If you eat a lot, you put on weight.
If it doesn’t rain for a long time, the earth gets very dry.

9. First conditional.
 We use the first conditional to talk about a realistic situation in the
present or future.
The structure of the first conditional is as follows:
If + present simple, will + verb
can + verb
must + verb
imperative form
(50% possibility) + (100% certainty)
Examples:
If you’re free later, we can go for a walk.
If they’re hungry, I’ll make some sandwiches.
If you’re not back by 5pm, give me a ring.

10. Second conditional.
 We use the second conditional to talk about improbable or
impossible situations in the present or future. Here is the
structure:
If + past simple, would + verb
could + verb
(0-5% possibility) + (100% certainty)
Examples:
If I had more time, I could exercise more. (But I don’t have more
time, so I don’t.)
If I were rich, I would spend all my time travelling. (But I’m not
rich, so I can’t.)

11. Examples of conditionals.
 Here you have more examples about the conditionals. Remember that, as in all
conditional sentences, the order of the clauses is not fixed. You may have to
rearrange the pronouns and adjust punctuation when you change the order of the
clauses, but the meaning is identical.
 Examples
 If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
 I would send her an invitation if I found her address.
 I will send her an invitation if I find her address.
 If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.
 If you heat water, it boils.
 The water boils, if you heat it.