The document discusses rethinking language structures and composition. It explores how sentences can be broken down into systematic pieces, such as analyzing the parts of speech within sentences. Generative rules are proposed to describe how different parts of speech are organized into sentences, such as noun-verb or determiner-noun-verb patterns. The document suggests languages can be understood as being composed of elements and parts that serve functions, similar to how architecture is composed of defining features.
The document discusses syllables and their structure in language. It notes that sounds flow continuously when speaking, making it difficult to segment speech into discrete units. Syllables can be defined based on their structure, with the core being a nucleus such as a vowel, diphthong or syllabic consonant. Syllables preferably follow a consonant-vowel structure and may contain an optional onset before the nucleus as well as an optional coda after it. The concept of syllables provides a structural unit for analyzing phonotactic constraints in language.
The document discusses the meaning of individual words. It defines sense as the mental representation of a word's meaning, and reference as the actual entities in the world that a word refers to. It distinguishes between sense and reference, and discusses prototypes, hypernyms/hyponyms, synonyms/antonyms. For antonyms, it describes four types: complementary pairs that are opposites, gradable pairs on a continuum, reverse pairs suggesting opposite movements, and converse pairs with opposing perspectives.
This document appears to be lecture slides on speech sounds and speech production. It discusses various topics including consonants and their features, vowels and formants, larynx and phonations, and the speech chain model. It provides examples of coordinated articulatory gestures needed for speech, such as those required to produce the word "palm". It also discusses connected speech processes like contraction and provides an example of the unique rhotic sequence in the word "Saturday".
This document provides an overview of physical sounds and speech sounds. It discusses the basics of sounds including acoustics, sound waves, frequency, amplitude, pure tones, and harmonics. It also examines speech sounds and the articulators involved in shaping sounds, including the lungs, vocal tract, larynx, pharynx, oral cavity and nasal cavity. Places of articulation are identified. The document also discusses Korean phonology and provides examples of Korean consonants and vowels. Different approaches for grouping sounds are introduced.
This document discusses linguistic concepts like words, morphemes, and word formation. It begins by defining a word as a freestanding unit of meaning, and provides examples in English and Mandarin. It then introduces morphemes as smaller units that can carry meaning within words, such as prefixes and suffixes. The document explores how words are built from morphemes, with various types of morphemes that can be added before, after, or within word roots. It also discusses allomorphs, which are variants of the same morpheme. In the end, it provides examples of coded language to decode.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
The document discusses syllables and their structure in language. It notes that sounds flow continuously when speaking, making it difficult to segment speech into discrete units. Syllables can be defined based on their structure, with the core being a nucleus such as a vowel, diphthong or syllabic consonant. Syllables preferably follow a consonant-vowel structure and may contain an optional onset before the nucleus as well as an optional coda after it. The concept of syllables provides a structural unit for analyzing phonotactic constraints in language.
The document discusses the meaning of individual words. It defines sense as the mental representation of a word's meaning, and reference as the actual entities in the world that a word refers to. It distinguishes between sense and reference, and discusses prototypes, hypernyms/hyponyms, synonyms/antonyms. For antonyms, it describes four types: complementary pairs that are opposites, gradable pairs on a continuum, reverse pairs suggesting opposite movements, and converse pairs with opposing perspectives.
This document appears to be lecture slides on speech sounds and speech production. It discusses various topics including consonants and their features, vowels and formants, larynx and phonations, and the speech chain model. It provides examples of coordinated articulatory gestures needed for speech, such as those required to produce the word "palm". It also discusses connected speech processes like contraction and provides an example of the unique rhotic sequence in the word "Saturday".
This document provides an overview of physical sounds and speech sounds. It discusses the basics of sounds including acoustics, sound waves, frequency, amplitude, pure tones, and harmonics. It also examines speech sounds and the articulators involved in shaping sounds, including the lungs, vocal tract, larynx, pharynx, oral cavity and nasal cavity. Places of articulation are identified. The document also discusses Korean phonology and provides examples of Korean consonants and vowels. Different approaches for grouping sounds are introduced.
This document discusses linguistic concepts like words, morphemes, and word formation. It begins by defining a word as a freestanding unit of meaning, and provides examples in English and Mandarin. It then introduces morphemes as smaller units that can carry meaning within words, such as prefixes and suffixes. The document explores how words are built from morphemes, with various types of morphemes that can be added before, after, or within word roots. It also discusses allomorphs, which are variants of the same morpheme. In the end, it provides examples of coded language to decode.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
MISS RAIPUR 2024 - WINNER POONAM BHARTI.DK PAGEANT
Poonam Bharti, a guide of ability and diligence, has been chosen as the champ from Raipur for Mrs. India 2024, Pride of India, from the DK Show. Her journey to this prestigious title is a confirmation of her commitment, difficult work, and multifaceted gifts. At fair 23 a long time ago, Poonam has as of now made noteworthy strides in both her proficient and individual lives, encapsulating the soul of present-day Indian ladies who adjust different parts with beauty and competence. This article dives into Poonam Bharti’s foundation, achievements, and qualities that separated her as a meriting champion of this award.
Insanony: Watch Instagram Stories Secretly - A Complete GuideTrending Blogers
Welcome to the world of social media, where Instagram reigns supreme! Today, we're going to explore a fascinating tool called Insanony that lets you watch Instagram Stories secretly. If you've ever wanted to view someone's story without them knowing, this blog is for you. We'll delve into everything you need to know about Insanony with Trending Blogers!
This edition features a handful of business America's Trendsetting Interior Designer Showcasing Interior Excellence that are at the forefront of leading us into a digital future
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
MISS RAIPUR 2024 - WINNER POONAM BHARTI.DK PAGEANT
Poonam Bharti, a guide of ability and diligence, has been chosen as the champ from Raipur for Mrs. India 2024, Pride of India, from the DK Show. Her journey to this prestigious title is a confirmation of her commitment, difficult work, and multifaceted gifts. At fair 23 a long time ago, Poonam has as of now made noteworthy strides in both her proficient and individual lives, encapsulating the soul of present-day Indian ladies who adjust different parts with beauty and competence. This article dives into Poonam Bharti’s foundation, achievements, and qualities that separated her as a meriting champion of this award.
Insanony: Watch Instagram Stories Secretly - A Complete GuideTrending Blogers
Welcome to the world of social media, where Instagram reigns supreme! Today, we're going to explore a fascinating tool called Insanony that lets you watch Instagram Stories secretly. If you've ever wanted to view someone's story without them knowing, this blog is for you. We'll delve into everything you need to know about Insanony with Trending Blogers!
This edition features a handful of business America's Trendsetting Interior Designer Showcasing Interior Excellence that are at the forefront of leading us into a digital future
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
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Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
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1. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
探索語言
Forming sentences
chenhaochiu@ntu.edu.tw
Mar. 8, 2022
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2. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Outlines
In today’s lecture, we will be talking about:
1 Rethinking language structures
2 Composition and constituency
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4. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Rethinking language structures
我在街上看見一個殺了殺了殺了人的人的人的人。
I saw a person who killed a person who killed a person
who killed a person who killed a person on the street.
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5. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Rethinking language structures
我在街上看見一個殺了殺了殺了人的人的人的人。
I saw a person who killed a person who killed a person
who killed a person who killed a person on the street.
Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo
buffalo.
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6. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Rethinking language structures
我在街上看見一個殺了殺了殺了人的人的人的人。
I saw a person who killed a person who killed a person
who killed a person who killed a person on the street.
Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo
buffalo.
(The) Buffalo buffalo (that) Buffalo buffalo (often)
buffalo (in turn) buffalo (other) Buffalo buffalo.(時常
被水牛城水牛恫嚇的水牛城水牛於是恫嚇其他水牛城
水牛)。
[(Buffalonian bison) (that) (Buffalonian bison
intimidate)] intimidate (Buffalonian bison)
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8. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Architecture
Defining characters:
Greek: triangular roof, pillars
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9. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Architecture
Defining characters:
Greek: triangular roof, pillars
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10. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Architecture
Defining characters:
Greek: triangular roof, pillars
Roman Greek + arch
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11. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Architecture
Defining characters:
Byzantine: onion head
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12. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Architecture
Defining characters:
Byzantine: onion head
Gothic: tall, mosaic glasses
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13. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Architecture
Defining characters:
Byzantine: onion head
Gothic: tall, mosaic glasses
Renaissance: symmetric
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14. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Architecture
Defining characters:
Byzantine: onion head
Gothic: tall, mosaic glasses
Renaissance: symmetric
Baroque: contrast; “rich” surface
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15. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
The composition
“Words” are (relatively) easy to identify. And they are
very important for language use. But, these basic units
(elements) do not just occur randomly or arbitrarily.
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16. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
The composition
“Words” are (relatively) easy to identify. And they are
very important for language use. But, these basic units
(elements) do not just occur randomly or arbitrarily.
Random piles of rocks or stones don’t make
“buildings.” (i.e., they don’t serve any functions.)
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17. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
The composition
“Words” are (relatively) easy to identify. And they are
very important for language use. But, these basic units
(elements) do not just occur randomly or arbitrarily.
Random piles of rocks or stones don’t make
“buildings.” (i.e., they don’t serve any functions.)
“Words” are combined in a systematic way to make a
larger, more complicated structure. These structures
thus convey meanings for communication.
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18. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
The composition
“Words” are (relatively) easy to identify. And they are
very important for language use. But, these basic units
(elements) do not just occur randomly or arbitrarily.
Random piles of rocks or stones don’t make
“buildings.” (i.e., they don’t serve any functions.)
“Words” are combined in a systematic way to make a
larger, more complicated structure. These structures
thus convey meanings for communication.
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19. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
The composition
There are just too many sentences to list.
Speakers know more than lists.
The way words are organized into sentences is not
random. There are patterns.
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20. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
The composition
There are just too many sentences to list.
Speakers know more than lists.
The way words are organized into sentences is not
random. There are patterns.
⇒ Syntax
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21. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Languages are not buildings?
https://youtu.be/7 ToAF46GPQ
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22. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Languages are not buildings?
https://youtu.be/7 ToAF46GPQ
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23. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Languages are not buildings?
https://youtu.be/7 ToAF46GPQ
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27. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
B-line buses in Vancouver
B for Broadway?
If there is B-line, then where is A-line (bus)?
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30. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
B-line buses in Vancouver
B for bee?
Wiki: a bee line is the shortest route or a straight line
between two points.
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31. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Rethinking language structures
Language structures are like architecture, but they are
expressed linearly/sequentially.
How do we break sentences into pieces
“systematically?”
我在街上看見一個殺了殺了殺了人的人的人的人。
Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo
buffalo.
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33. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Languages as bee line?
How do we break sentences into pieces “systematically?”
羅馬人對建築工程的重大貢獻,是發明了一種被稱為
「黏漿」(Caementum) 的萬用材料,這是一種用火山
灰岩、石灰和水拌成的石漿,再加上碎石或碎磚,用
之於建築業,非常堅固,又增添色彩。這就是世界上
第一種足以支撐大跨度建築的混凝土。羅馬人發明了
混凝土,從此大拱門、大圓頂、大拱頂就都能獨立,
而無需像古希臘建築那樣靠許多柱子來支撐了,從而
成為世界建築史上劃時代的創舉。
(原文網址: https://kknews.cc/travel/oegga5.html)
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34. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Languages as bee line?
n-gram?
羅馬人對建築工程的重大貢獻,是發明了一種被稱
為「黏漿」(Caementum) 的萬用材料,這是一種用火
山灰岩、石灰和水拌成的石漿,再加上碎石或碎
磚,用之於建築業,非常堅固,又增添色彩。這就
是世界上第一種足以支撐大跨度建築的混凝土。羅馬
人發明了混凝土,從此大拱門、大圓頂、大拱頂就都
能獨立,而無需像古希臘建築那樣靠許多柱子來支撐
了,從而成為世界建築史上劃時代的創舉。
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35. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Languages as bee line?
Positions?
羅馬人對建築工程的重大貢獻,是發明了一種被稱為
「黏漿」(Caementum) 的萬用材料,這是一種用火山
灰岩、石灰和水拌成的石漿,再加上碎石或碎磚,用
之於建築業,非常堅固,又增添色彩。這就是世界上
第一種足以支撐大跨度建築的混凝土。羅馬人發明了
混凝土,從此大拱門、大圓頂、大拱頂就都能獨
立,而無需像古希臘建築那樣靠許多柱子來支撐
了,從而成為世界建築史上劃時代的創舉。
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36. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Languages as bee line?
Parts of speech?
羅馬人對建築工程的重大貢獻,是發明了一種被稱為
「黏漿」(Caementum) 的萬用材料,這是一種用火
山灰岩、石灰和水拌成的石漿,再加上碎石或碎
磚,用之於建築業,非常堅固,又增添色彩。這
就是世界上第一種足以支撐大跨度建築的混凝土。羅
馬人發明了混凝土,從此大拱門、大圓頂、大拱頂就
都能獨立,而無需像古希臘建築那樣靠許多柱子來支
撐了,從而成為世界建築史上劃時代的創舉。
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37. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Languages as bee line?
Parts of speech?
羅馬人對建築工程的重大貢獻,是發明了一種被稱為
「黏漿」(Caementum) 的萬用材料,這是一種用火
山灰岩、石灰和水拌成的石漿,再加上碎石或碎
磚,用之於建築業,非常堅固,又增添色彩。這
就是世界上第一種足以支撐大跨度建築的混凝土。羅
馬人發明了混凝土,從此大拱門、大圓頂、大拱頂就
都能獨立,而無需像古希臘建築那樣靠許多柱子來支
撐了,從而成為世界建築史上劃時代的創舉。
Do you find any patterns?
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38. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Parts of speech
As in architecture, buildings are composed of different
“elements” and “parts” that serve different functions.
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39. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Parts of speech
As in architecture, buildings are composed of different
“elements” and “parts” that serve different functions.
Speech, too! What are the “parts of speech?”
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40. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Parts of speech
As in architecture, buildings are composed of different
“elements” and “parts” that serve different functions.
Speech, too! What are the “parts of speech?”
Some lexical categories: noun, verb, participle,
interjection, pronoun, preposition, adverb,
and conjunction.
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41. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Parts of speech
As in architecture, buildings are composed of different
“elements” and “parts” that serve different functions.
Speech, too! What are the “parts of speech?”
Some lexical categories: noun, verb, participle,
interjection, pronoun, preposition, adverb,
and conjunction.
Parts of speech are also called lexical categories,
word classes.
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42. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Testing for categories
1 Affixation: walk, walks, walked vs. Fred, yellow
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43. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Testing for categories
1 Affixation: walk, walks, walked vs. Fred, yellow
2 Distribution:
apple fell straight to the ground.
An apple straight to the ground.
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44. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Testing for categories
1 Affixation: walk, walks, walked vs. Fred, yellow
2 Distribution:
apple fell straight to the ground.
An apple straight to the ground.
3 Meaning: Doraemon, the moon, ... etc.
⇒ Both names are directly referring to (specific)
individuals in the world. (But this test doesn’t always
capture all the words that actually go in the category.)
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45. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Generative rules
How are these categories organized in sentences?
Alice sighed.
N V
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46. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Generative rules
How are these categories organized in sentences?
Alice sighed.
N V
The rabbit sighed.
DET N V
The rabbit saw Alice.
DET N V N
The girl saw the rabbit.
DET N V DET N
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47. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Generative rules
How are these categories organized in sentences?
Alice sighed.
N V
The rabbit sighed.
DET N V
The rabbit saw Alice.
DET N V N
The girl saw the rabbit.
DET N V DET N
The white rabbit left.
DET ADJ N V
The white rabbit saw Alice.
DET ADJ N V N
The girl saw the white rabbit.
DET N V DET ADJ N
(DET = determiner)
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48. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Generative rules
The sentences structures from the previous slide:
S → N V
S → DET N V
S → DET N V N
S → DET N V DET N
S → DET ADJ N V
S → DET ADJ N V N
S → DET N V DET ADJ N
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49. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Generative rules
The sentences structures from the previous slide:
S → N V
S → DET N V
S → DET N V N
S → DET N V DET N
S → DET ADJ N V
S → DET ADJ N V N
S → DET N V DET ADJ N
Listing all possible structures appears a little redundant.
Can we make them more generalized and comprehensive?
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50. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Generative rules
S → N V
S → DET N V
S → DET N V N
S → DET N V DET N
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51. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Generative rules
S → N V
S → DET N V
S → DET N V N
S → DET N V DET N
⇒ N can be either N or DET
N.
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52. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Generative rules
S → N V
S → DET N V
S → DET N V N
S → DET N V DET N
⇒ N can be either N or DET
N.
⇒ (DET) N
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53. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Generative rules
S → N V
S → DET N V
S → DET N V N
S → DET N V DET N
⇒ N can be either N or DET
N.
⇒ (DET) N
S → DET ADJ N V
S → DET ADJ N V N
S → DET N V DET ADJ N
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54. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Generative rules
S → N V
S → DET N V
S → DET N V N
S → DET N V DET N
⇒ N can be either N or DET
N.
⇒ (DET) N
S → DET ADJ N V
S → DET ADJ N V N
S → DET N V DET ADJ N
⇒ N can be N, DET N, or
DET ADJ N.
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55. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Generative rules
S → N V
S → DET N V
S → DET N V N
S → DET N V DET N
⇒ N can be either N or DET
N.
⇒ (DET) N
S → DET ADJ N V
S → DET ADJ N V N
S → DET N V DET ADJ N
⇒ N can be N, DET N, or
DET ADJ N.
⇒ (DET) (ADJ) N
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56. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Generative rules
S → N V
S → DET N V
S → DET N V N
S → DET N V DET N
⇒ N can be either N or DET
N.
⇒ (DET) N
S → DET ADJ N V
S → DET ADJ N V N
S → DET N V DET ADJ N
⇒ N can be N, DET N, or
DET ADJ N.
⇒ (DET) (ADJ) N
So far: S → (DET) (ADJ) N V ((DET) (ADJ) N)
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57. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Generative rules
What about “Mary knows that Alice sighed”?
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58. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Generative rules
What about “Mary knows that Alice sighed”?
A sentence can be embedded within another sentence!
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59. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Generative rules
What about “Mary knows that Alice sighed”?
A sentence can be embedded within another sentence!
Shall we revise our sentence structure?
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60. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Generative rules
What about “Mary knows that Alice sighed”?
A sentence can be embedded within another sentence!
Shall we revise our sentence structure?
How about S → (DET) (ADJ) N V (that) (S)?
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61. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Generative rules
What about “Mary knows that Alice sighed”?
A sentence can be embedded within another sentence!
Shall we revise our sentence structure?
How about S → (DET) (ADJ) N V (that) (S)?
What does that predict?
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62. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Generative rules
What about “Mary knows that Alice sighed”?
A sentence can be embedded within another sentence!
Shall we revise our sentence structure?
How about S → (DET) (ADJ) N V (that) (S)?
What does that predict?
⇒ Recursiveness
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63. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Word order
Different languages may have different word orders.
(cf. the architectural styles)
SVO: English, Mandarin, ... etc.
SOV: Korean, Japanese, Turkish, ... etc.
VSO: Arabic, Irish, ... etc.
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64. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Word order
Different languages may have different word orders.
(cf. the architectural styles)
SVO: English, Mandarin, ... etc.
SOV: Korean, Japanese, Turkish, ... etc.
VSO: Arabic, Irish, ... etc.
About 35% of the world’s languages have the order of
SVO.
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65. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Word order
Different languages may have different word orders.
(cf. the architectural styles)
SVO: English, Mandarin, ... etc.
SOV: Korean, Japanese, Turkish, ... etc.
VSO: Arabic, Irish, ... etc.
About 35% of the world’s languages have the order of
SVO.
What about SOV?
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66. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Word order
Different languages may have different word orders.
(cf. the architectural styles)
SVO: English, Mandarin, ... etc.
SOV: Korean, Japanese, Turkish, ... etc.
VSO: Arabic, Irish, ... etc.
About 35% of the world’s languages have the order of
SVO.
What about SOV? 44%
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67. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Word order
Different languages may have different word orders.
(cf. the architectural styles)
SVO: English, Mandarin, ... etc.
SOV: Korean, Japanese, Turkish, ... etc.
VSO: Arabic, Irish, ... etc.
About 35% of the world’s languages have the order of
SVO.
What about SOV? 44%
About 19% of languages, including Arabic and Irish,
have VSO word order.
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68. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Word order
The remaining patterns, VOS, OVS, and OSV, are
quite rare. Below is an example of Malagasy, a VOS
Austronesian language spoken in Madagascar.
Manasa lamba amin’ny savony ny lehilahy
washes clothes with-the soap the man
‘The man washes clothes with the soap.’
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69. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Word order
While it may be convenient to label a language as
being VOS, SOV, etc., such labels can be misleading.
Consider the following German examples.
1 Karl kocht die Suppe.
Karl cooks the soup
‘Karl is cooking the soup.’
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70. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Word order
While it may be convenient to label a language as
being VOS, SOV, etc., such labels can be misleading.
Consider the following German examples.
1 Karl kocht die Suppe.
Karl cooks the soup
‘Karl is cooking the soup.’
⇒ SVO
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71. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Word order
While it may be convenient to label a language as
being VOS, SOV, etc., such labels can be misleading.
Consider the following German examples.
1 Karl kocht die Suppe.
Karl cooks the soup
‘Karl is cooking the soup.’
⇒ SVO
2 Magda ist froh, dass Karl die Suppe kocht.
Magda is happy that Karl the soup cooks
‘Magda is happy that Karl is cooking the soup.’
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72. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Word order
While it may be convenient to label a language as
being VOS, SOV, etc., such labels can be misleading.
Consider the following German examples.
1 Karl kocht die Suppe.
Karl cooks the soup
‘Karl is cooking the soup.’
⇒ SVO
2 Magda ist froh, dass Karl die Suppe kocht.
Magda is happy that Karl the soup cooks
‘Magda is happy that Karl is cooking the soup.’
⇒ The subordinate clause has an SOV order.
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73. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Word order
Word orders are not only restricted to Subjects (S),
Verbs (V), and Objects (O). Compare the following
examples, comparing the order between the noun and
the determiner.
1 [English]: these books. *books these
2 [Malay]: buku-buku ini
books these
‘these books’
*ini buku-buku
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74. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Word order
Constraints for prepositions:
Sally finally met with that person.
*Sally finally met that person with.
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75. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Word order
Constraints for prepositions:
Sally finally met with that person.
*Sally finally met that person with.
Now consider Japanese:
kono kodomo to
this child with
‘with this child’
*to kono kodomo
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76. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Word order
Constraints for prepositions:
Sally finally met with that person.
*Sally finally met that person with.
Now consider Japanese:
kono kodomo to
this child with
‘with this child’
*to kono kodomo
⇒ Postposition
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77. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Constituents
OK. It looks like these generative rules work just fine,
though this linear combination (sort of) hints that
stronger relationships should lie between neighbours.
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78. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Constituents
OK. It looks like these generative rules work just fine,
though this linear combination (sort of) hints that
stronger relationships should lie between neighbours.
Consider: The child found a puppy.
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79. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Constituents
OK. It looks like these generative rules work just fine,
though this linear combination (sort of) hints that
stronger relationships should lie between neighbours.
Consider: The child found a puppy.
Do you think “a puppy” (DET N) has a stronger
relationship than “found a” (V DET)?
(NB: The generative rules either suggest that DET-N
and V-DET should be equal in terms of relationship,
or fail to reveal that there is a difference between these
neighbouring units!)
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80. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Constituents
So things that bear a stronger relationship should be
grouped together, at least structurally.
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81. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Constituents
So things that bear a stronger relationship should be
grouped together, at least structurally.
The child found a puppy.
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82. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Constituents
So things that bear a stronger relationship should be
grouped together, at least structurally.
The child found a puppy.
⇒ [The child] [found] [a puppy].
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83. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Constituents
So things that bear a stronger relationship should be
grouped together, at least structurally.
The child found a puppy.
⇒ [The child] [found] [a puppy].
In linguistics, we call these grouping “constituents.”
(This term is more straightforward in a tree-like
structure, which we will come back to in a few slides.)
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84. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Constituents
How do we know if a group is a true constituent? There are
some tests.
1 Stand alone: If a group of words can stand alone
(usually in answering a question), they form a
constituent. For example,
“What did the child find?” “A puppy.”
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85. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Constituents
How do we know if a group is a true constituent? There are
some tests.
1 Stand alone: If a group of words can stand alone
(usually in answering a question), they form a
constituent. For example,
“What did the child find?” “A puppy.”
2 Replacement: Natural groups can be substituted by a
pronoun or a word like “do.” For example,
“Where did the child find a puppy?” “He found it in
the park.”
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86. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Constituents
How do we know if a group is a true constituent? There are
some tests.
1 Stand alone: If a group of words can stand alone
(usually in answering a question), they form a
constituent. For example,
“What did the child find?” “A puppy.”
2 Replacement: Natural groups can be substituted by a
pronoun or a word like “do.” For example,
“Where did the child find a puppy?” “He found it in
the park.”
3 Movement: If a group of words can be moved together
and remain grammatical, they form a constituent. For
example,
“A puppy was found by the child.”
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87. Rethinking language structures Composition and constituency
Constituents
YOUR CONTRIBUTION
• Give some examples (in any language you know) showing
where the constituency may (seemingly) fail. For example,
你在家嗎?
⇒ 「在!」
天能你看了嗎?
⇒ 「看了。」
「我咖啡、他可樂」
[Japanese] Hoshii! (meaning “(I) want (this).”)
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