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Unit 2-Behaviourism-Learning Theory.pptx
- 1. BEHAVIORISM NEENU NIZAR 10595 MOUNT TABORTRAINING COLLEGE, PATHANAPURAM 1
- 2. INTRODUCTION ▪ Emerged inthe early 20th century as a response to introspective methods in psychology ▪It also known as behaviorist theory. ▪Suggests all behaviors are acquired through conditioning (classical and operant conditioning) and interaction with the environment. ▪Mainly focuses on observable behaviors and the external stimuli that trigger them, while disregarding internal mental processes like thoughts or emotions. 2
- 3. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION ANDKEY CONTRIBUTORS OF BEHAVIORISM THEORY Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning 3 Edward Thorndike The Law of Effect John B. Watson Birth of Behaviorism B.F. Skinner Operant Conditioning
- 4. 4 CORE CONCEPTS OFBEHAVIORIST LEARNING THEORY 1. Classical Conditioning: A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus to produce a response (e.g., bell + food = salivation). This process shows how individuals learn by association, especially in habitual or emotional responses.
- 5. 5 2. Operant Conditioning:This concept focuses on voluntary behavior that is shaped by consequences. Positive outcomes reinforce the behavior, while negative outcomes suppress it, making it either more or less likely to occur again.
- 6. 6 3. Positive Reinforcement:Involves adding a rewarding stimulus to encourage a behavior. Eg: a student who scores well may be given a prize, increasing the chance of future good performance.
- 7. 7 4. Negative Reinforcement:Involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to strengthen behavior. Eg: A child studies to avoid parental scolding; the removal of scolding acts as reinforcement.
- 8. 8 5. Punishment: Punishmentdecreases the likelihood of a behavior by either adding an unpleasant stimulus or removing a pleasant one. Eg: A student caught cheating may be suspended (added punishment) or lose exam marks (removed reward).
- 9. 9 6. Extinction: Alearned behavior diminishes when it no longer leads to reinforcement. If a child no longer receives attention for misbehaving, the behavior may reduce over time.
- 10. 10 7. Spontaneous recovery:the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest, where the conditioned stimulus is presented again. This phenomenon demonstrates that extinction does not mean the learned response is unlearned or forgotten entirely but is rather suppressed or inhibited, with the potential to return after a delay. The original learning remains dormant but can re-emerge under the right circumstances, such as the return of the conditioned stimulus or exposure to the original context.
- 11. BEHAVIORIST THEORY INLANGUAGE ACQUISITION •Behaviorist theory argue that language is not innate but learned behavior, just like any other skill. •Language learning takes place when:- • Children imitate sounds and phrases they hear from adults and get reinforced when their speech is understood or praised. • Over time, these repetitions turn into language habits, shaped entirely by interaction and environment, not by innate mechanisms. •According to Skinner, grammar and sentence structures are not learned consciously but develop gradually through frequent positive reinforcement. Thus, language becomes a result of habitual behavior, not mental rule formation. 11
- 12. TEACHING TECHNIQUES BASEDON BEHAVIORISM 1. Drill Practice: Repetitive exercises help reinforce patterns, especially for grammar, tables, or vocabulary. It helps learners form strong language or math habits through consistent exposure. 2. Reward and Praise: Teachers use stars, points, or verbal praise as positive reinforcements for good behavior. These reinforcements motivate students to continue desirable actions. 3. Modeling and Imitation: Teachers act as role models, demonstrating tasks or behavior for students to copy. This technique is vital in language pronunciation and classroom etiquette. 4. Immediate Error Correction: Mistakes are corrected instantly to prevent reinforcement of wrong responses. The emphasis is on “unlearning errors” through negative reinforcement. 5. Shaping: Gradually building complex skills through step-by-step reinforcement. For example, teaching essay writing by first rewarding sentence formation. 12
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Editor's Notes
- #3 Believed that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated-foundation Proved that learning can occur through association. Father of Modern Behaviorism; emphasized observable behavior over internal thought processes. Behaviors are shaped by consequences- reward and punishment