The document provides an overview of the humanitarian situation in Ukraine as of December 2014. It notes that over 1 million people have been displaced from eastern Ukraine and Crimea due to ongoing conflict and insecurity in the Donbas region. Around 508,000 people are internally displaced within Ukraine, while over 545,000 have fled abroad. The civilian population faces risks from the violence, with protection concerns rising as civilian casualties increase. Displaced families require emergency shelter and warm clothes/supplies to survive the winter. Humanitarian access to deliver assistance remains limited in some active conflict zones.
Conflict-related Displacement in Ukraine: Increased Vulnerabilities of Affect...DonbassFullAccess
In August 2014 the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM) published its first thematic report on internal displacement in Ukraine. The existence of critical voices in some host communities towards internally displaced persons (IDPs) was raised as an emerging issue. Two years after the start of the conflict in and around Ukraine, similar concerns to the ones voiced in 2014 still exist and are now compounded by new challenges. The SMM monitors spoke to more than 1,600 IDPs and members of host communities across the country in order to assess the impact of the ongoing conflict and long-term displacement on IDPs and their relations with host communities.
Refugee Integration in Urban Areas_January 2017_InnaBInna Branzburg
This document is a thesis submitted by Inna Branzburg examining refugee integration in urban areas, using the city of Utica, New York as a case study. It begins with an introduction describing the global refugee crisis and issues of refugee resettlement. The thesis then reviews refugee resettlement policies in the US and Canada, defines integration and key indicators. It provides background on Utica and analyzes the refugee resettlement process there as well as impacts on housing, employment, education, social connections and urban development. The conclusion provides recommendations to improve refugee integration in Utica, focusing on housing, neighborhood conditions, employment, transportation, civic engagement and social connections.
«Nobody Wants Us»: The Alienated Civilians of Eastern UkraineDonbassFullAccess
This document summarizes a report by the International Crisis Group on the situation facing civilians in eastern Ukraine. It finds that after four years of conflict, civilians on both sides of the front lines face deteriorating living conditions and a growing sense of abandonment by both Kyiv and Moscow. While a political settlement is needed, the parties have made little progress. In the meantime, Kyiv should improve its policies toward conflict-affected civilians to distinguish them from rebel leaders and lay the groundwork for peace. This includes honoring pension obligations, protecting civilians, acknowledging grievances, and restoring freedom of movement and access to services. International partners should encourage more inclusive policies to support implementation of the Minsk agreements.
Renewed fighting in eastern Ukraine has led to additional displacement, civilian casualties, and destruction of infrastructure. As of January 21st, over 921,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) have been registered across Ukraine. Indiscriminate shelling continues to impact civilians and damage hospitals and water systems. Humanitarian access to non-government controlled areas remains constrained by insecurity and new bureaucratic hurdles. The humanitarian community is advocating for improved access and the protection of civilians amid the ongoing conflict.
Memorandum of the 4th Section of the International Security Forum - "MILITARY AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF SECURITY IN CEE– SEARCHING FOR COMMON ANSWERS", April 16, 2010, Lviv, Ukraine
This document summarizes Ukraine's ongoing struggles with reforms, security challenges, and anti-corruption efforts since the 2014 Euromaidan revolution. Key points include:
1) Ukraine faces ongoing security threats from Russian aggression and interference while also struggling with reforms in governance, economic policy, and anti-corruption efforts due to resistance from entrenched political and business interests.
2) Significant reforms have been undertaken in some areas like macroeconomic policy, energy sector, and banking, but resistance remains for deeper reforms in governance, rule of law, and reducing the influence of oligarchs.
3) Civil society has played an important role in supporting reforms but faces challenges in connecting with citizens and maintaining reform momentum against powerful
Report on IOM's assistance to conflict-affected people in Ukraine, November-D...DonbassFullAccess
1. The document summarizes the humanitarian situation in Ukraine as a result of the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine. It notes that over 1.4 million people are internally displaced and millions more are affected.
2. IOM has assisted nearly 200,000 internally displaced persons and conflict-affected individuals through humanitarian aid, livelihood support, and community development projects.
3. The humanitarian organizations are appealing for $187 million to help 2.3 million of the most vulnerable individuals in Ukraine.
The document discusses the evolving partnership between Russia and China over the past few decades. It notes that relations have strengthened significantly since the 1990s, with the two countries establishing a strategic partnership in 1996. Key aspects of their cooperation examined include growing military exercises and arms sales between the two militaries, increasing trade volumes but a need for trade to be more balanced, cooperation on energy issues including Russian energy exports to China, and alignment on opposing US unilateralism and supporting multilateralism geopolitically. The relationship demonstrates close political, economic and military ties that are expected to deepen further.
Conflict-related Displacement in Ukraine: Increased Vulnerabilities of Affect...DonbassFullAccess
In August 2014 the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM) published its first thematic report on internal displacement in Ukraine. The existence of critical voices in some host communities towards internally displaced persons (IDPs) was raised as an emerging issue. Two years after the start of the conflict in and around Ukraine, similar concerns to the ones voiced in 2014 still exist and are now compounded by new challenges. The SMM monitors spoke to more than 1,600 IDPs and members of host communities across the country in order to assess the impact of the ongoing conflict and long-term displacement on IDPs and their relations with host communities.
Refugee Integration in Urban Areas_January 2017_InnaBInna Branzburg
This document is a thesis submitted by Inna Branzburg examining refugee integration in urban areas, using the city of Utica, New York as a case study. It begins with an introduction describing the global refugee crisis and issues of refugee resettlement. The thesis then reviews refugee resettlement policies in the US and Canada, defines integration and key indicators. It provides background on Utica and analyzes the refugee resettlement process there as well as impacts on housing, employment, education, social connections and urban development. The conclusion provides recommendations to improve refugee integration in Utica, focusing on housing, neighborhood conditions, employment, transportation, civic engagement and social connections.
«Nobody Wants Us»: The Alienated Civilians of Eastern UkraineDonbassFullAccess
This document summarizes a report by the International Crisis Group on the situation facing civilians in eastern Ukraine. It finds that after four years of conflict, civilians on both sides of the front lines face deteriorating living conditions and a growing sense of abandonment by both Kyiv and Moscow. While a political settlement is needed, the parties have made little progress. In the meantime, Kyiv should improve its policies toward conflict-affected civilians to distinguish them from rebel leaders and lay the groundwork for peace. This includes honoring pension obligations, protecting civilians, acknowledging grievances, and restoring freedom of movement and access to services. International partners should encourage more inclusive policies to support implementation of the Minsk agreements.
Renewed fighting in eastern Ukraine has led to additional displacement, civilian casualties, and destruction of infrastructure. As of January 21st, over 921,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) have been registered across Ukraine. Indiscriminate shelling continues to impact civilians and damage hospitals and water systems. Humanitarian access to non-government controlled areas remains constrained by insecurity and new bureaucratic hurdles. The humanitarian community is advocating for improved access and the protection of civilians amid the ongoing conflict.
Memorandum of the 4th Section of the International Security Forum - "MILITARY AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF SECURITY IN CEE– SEARCHING FOR COMMON ANSWERS", April 16, 2010, Lviv, Ukraine
This document summarizes Ukraine's ongoing struggles with reforms, security challenges, and anti-corruption efforts since the 2014 Euromaidan revolution. Key points include:
1) Ukraine faces ongoing security threats from Russian aggression and interference while also struggling with reforms in governance, economic policy, and anti-corruption efforts due to resistance from entrenched political and business interests.
2) Significant reforms have been undertaken in some areas like macroeconomic policy, energy sector, and banking, but resistance remains for deeper reforms in governance, rule of law, and reducing the influence of oligarchs.
3) Civil society has played an important role in supporting reforms but faces challenges in connecting with citizens and maintaining reform momentum against powerful
Report on IOM's assistance to conflict-affected people in Ukraine, November-D...DonbassFullAccess
1. The document summarizes the humanitarian situation in Ukraine as a result of the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine. It notes that over 1.4 million people are internally displaced and millions more are affected.
2. IOM has assisted nearly 200,000 internally displaced persons and conflict-affected individuals through humanitarian aid, livelihood support, and community development projects.
3. The humanitarian organizations are appealing for $187 million to help 2.3 million of the most vulnerable individuals in Ukraine.
The document discusses the evolving partnership between Russia and China over the past few decades. It notes that relations have strengthened significantly since the 1990s, with the two countries establishing a strategic partnership in 1996. Key aspects of their cooperation examined include growing military exercises and arms sales between the two militaries, increasing trade volumes but a need for trade to be more balanced, cooperation on energy issues including Russian energy exports to China, and alignment on opposing US unilateralism and supporting multilateralism geopolitically. The relationship demonstrates close political, economic and military ties that are expected to deepen further.
Politburo 2.0 works as a network structure. It is an informal agency and there is no formalization of its functions, such as general meetings.
Sectoral branches are distributed among its members, who offer their management schemes within their competence.
Report on IOM's assistance to conflict-affected people in Ukraine, June 2016DonbassFullAccess
The document summarizes IOM's assistance to conflict-affected people in Ukraine in June 2016. It notes that over 1.7 million people have been internally displaced from Crimea and eastern Ukraine due to the ongoing conflict. In June, IOM assisted nearly 112,000 vulnerable IDPs and conflict-affected individuals across 21 Ukrainian regions, providing humanitarian aid, livelihood support, and community development assistance. A conference was held in Kyiv to discuss further support for IDP integration and social cohesion between IDPs and host communities.
Eastern Ukraine has been in a humanitarian crisis since March 2014, when armed conflict erupted between separatists and Ukrainian armed forces. Separatists now control most of eastern Donetsk region, and a small area of southern Luhansk region. Despite two successive ceasefires in September 2014 and February 2015, the humanitarian situation has continued to worsen through the breakdown of law and order, separation of families and communities, the destruction of infrastructures and disruption to essential services. The humanitarian crisis is continuing to deteriorate and 4 million people are in need of humanitarian assistance and more than2.8 million have been displaced.
Protection and health are of particular concern in conflict areas, particularly as a large number of older people are affected. Humanitarian access to certain areas remains very limited, particularly in zones where armed hostilities are taking place, and hampering the delivery of humanitarian assistance to the most vulnerable people who are in need of humanitarian aid due to the combined impact of conflict, displacement and extreme poverty. Virtually all international aid organisations have been banned from non-government areas.
Since the start of the conflict, population face shortages in food, health services, water & sanitation facilities, basic household items and shelter, and suffer from psychological distress.
Lillith Solomon Undergraduate Research PresentationLillithSolomon
This is a summary of my paper Russia’s Manipulative Influence in the Politics of Serbia and the United States:
Breaking the Grip of United States Unipolarity
THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF POPULATION DISPLACEMENT IN UKRAINE: THE RISKS OF M...DonbassFullAccess
This project explores the experiences of Ukrainians displaced by Russia’s annexation of Crimea and its de facto invasion of Ukraine’s eastern regions through the use of intersectional and interdisciplinary approaches. The project uses qualitative methodologies, namely, in-depth and semi-structured interviews with IDPs (n=104) and representatives of NGOs, international organisations, central authorities and regional authorities in Lviv, Kyiv, Chernihiv, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Zaporizhia and Mariupol oblast (n=25), as well as two focus groups with IDPs in northern oblasts. The project has also involved
collaboration with the Ukrainian Catholic University, and with the NGOs Dobrochyn, the Chernihiv Centre for Human Rights, Donbas SOS and the Platform for Cultural Initiatives
IZOLYATSIA.
The empirical work for this project was conducted in 2017-2018, which allows reflection on changes in IDPs’ situation after almost four years of conflict (see Kuznetsova 2017), as well as evaluation of the social consequences of recent changes in legislation regarding displaced people in Ukraine. In addition, the project team gathered secondary statistical data to facilitate the economic analysis. The study has also made use of a number of large-scale IDP needs assessments and cash assistance reports which, funded by the European Union, USAID and the governments of Japan and Canada, have been implemented by the International Organization for Migration and other UN agencies, with the assistance of Ukraine’s Ministry of Social Policy and Ministry for Temporarily Occupied Territories and IDPs. The economic analysis also relies on a series of accounts by investigative journalists and personal testimonies from the non-government controlled areas of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts.
The Russia-China partnership has developed over the past 20 years based on several factors:
1) They have a long historical relationship with few conflicts compared to Russia's relationships with other countries.
2) They have parallel experiences with imperial decline in the 19th century and revolutions in the early 20th century.
3) Currently, they share geopolitical interests in opposing US unilateralism and hegemony.
4) Economic cooperation has increased but remains asymmetrical, with Russia exporting energy and arms and China exporting manufactured goods.
5) Ideologically, they both favor state-capitalist models and defense of sovereignty over Western democracy promotion.
This document summarizes trends in Eastern Europe and Russia's neighboring regions. It discusses the failure of projects to integrate Eastern Europe, the rise of nationalism, and multi-speed integration in the region. It also analyzes political instability and clashes between clans in countries like Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, and Moldova. The document presents several scenarios for Ukraine's future and prognostications of continued instability and civil war. It concludes by noting other risks to stability like pressure on Central Asia from ISIS and conflicts in the Caucasus.
This document summarizes the role of women in the 2014 Ukraine crisis. It discusses how women lived under a patriarchal society prior to the crisis but played an instrumental role in the Maidan protests. Though the crisis negatively impacted women through increased militarization, violence, and economic hardship, it also raised awareness of political issues and women's participation in creating change. The document concludes that women playing a pivotal role alongside men in the Maidan protests is promising for increased gender equality in Ukraine, though economic and political reforms will take time.
How Americans are loved in Vietnam despite a brutal war? How China has to secure global leadership amid so many internal and external challenges? How China is eager to claim a global leadership - while living with Few Friends but with more Rivals? What are the prospective Political Reforms that follows the full commitment to UNIVERSAL HUMAN VALUES, CAN GIVE CHINA A WIDER GLOBAL RECOGNITION AND ACCEPTABILITY FOR ITS GLOBAL LEADERSHIP.
This document discusses the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung's new project "Politics for Europe" which aims to demonstrate the opportunities of social democracy and politics in Europe. It will focus on issues of democratic Europe, economic and social policy, and foreign security policy. The project will involve publications and events from 2015-2017 to engage citizens and policymakers. It also provides background on the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, a German political foundation aligned with social democracy.
The document discusses leadership changes in China and the US and the challenges in the relationship between the two countries. It summarizes Xi Jinping's diplomatic visit to the US in February as he prepared to take over leadership in China. While there are disagreements, both countries recognize their economic interdependence and the importance of cooperation. The leadership transitions in both countries will shape how China-US relations are redefined during a time of global challenges.
1) The document discusses how climate change could displace millions of people globally and strain existing refugee protection frameworks. It focuses on Russia's experience with migration and climate policies.
2) Russia established agencies like the Federal Migration Service after the Soviet Union's collapse to manage large influxes of ethnic Russian migrants from neighboring states. However, inconsistent regional policies undermined these efforts.
3) Russia is vulnerable to climate change impacts like permafrost thaw and flooding due to its geography and emissions. A 2009 climate doctrine committed to mitigation and recognized growing public concern about climate threats.
This document summarizes the humanitarian crisis in Ukraine as of December 31, 2016. It notes that 4.4 million people have been affected, including 580,000 children. 1.6 million people have been internally displaced. The conflict has caused thousands of deaths and injuries. Caritas Ukraine has provided assistance to nearly 383,000 people since May 2014, operating in 16 regions. Their assistance includes emergency shelter, food aid, medical support, livelihood support, and psychosocial support.
Report on IOM's assistance to conflict-affected people in Ukraine, January 2018DonbassFullAccess
The document provides information on internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Ukraine, highlighting:
- There are currently 1,492,851 IDPs in Ukraine according to government statistics. IOM has assisted over 205,000 vulnerable IDPs and conflict-affected individuals.
- Hostilities in late December in Novoluhanske village injured civilians and damaged infrastructure, forcing around 400 people to flee. Many remain displaced.
- The document profiles three women affected by the four-year conflict in eastern Ukraine, highlighting their difficult living situations as an IDP, resident of a "grey zone" village, and returnee to an isolated town with higher costs of living. It emphasizes the humanitarian needs in the conflict-
CAMEROON CRISIS WORSEN AND TAKES A CRITICAL PHASEMELO SAMA HASSAN
Cameroon at the phase of a civil war
Ambazonia war
Southern cameroon independence
Ambazonia war of restoration
Terorrism in cameroo
Anglophone crisis in cameroon
Report on IOM's assistance to conflict-affected people in Ukraine, July-Augus...DonbassFullAccess
1. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) assisted over 114,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) and people affected by conflict in Ukraine between July and August 2016. This included providing humanitarian aid, livelihood support, and community development projects across 21 regions of Ukraine.
2. IDPs have faced social tensions with local residents in some areas, with political views and financial conditions often causing issues. Nearly half of displaced women and over a third of displaced men want to move further for better employment opportunities.
3. IOM's assistance included renovating housing for 80 IDP families, installing new windows and heating systems. This helped displaced families settle into their new homes.
The document discusses the concept of thinking globally by understanding people and cultures around the world not as enemies but as living their lives for the same reasons. It emphasizes shedding views of "us vs them" and instead recognizing that all people live differently and existing assumptions are not constructive to mutual understanding and coexistence. The document then provides examples of current events and issues from countries around the world to illustrate global interconnectedness.
Conflict-related Displacement in Ukraine: Increased Vulnerabilities of Affect...DonbassFullAccess
In August 2014 the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM) published its first thematic report on internal displacement in Ukraine. The existence of critical voices in some host communities towards internally displaced persons (IDPs) was raised as an emerging issue. Two years after the start of the conflict in and around Ukraine, similar concerns to the ones voiced in 2014 still exist and are now compounded by new challenges. The SMM monitors spoke to more than 1,600 IDPs and members of host communities across the country in order to assess the impact of the ongoing conflict and long-term displacement on IDPs and their relations with host communities.
While the findings are not a complete assessment of the IDP situation in Ukraine, the SMM found that many IDPs continue to be exposed to severe hardship and suffer from the protracted displacement. The SMM notes, however, that the challenges faced by displaced persons in the non-government controlled areas may be of a different nature than the concerns of IDPs in the government-controlled areas. The SMM points out that the lack of access to specific data in non-government controlled areas precludes an overall comparative appraisal of the situation.
Citizens and the state in the government-controlled territories of the Donets...DonbassFullAccess
This document summarizes a study on citizens living in government-controlled territories near the contact line in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine. It provides background on the conflict, noting that military operations continue between Ukrainian forces and Russian-backed separatists. The study examines citizens' main concerns, which include security problems, access to social services and infrastructure like water and electricity, and socioeconomic issues exacerbated by the conflict like unemployment. It also looks at the government's efforts to address issues in these territories and promote reconciliation. Focus groups and interviews were conducted with residents to understand their perspectives and ideas for improving relations with authorities.
This report summarizes the humanitarian situation in Ukraine as of November 28, 2014. It notes that over 490,000 people are internally displaced within Ukraine and over 545,000 have fled to neighboring countries due to the ongoing conflict. The humanitarian response is addressing needs like winterization, repairing damaged infrastructure, and restoring livelihoods. However, challenges include restricted access in conflict areas, high unemployment from business closures, and the planned withdrawal of state services from areas controlled by armed groups.
Politburo 2.0 works as a network structure. It is an informal agency and there is no formalization of its functions, such as general meetings.
Sectoral branches are distributed among its members, who offer their management schemes within their competence.
Report on IOM's assistance to conflict-affected people in Ukraine, June 2016DonbassFullAccess
The document summarizes IOM's assistance to conflict-affected people in Ukraine in June 2016. It notes that over 1.7 million people have been internally displaced from Crimea and eastern Ukraine due to the ongoing conflict. In June, IOM assisted nearly 112,000 vulnerable IDPs and conflict-affected individuals across 21 Ukrainian regions, providing humanitarian aid, livelihood support, and community development assistance. A conference was held in Kyiv to discuss further support for IDP integration and social cohesion between IDPs and host communities.
Eastern Ukraine has been in a humanitarian crisis since March 2014, when armed conflict erupted between separatists and Ukrainian armed forces. Separatists now control most of eastern Donetsk region, and a small area of southern Luhansk region. Despite two successive ceasefires in September 2014 and February 2015, the humanitarian situation has continued to worsen through the breakdown of law and order, separation of families and communities, the destruction of infrastructures and disruption to essential services. The humanitarian crisis is continuing to deteriorate and 4 million people are in need of humanitarian assistance and more than2.8 million have been displaced.
Protection and health are of particular concern in conflict areas, particularly as a large number of older people are affected. Humanitarian access to certain areas remains very limited, particularly in zones where armed hostilities are taking place, and hampering the delivery of humanitarian assistance to the most vulnerable people who are in need of humanitarian aid due to the combined impact of conflict, displacement and extreme poverty. Virtually all international aid organisations have been banned from non-government areas.
Since the start of the conflict, population face shortages in food, health services, water & sanitation facilities, basic household items and shelter, and suffer from psychological distress.
Lillith Solomon Undergraduate Research PresentationLillithSolomon
This is a summary of my paper Russia’s Manipulative Influence in the Politics of Serbia and the United States:
Breaking the Grip of United States Unipolarity
THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF POPULATION DISPLACEMENT IN UKRAINE: THE RISKS OF M...DonbassFullAccess
This project explores the experiences of Ukrainians displaced by Russia’s annexation of Crimea and its de facto invasion of Ukraine’s eastern regions through the use of intersectional and interdisciplinary approaches. The project uses qualitative methodologies, namely, in-depth and semi-structured interviews with IDPs (n=104) and representatives of NGOs, international organisations, central authorities and regional authorities in Lviv, Kyiv, Chernihiv, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Zaporizhia and Mariupol oblast (n=25), as well as two focus groups with IDPs in northern oblasts. The project has also involved
collaboration with the Ukrainian Catholic University, and with the NGOs Dobrochyn, the Chernihiv Centre for Human Rights, Donbas SOS and the Platform for Cultural Initiatives
IZOLYATSIA.
The empirical work for this project was conducted in 2017-2018, which allows reflection on changes in IDPs’ situation after almost four years of conflict (see Kuznetsova 2017), as well as evaluation of the social consequences of recent changes in legislation regarding displaced people in Ukraine. In addition, the project team gathered secondary statistical data to facilitate the economic analysis. The study has also made use of a number of large-scale IDP needs assessments and cash assistance reports which, funded by the European Union, USAID and the governments of Japan and Canada, have been implemented by the International Organization for Migration and other UN agencies, with the assistance of Ukraine’s Ministry of Social Policy and Ministry for Temporarily Occupied Territories and IDPs. The economic analysis also relies on a series of accounts by investigative journalists and personal testimonies from the non-government controlled areas of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts.
The Russia-China partnership has developed over the past 20 years based on several factors:
1) They have a long historical relationship with few conflicts compared to Russia's relationships with other countries.
2) They have parallel experiences with imperial decline in the 19th century and revolutions in the early 20th century.
3) Currently, they share geopolitical interests in opposing US unilateralism and hegemony.
4) Economic cooperation has increased but remains asymmetrical, with Russia exporting energy and arms and China exporting manufactured goods.
5) Ideologically, they both favor state-capitalist models and defense of sovereignty over Western democracy promotion.
This document summarizes trends in Eastern Europe and Russia's neighboring regions. It discusses the failure of projects to integrate Eastern Europe, the rise of nationalism, and multi-speed integration in the region. It also analyzes political instability and clashes between clans in countries like Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, and Moldova. The document presents several scenarios for Ukraine's future and prognostications of continued instability and civil war. It concludes by noting other risks to stability like pressure on Central Asia from ISIS and conflicts in the Caucasus.
This document summarizes the role of women in the 2014 Ukraine crisis. It discusses how women lived under a patriarchal society prior to the crisis but played an instrumental role in the Maidan protests. Though the crisis negatively impacted women through increased militarization, violence, and economic hardship, it also raised awareness of political issues and women's participation in creating change. The document concludes that women playing a pivotal role alongside men in the Maidan protests is promising for increased gender equality in Ukraine, though economic and political reforms will take time.
How Americans are loved in Vietnam despite a brutal war? How China has to secure global leadership amid so many internal and external challenges? How China is eager to claim a global leadership - while living with Few Friends but with more Rivals? What are the prospective Political Reforms that follows the full commitment to UNIVERSAL HUMAN VALUES, CAN GIVE CHINA A WIDER GLOBAL RECOGNITION AND ACCEPTABILITY FOR ITS GLOBAL LEADERSHIP.
This document discusses the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung's new project "Politics for Europe" which aims to demonstrate the opportunities of social democracy and politics in Europe. It will focus on issues of democratic Europe, economic and social policy, and foreign security policy. The project will involve publications and events from 2015-2017 to engage citizens and policymakers. It also provides background on the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, a German political foundation aligned with social democracy.
The document discusses leadership changes in China and the US and the challenges in the relationship between the two countries. It summarizes Xi Jinping's diplomatic visit to the US in February as he prepared to take over leadership in China. While there are disagreements, both countries recognize their economic interdependence and the importance of cooperation. The leadership transitions in both countries will shape how China-US relations are redefined during a time of global challenges.
1) The document discusses how climate change could displace millions of people globally and strain existing refugee protection frameworks. It focuses on Russia's experience with migration and climate policies.
2) Russia established agencies like the Federal Migration Service after the Soviet Union's collapse to manage large influxes of ethnic Russian migrants from neighboring states. However, inconsistent regional policies undermined these efforts.
3) Russia is vulnerable to climate change impacts like permafrost thaw and flooding due to its geography and emissions. A 2009 climate doctrine committed to mitigation and recognized growing public concern about climate threats.
This document summarizes the humanitarian crisis in Ukraine as of December 31, 2016. It notes that 4.4 million people have been affected, including 580,000 children. 1.6 million people have been internally displaced. The conflict has caused thousands of deaths and injuries. Caritas Ukraine has provided assistance to nearly 383,000 people since May 2014, operating in 16 regions. Their assistance includes emergency shelter, food aid, medical support, livelihood support, and psychosocial support.
Report on IOM's assistance to conflict-affected people in Ukraine, January 2018DonbassFullAccess
The document provides information on internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Ukraine, highlighting:
- There are currently 1,492,851 IDPs in Ukraine according to government statistics. IOM has assisted over 205,000 vulnerable IDPs and conflict-affected individuals.
- Hostilities in late December in Novoluhanske village injured civilians and damaged infrastructure, forcing around 400 people to flee. Many remain displaced.
- The document profiles three women affected by the four-year conflict in eastern Ukraine, highlighting their difficult living situations as an IDP, resident of a "grey zone" village, and returnee to an isolated town with higher costs of living. It emphasizes the humanitarian needs in the conflict-
CAMEROON CRISIS WORSEN AND TAKES A CRITICAL PHASEMELO SAMA HASSAN
Cameroon at the phase of a civil war
Ambazonia war
Southern cameroon independence
Ambazonia war of restoration
Terorrism in cameroo
Anglophone crisis in cameroon
Report on IOM's assistance to conflict-affected people in Ukraine, July-Augus...DonbassFullAccess
1. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) assisted over 114,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) and people affected by conflict in Ukraine between July and August 2016. This included providing humanitarian aid, livelihood support, and community development projects across 21 regions of Ukraine.
2. IDPs have faced social tensions with local residents in some areas, with political views and financial conditions often causing issues. Nearly half of displaced women and over a third of displaced men want to move further for better employment opportunities.
3. IOM's assistance included renovating housing for 80 IDP families, installing new windows and heating systems. This helped displaced families settle into their new homes.
The document discusses the concept of thinking globally by understanding people and cultures around the world not as enemies but as living their lives for the same reasons. It emphasizes shedding views of "us vs them" and instead recognizing that all people live differently and existing assumptions are not constructive to mutual understanding and coexistence. The document then provides examples of current events and issues from countries around the world to illustrate global interconnectedness.
Conflict-related Displacement in Ukraine: Increased Vulnerabilities of Affect...DonbassFullAccess
In August 2014 the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM) published its first thematic report on internal displacement in Ukraine. The existence of critical voices in some host communities towards internally displaced persons (IDPs) was raised as an emerging issue. Two years after the start of the conflict in and around Ukraine, similar concerns to the ones voiced in 2014 still exist and are now compounded by new challenges. The SMM monitors spoke to more than 1,600 IDPs and members of host communities across the country in order to assess the impact of the ongoing conflict and long-term displacement on IDPs and their relations with host communities.
While the findings are not a complete assessment of the IDP situation in Ukraine, the SMM found that many IDPs continue to be exposed to severe hardship and suffer from the protracted displacement. The SMM notes, however, that the challenges faced by displaced persons in the non-government controlled areas may be of a different nature than the concerns of IDPs in the government-controlled areas. The SMM points out that the lack of access to specific data in non-government controlled areas precludes an overall comparative appraisal of the situation.
Citizens and the state in the government-controlled territories of the Donets...DonbassFullAccess
This document summarizes a study on citizens living in government-controlled territories near the contact line in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine. It provides background on the conflict, noting that military operations continue between Ukrainian forces and Russian-backed separatists. The study examines citizens' main concerns, which include security problems, access to social services and infrastructure like water and electricity, and socioeconomic issues exacerbated by the conflict like unemployment. It also looks at the government's efforts to address issues in these territories and promote reconciliation. Focus groups and interviews were conducted with residents to understand their perspectives and ideas for improving relations with authorities.
This report summarizes the humanitarian situation in Ukraine as of November 28, 2014. It notes that over 490,000 people are internally displaced within Ukraine and over 545,000 have fled to neighboring countries due to the ongoing conflict. The humanitarian response is addressing needs like winterization, repairing damaged infrastructure, and restoring livelihoods. However, challenges include restricted access in conflict areas, high unemployment from business closures, and the planned withdrawal of state services from areas controlled by armed groups.
Not so quiet on the eastern front: audit of the Minsk agreements and Ukraine`...DonbassFullAccess
This document provides a summary of a report that analyzes the Minsk agreements aimed at resolving the conflict in eastern Ukraine and Ukraine's options for reintegrating the occupied territories. The summary discusses key findings:
1) The Minsk agreements have failed to achieve a durable ceasefire or fully implement security measures due to ambiguous language and lack of sequencing of steps.
2) Implementation has stalled with ongoing fighting, restricted OSCE monitoring access, and prisoners still detained on both sides.
3) The Normandy format negotiations have political benefits for Ukraine by involving European partners who confirm Russia's responsibility, and linking sanctions relief to Minsk implementation.
The town of Mariinka has been at the center of conflict in eastern Ukraine since 2014. It has been repeatedly shelled by Russian-led forces, leading to numerous civilian casualties and widespread destruction of homes and infrastructure. Although a ceasefire was agreed to in Minsk, the shelling of Mariinka has continued on a near daily basis. As a result, many residents have been forced to evacuate while others live in difficult conditions, lacking basic services. Over four years of conflict, 41 residents have been killed according to official data. The constant shelling of civilian areas like Mariinka may constitute war crimes under international law.
Future of Ukraine and what the population will look like along with many very...Danon Real Estate
Over the past few years, Ukraine has faced a series of devastating challenges that have had a profound impact on its population and demographics. The war in eastern Ukraine, which began in 2014, has resulted in the loss of thousands of lives and has forced millions of people to flee their homes in search of safety and security. This mass migration has not only disrupted the lives of those directly affected by the conflict, but it has also had a significant impact on Ukraine’s overall population and future prospects.
Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 15 December 2014DonbassFullAccess
This is the eighth report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) on the situation of human rights in Ukraine based on the work of the Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine (HRMMU). The report covers the period from 1 to 30 November 2014. It describes the continued deterioration of the human rights situation in the eastern regions of Ukraine and in Crimea. The total breakdown in law and order and the violence and fighting in the eastern regions, fuelled by the cross-border inflow of heavy and sophisticated weaponry as well as foreign fighters, including from the Russian Federation, has for the past eight months had a direct impact on all fundamental human rights – including the security, liberty and well-being – of individuals living there.
Hardship for conflict-affected civilians in eastern UkraineDonbassFullAccess
The OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine continuously monitors conflictaffected areas and reports on the precarious humanitarian situation impacting the lives of the most vulnerable groups of the population in Ukraine. The SMM has observed that ongoing hostilities infringe on the living conditions of civilians on both sides of the contact line. This includes their access to adequate housing, safe drinking water, energy for cooking, heating, lighting, and access to essential medicine and basic health services, including psychological support. Civilians residing along the approximately 500-kilometre-long contact line are significantly affected by the conduct of hostilities including the presence of Ukrainian Armed Forces, so-called “LPR” and so-called “DPR” armed formations and the use of heavy weapons in or near their villages, cities and towns.
Hardship for conflict-affected civilians in eastern UkraineDonbassFullAccess
The OSCE report summarizes the hardship faced by civilians in eastern Ukraine due to ongoing conflict. It notes that hostilities have infringed on civilians' access to adequate housing, water, energy, and medical care. Civilians near the 500km contact line are significantly affected by the presence of armed groups and use of weapons in and near populated areas. Additionally, restrictions imposed on both sides of the contact line have negatively impacted civilians' economic and social rights. The humanitarian situation is described as volatile and deteriorating as long as hostilities continue and commitments in the Minsk agreements are not upheld.
This document provides an overview of the humanitarian situation in Ukraine as of November 2016. It estimates that 3.8 million people are in need of humanitarian assistance due to the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine between government forces and non-government controlled areas. Some of the key humanitarian needs include protection, access to goods and services, emergency shelter, water, health, and support to disrupted livelihoods. The conflict has caused thousands of casualties, damaged critical infrastructure, and displaced over 1.7 million people internally. Protection concerns remain high, especially for civilians living along the contact line.
The document provides an overview of the humanitarian situation in Ukraine as of November 2015. It estimates that 3.1 million people in Ukraine need humanitarian assistance due to the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine. The conflict has resulted in civilian deaths and injuries, massive displacement, and damage to housing and infrastructure. While violence has reduced since a ceasefire in February 2015, the humanitarian needs remain acute, especially for those living near the contact line. Emergency needs include water, food, health and shelter. Access to basic services has also been severely impacted.
This document outlines the revised 2015 Humanitarian Response Plan for Ukraine. It summarizes that due to intensification of the conflict and deterioration of the humanitarian situation, the plan has been revised to prioritize life-saving activities and revise financial requirements. While the substance remains largely the same, the number of people targeted has increased to 3.2 million. It provides strategic objectives to respond to protection needs, provide life-saving assistance, and improve access to early recovery activities. Key humanitarian issues are identified as winter shelter, access to services, protection, insecurity, humanitarian access, and displacement.
VOICES FROM THE EAST: Challenges in Registration, Documentation, Property and...DonbassFullAccess
This document represents the summary of consultations between the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) and local, and regional executive and judicial authorities, international humanitarian actors, national nongovernmental organisations, civil society initiatives, internally displaced persons (IDPs) and conflictaffected population in Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts concerning pressing issues in regard to access to civil and other documentation, IDP registration and services related to housing, land and property (HLP) rights. The consultations were conducted throughout 2016 during 21 roundtables and workshops and over 400 other bi/multilateral meetings with local authorities and organisations that work to address humanitarian needs in eastern Ukraine, as well as direct interaction with 30,000 beneficiaries in the course of implementation of NRC Information, Counselling and Legal Assistance.
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This Report aims to provide qualified information and insights from a unique of the actors working in eastern Ukraine, many in frontline communities about the key challenges facing displaced and conflictaffected communities in eastern Ukraine that can inform the policies and practices of NRC and other humanitarian actors, as well as the Government of Ukraine.
Strategic Response Plan by United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs targeted on the resolution of humanitarian crisis in the East of Ukraine. Original Publication Date: 04 December 2017.
The Ukraine-Russia conflict, also known as the Russo-Ukrainian war or the Ukraine-Russia war, is a complicated and ongoing conflict. Here are a few key realities:
Background:
The contention started in 2014 when Russia attached Crimea, a district that was beforehand essential for Ukraine. A wider conflict between Ukraine and pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine resulted from this action, which stoked tensions.
Ukraine's east: The majority of the fighting takes place in the easternmost regions of Ukraine, Donetsk and Luhansk, where separatist groups with support from Russia declared independence. The Donbass is the collective name given to these areas.
Casualties:
Numerous people have died as a result of the war. While exact figures are hard to decide, it is assessed that a large number of individuals, including regular people, troopers, and nonconformist contenders, have been killed since the contention started.
Situation of Emergency: Thousands of people have been internally displaced within Ukraine as a result of the war, and many more have sought refuge in neighboring nations. Many communities are in dire straits as a result of damage or destruction to their infrastructure, including homes, schools, and hospitals.
Global Reaction: The contention has gathered global consideration and judgment. Numerous nations, including the US, European Endorser states, and NATO, have forced sanctions on Russia because of its activities in Ukraine. There have been numerous diplomatic efforts and negotiations to reach a peaceful resolution, but no long-term solution has been reached.
Accords of Minsk: Two ceasefire agreements, the Minsk Protocol and the Minsk II Agreement, were signed in 2014 and 2015, respectively, with the intention of achieving a peaceful resolution. A ceasefire, the removal of heavy weapons from the front lines, and the establishment of a political process for resolving the conflict were the goals of these agreements. However, the conflict has continued despite repeated violations of the ceasefire.
Participation of Russia: Ukraine and a few Western nations have blamed Russia for offering military help, weapons, and faculty to the rebel bunches in eastern Ukraine. Despite evidence of significant Russian involvement, Russia denies direct involvement and refers to the conflict as an internal matter within Ukraine.
Impacts on Geopolitics: The conflict has increased tensions between Russia and the West to new heights and has had wider geopolitical repercussions. It has stressed Russia's relations with the US and European Patron states and has prompted expanded NATO presence in Eastern Europe as an obstacle measure.
War on Cyberspace:
Cyberwarfare has grown during the conflict, with both sides carrying out cyberattacks. These assaults have designated different areas, including government organizations, energy foundation, and news sources.
Current Nature: As of my insight cutoff in September 2021, t
This document summarizes the humanitarian crisis occurring along the 500km separation line between Ukrainian forces and Russian-backed separatists in eastern Ukraine. It estimates that around 100,000 civilians still live in frontline areas that see daily fighting, with troops and military equipment mixed in with civilian areas and homes. Both sides are said to violate a ceasefire agreement and use heavy weapons near civilian populations. The document calls on all sides to better separate troops from civilians and withdraw heavy weapons to reduce risks to civilians from the ongoing conflict.
Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 1 December 2014 to 15 Februar...DonbassFullAccess
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Ukraine strategic response plan (2015)
1. Photo credit: Top and Left – Mr. Olexandr Prilepa, agency ‘Unian'
2015HUMANITARIAN
NEEDS OVERVIEW
Ukraine
December 2014 Prepared on behalf of the Humanitarian Country Team
Impact of the crisis...........................3
Drivers and underlying factors........... 3
Geographic scope and demographic
profile of the crisis.............................. 5
Vulnerable groups ............................. 8
Number of pensioners (absolute
and ratio) per district....................... 8
Situation of the affected populations.. 9
Sector-Specific Needs....................... 9
Information gaps............................19
annex: operational environment....20
National and local capacity and
response.......................................... 20
International capacity and response 21
Humanitarian access and security
constraints....................................... 21
Physical access............................... 22
KEY HUMANITARIAN ISSUES
Ongoing Insecurity, Continued Displacement and Humanitarian Access
Insecurity in conflict-ridden Donbas region is ongoing and may increase.
Serious violations of the ceasefire agreed in Minsk, Belarus are being
reported daily and shelling has intensified in some areas of Donetsk and
Luhansk regions. At least 4,356 people have been killed (including 298
from flight MH-17) and 10,016 have been wounded in eastern Ukraine as
of 25 November (OHCHR/WHO).
The number of displaced is increasing on a weekly basis, requiring a
scale-up of humanitarian response. The number of people displaced within
the Ukraine has more than doubled, from 190,000 in late August 2014 to
over 508,000, while more than 545,000 (200,000 in late August) people
have fled to seek refuge in neighboring countries. While the burden on
host communities is increasing, humanitarian access to certain areas
remains limited, particularly in zones where armed hostilities are taking
place, and hampering the delivery of humanitarian assistance to the most
vulnerable.
Protection of Civilians
The civilian population is paying the highest price in the conflict. Protection
of civilians is an overarching concern as civilian casualties and injuries are
rising, the trust between communities is breaking down and people
continue to flee seeking refuge. There has been a marked disregard for
the principles of international humanitarian law, human rights and diversity
in political viewpoints. As the conflict becomes entrenched, the life and
dignity of populations in the conflict areas, IDPs, returnees, host
communities, minorities and vulnerable persons--women, children, the
elderly and the disabled-–are increasingly at risk.
Winterized Emergency Shelters and NFI
Minus 20 degree Celsius temperatures require ‘quick fix’ repairs for roofing
and glazing to winterize collective centres and family homes. Displaced
families require warm blankets, clothes, shoes and cash assistance to get
through the winter period.
Assessment registry:
http://www.humanitarianresponse.i
nfo/applications/ir/indicators
2. HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW Ukraine
2
Source: OCHA office in Ukraine. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or
acceptance by the United Nations.
3. Ukraine HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW
3
IMPACT OF THE CRISIS
HIGHLIGHTS
Since the eruption of hostilities in April 2014, insecurity and displacement have increased across eastern
Ukraine. Ongoing ceasefire violations – heavy shelling and armed conflict – in Donbas region have displaced to
date more than 1 million people within Ukraine and abroad.
Those remaining in conflict-affected areas of Donbas region, particularly in densely populated urban areas,
face imminent security threats due to military activities by all parties to the conflict. Basic life-saving services
have been disrupted, access to banking and cash services is limited, food and non-food items are increasingly
rare and expensive, and an upsurge in lawlessness has been observed.
Drivers and underlying factors
Background
The humanitarian situation in parts of eastern Ukraine remains volatile and is continuing to deteriorate. As a result
of ongoing hostilities between armed groups and government forces, as well as the events that occurred in the
Autonomous Republic of Crimea (ARC) in March 2014 as reflected in UN General Assembly resolution 68/262
“Territorial integrity of Ukraine”, Ukrainians have fled their homes and become increasingly vulnerable as the
conflict intensified and spread. The violence in Donetsk and Luhansk regions increased in scale from May to
September 2014. Government efforts to regain full control of the region intensified at the end of June, leading to
considerable territorial gains and recapture of key cities, including Kramatorsk, Krasnyi Lyman, and Sloviansk that
had been under the control of armed groups since May. As a consequence, armed groups retreated towards the
cities of Donetsk and Luhansk, and the suburban and urban areas of the two regional capitals have since seen
most of the violence and growing humanitarian needs. In late August, the conflict expanded to the southeast and
some government-controlled areas were once again lost to the armed groups, further increasing displacement.
Armed groups threatened to take the key port of Mariupol, after opening a new front in the southeast. High-level
attempts to broker a political resolution and agree on a lasting and mutually-observed ceasefire between the
government, Russian Federation, and the armed groups bore fruit on 5 September, when a ceasefire agreement
was signed in Minsk, Belarus. A nine-point memorandum was released on 19 September, detailing the terms of the
ceasefire. To date, the OSCE reports daily ceasefire violations and indiscriminate shelling in conflict-affected areas
of Donetsk and Luhansk. The ‘ceasefire’ is not holding, and populations remain at risk.
As the fighting continues in the eastern border areas, loss of life and injury continues, as well as other human rights
protection concerns. The breakdown in law and order, impunity and lack of accountability, and the loss of basic
services are becoming more entrenched; community cohesion, family unity and wellbeing are becoming
increasingly fragmented, and; the economic and social fabric of Ukraine is becoming unstable and fragile. The
protection of civilians is a major priority, amid efforts to stop the fighting and to find a sustainable peace.
Figure 1: Critical events timeline
Events Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Events in ARC
Civil unrest in Donbas
Government-led military
operations in Donbas
Minsk, Belarus peace talks
Source: OCHA office in Ukraine
4. HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW Ukraine
4
0.6
-0.8
0.5
-1.5
-0.8
0.6
-0.5
-0.3
2.4
-2
-2.3
-2.1
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
2012q1 2012q3 2013q1 2013q3 2014q1 2014q3
Ukraine GDP Growth Rate
Percent Change in Gross Domestic Product
State Statistics Service of Ukraine
Ukraine is a middle-income country though the government and state are weakened by the current economic
downturn and potential energy crisis. It cannot support services in areas not under government control or fully
ensure the rehabilitation of infrastructure, human capacity and economic, social and legal resources. The burden of
hundreds of thousands of displaced people--families, children, those with special needs and specific vulnerabilities.
The burden of hosting displaced people and families is beginning to negatively affect the service delivery,
economic stability and social services for the resident populations. To avoid a breakdown and division of the civil
and social structure, a comprehensive protection strategy that looks to a longer-term peace and the reconciliation
of society, communities and families is required.
Insecurity is the main driver of the humanitarian crisis. The principal driver of vulnerability for the population of
eastern Ukraine is the continuation and escalation of hostilities, concentrated in densely populated areas. An
estimated 5.2 million people have been living in areas where fighting is ongoing or was taking place until recently.
The population remaining in the region, even those not directly affected by insecurity, are facing reduced or
disrupted services, with water, electrical supply and transportation badly affected. Health services are deteriorating
across the region due to shortages of medical supplies and personnel. The intensified fighting is likely to lead to
continued displacement (both cross-border and internal; as well as returns as the situation evolves), disruption of
services, and significant infrastructure and economic losses. It has also led to an increase in casualties among
civilians.
The weakening economy is affecting essential services
and vulnerable populations. A number of variables are
straining the Ukrainian economy, including political turmoil;
corruption and mismanagement of state funds; lack of
investment; high unemployment; increased spending on
military operations; and, destruction of infrastructure,
property and livelihoods in Donbas region due to armed
conflict. Inflation, reduced purchasing power and significant
price hikes have increased the vulnerability of the local
population and diminished the ability of the state to
respond adequately to humanitarian challenges. In
addition, government authorities discontinued social
benefits and salaries to people remaining in the areas held
by armed groups since early July and requested a
withdrawal of government services and personnel as of 1
December. The lack of social transfers and services has
particularly increased the vulnerability of those with limited
mobility, like elderly and disabled people, who are unable
to leave the zone. In the first nine months of 2014 prices
increased by 16.2 per cent and utility rates by 24.3 per
cent on average, whilst the average salary increased by
only 4.9 per cent.
1
The situation of people living in the
conflict and post-conflict areas is particularly difficult due to
the considerable breakdown and disruption of the
economic infrastructure and social services. The
availability of healthcare in those areas is increasingly limited, with particularly serious consequences for the most
vulnerable people.
5. Ukraine HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW
5
Geographic scope and demographic profile of the crisis
The estimated pre-crisis population in conflict-affected areas in eastern Ukraine, defined as areas currently or
previously controlled by armed groups, is around 5.2 million people.
1
4,137,331 people (891 settlements) fall in
areas currently under the control of armed groups, and 1,099,221 people (297 settlements) were determined to fall
in areas under government control.
Each of the 5.2 million people has been affected in one way or another by the conflict: through the breakdown of
law and order; the disintegration of families and communities; or, the deterioration of basic infrastructure and
essential services. More than 1 million people have been displaced from Donbas region and Crimea since March
2014. More precisely, more than 508,000
2
have moved from Luhansk and Donetsk regions to safer areas within
Ukraine, 19,000 were displaced from Crimea and more than 545,000 people
3
fled abroad, mainly into neighboring
Russia. Most of the internally displaced from eastern Ukraine are currently located within Donetsk and Luhansk
regions followed by Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhzhia. A high proportion of men have not accompanied
their families in displacement and women comprise approximately two thirds of all adult IDPs.
Of the 5.2 million, around 1.4 million are considered to be highly vulnerable and in need of humanitarian
assistance. This figure is an estimate using both the national poverty head count ratio (21.7 per cent
4
) and
estimates provided by the sector leads as a proxy for the most vulnerable (the poverty ratios for Luhansk and
Donetsk are 20.1 and 21.9 respectively). The assumption is that these 1.4 million people were already a vulnerable
group pre-conflict and are disproportionately affected by displacement, loss of income/pensions, eroded purchasing
power, reduced access to markets and harsh winter conditions.
Figure 2: Breakdown of humanitarian caseload
100%
45.4 milliontotal population as of January 2014
11.5%
5.2 millionpeople living in conflict-affected areas in eastern Ukraine (pre-crisis population)
3%
1.4 million people who are particularly vulnerable and in need of humanitarian assistance
1%
460,000 internally displaced people from eastern Ukraine and Crimea
Source: State Emergency Service of Ukraine, United Nations
1
UN estimate based on data provided by the Information and Analysis Center of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine. Figure
calculated on the basis of GIS data overlaying conflict-affected areas with existing populated places information (11 November 2014).
Limitations to these figures include the population data possibly being out of date and 5.6per cent larger than government projections (in which
case the correct figure might be 4.9 million) and the government depiction of the area not under government control might be inaccurate.
However, OCHA is confident that it correctly includes and excludes major towns, so boundary errors will only cause incorrect capture of
relatively low populations.
2
Statistics from the State Emergency Service of Ukraine (SES).
3
Statistics provided by UNHCR, 11 Nov 2014.
4
State Statistic Service Ukraine.
6. HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW Ukraine
6
Estimated number of people in need by sector
Vulnerable Groups: Internally Displaced, Returnees and Host Communities
Humanitarian partners continue to report increasing tensions among host communities and IDPs. A great deal of
stigma and negative stereotyping is associated with people from Donbas region, and has resulted in challenges
securing accommodation and employment for some IDPs. Tensions have resulted from the integration of IDP pre-
school and elementary school children at resource-limited host community schools. Key informants describe some
families moving back to the active conflict area as a result of discrimination and growing intolerance, and
humanitarian actors have adopted a ‘do no harm’ approach inclusive of host communities to ensure that
humanitarian interventions do not exacerbate existing challenges.
5
Back-and-forth movement and returns
continue to be reported from the field, as
IDPs and refugees return to secure
property, assess the conflict environment
and visit relatives either unwilling or unable
to leave the conflict zone. Preliminary
assessments appear to demonstrate that the
returns are not permanent at this time, but
rather a response to rumours that
‘abandoned’ property may be nationalized by
the de facto authorities. Some apartments
and houses have reportedly been
confiscated by different groups, signalling a
serious loss of livelihoods and stability for
those displaced.
The majority of internally displaced people
have relocated to towns and cities in
neighboring provinces. Approximately 10 per
cent are housed in collective centres
(summer retreat facilities and children’s
camps) while the rest are living with host
families, relatives and in private or rented
accommodation. Dzerzhynska district in
Kharkiv region is hosting more than 80,000
5
RC meeting with civil society women’s organizations, 4 Nov 2015.
1,200,000
600,000
900,000
1,100,000
1,370,000
1,255,000
750,000
Early Recovery
Education
Emergency Shelter / NFI
Food
Health
Protection
WASH
Areas with high number of IDPs
(Cumulative)
7. Ukraine HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW
7
IDPs: the largest number. The other
most-affected districts include:
Berdianskyi, Dnipropetrovska, Marinskyi,
Mariupolska, and Zаporizkyi, with each
hosting over 10,000 displaced.
However, a high number of IDPs does
not necessarily correlate with high
concentration. Smaller communities
hosting fewer IDPs are proportionately
much more strongly affected. For
example, IDPs in Berdianskyi district
represent over 43 per cent of the local
pre-crisis population. Also, more than 20
per cent of the population in Borivskyi
and Zаporizhskyi are IDPs (see the map
on the right).
Disaggregated data of displaced populations at district level as of 3 December
Region Displaced Displaced Able-bodied persons Children Disabled +
People Families Men Women Elderly
Kharkiv 117,976 51,707 18,639 29,023 33,107 37,207
Donetsk 75,342 28,249 14,207 27,288 17,661 16,186
Zaporizhzhia 50,427 17,668 6,752 15,496 13,522 14,657
Kyiv (city) 46,884 16,207 7,238 15,710 12,045 11,891
Dnipropetrovsk 39,047 13,065 7,385 15,379 10,181 6,102
Luhansk 30,120 - - - - -
Odesa 20,480 11,014 4,616 7,882 7,131 851
Kyiv 19,913 5,688 4,059 9,389 6,090 375
Poltava 15,586 2,928 3,920 6,912 4,295 459
Sumy 10,524 5,366 1,364 2,868 2,588 3,704
Lviv 9,209 3,705 1,778 3,385 2,966 1,080
Kirovograd 8,909 5,119 1,036 2,135 2,370 3,368
Cherkasy 8,315 2,402 1,316 2,127 1,606 3,266
Chernihiv 8,217 2,295 1,218 3,665 2,262 1,072
Mykolaiv 7,897 1,582 1,813 3,367 2,156 561
Kherson 7,861 3,805 1,413 2,418 2,483 1,547
Vinnytsia 7,380 3,802 1,119 2,162 2,113 1,986
Zhytomyr 5,773 1,741 732 1,611 1,727 1,703
Khmelnytska 4,047 1,846 501 1,283 1,343 920
Ivano-Frankivsk 2,833 1,456 423 790 915 705
Zakarpattia 2,778 1,393 356 818 845 759
Rivne 2,697 1,092 445 1,045 890 317
Chernivtsi 2,166 589 414 734 706 312
Volyn 2,079 905 302 680 704 393
Ternopil 1,920 1,022 351 680 522 367
Total 508,380 184,646 81,397 156,847 130,228 109,788
Source: State Emergency Service of Ukraine. No disaggregated data available for Luhansk.
Areas with high IDP concentration
(ratio)
8. HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW Ukraine
8
Vulnerable groups
According to the Humanitarian Situation
Monitoring Phase III assessment (conducted
October/November 2014), population groups in
most need of assistance are the displaced in
rented accommodation, collective shelters and
with host families. This is followed by the
displaced in organized and spontaneous
camps. This result is explained by the fact that
there are very few camps that have been or are
being shut down as families are being located in
better-serviced collective shelters or through
alternative solutions.
Among the above-mentioned groups, the
assessment indicates that older and disabled
people are most at risk (see the chart below). In
addition, members of the minority Roma ethnic
group have faced discrimination and abuses when seeking assistance and shelter.
6
Number of pensioners (absolute and ratio) per district
6
OSCE, Situation Assessment Report on Roma in Ukraine and the Impact of the Current Crisis (Warsaw, August 2014).
2
8
5
7
1
2
1
4
1
5
1 1 11
8
1
2
1
2
11
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3
1
7
3
Dnipropetrovsk Donetsk Khаrkiv Luhаnsk Zaporizhzhya
Older persons (60 and
above)
Child head of household
Chronically ill
Female head of household
Persons with disability
Single women (including
widows)
Children with no caregiver
24%
23%
16%
11%
8%
8%
5%
3%
2%
Displaced people in rented
accommodations
Displaced people in collective
shelter (schools, public
building. etc.)
Displaced people living in host
families (no rent fees)
Displaced people in
organised, structured camps
Displaced people in self
settled “camp”
Displaced people living in
damaged/unfinished
apartments, buildings
Resident population who have
not been displaced
9. Ukraine HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW
9
Situation of the affected populations
Phase III of the Humanitarian Situation Monitoring assessment indicates that livelihoods are the greatest concern
shared by female and male informants, followed by shelter. Food and health were also mentioned, but less
prominently. The tables below provide a detailed breakdown.
Sector-Specific Needs
Education (sector lead: Ms. Olena Sakovych, osakovych@unicef.org)
Estimated number of people in need: 600,000
One in three internally displaced people (IDPs) is a child. Many are living in collective centres throughout the
country. According to the Ukrainian Ministry of Education and Science (MoES), out of approximately 1 million
children in Donetsk and Luhansk regions, 557,696 children are of school age (6-18 years old). Their access to
education is affected by their displacement, or the damage to or destruction of schools.
203 educational facilities had been reported damaged by mid-September. In conflict areas, over 900 schools failed
to open due to safety concerns on 1 September after the summer break. By 1 October, authorities in the areas held
by armed groups declared the beginning of the school year. While the MoES does not have reliable information
regarding the actual number of schools operating in the conflict zone and the number of children attending, it
estimates that 60-70 per cent are operating, although only 55 per cent of schools are operating in Donetsk city.
Information about Luhansk region is too patchy for reasonable estimates.
The MoES has allocated senior staff to the planning and management of its response, particularly in the conflict
and post-conflict zones in the east. The Ministry is issuing letters of instruction to educational institutions on how
they should function, though feedback is limited. MoES does not encourage children to attend schools in the
conflict area due to safety concerns, and encourages them to pursue their studies through distance learning. With
the exception of Roma children, and particularly Roma girls,
7
Ukraine has achieved universal literacy and
education.
7
European Roma Rights Centre research and submission to UN CESCR, March 2014, p. 8.
1
6 6
3
11
6
1
3
2
1 1
2
14
8
4
11 1 1
33
10
1
2
5
2
Female key informants
5
3
5
1
44
22
10
7
3
1 1 112
10
2
6
Male key informants FOOD SECURITY
HEALTH
LIVELIHOOD
NFIs
Protection / Safety and Dignity
SHELTER
10. HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW Ukraine
10
Estimates suggest that approximately 100,000
children and parents need support to address
psychological distress and negative coping
mechanisms aggression caused by witnessing
violence and other traumatic events.
The Government of Ukraine (GoU) ensured
access to primary and secondary schools all
over the country for more than 70,000 IDP
children since the beginning of September. IDP
access to education appears to be secured,
although there are confirmed reports from the
field that sometimes only the children of working
IDP parents are admitted to school, and that
some IDP parents prevent their children from
attending school due to the temporary nature of
their displacement. There is, however, a severe
shortage of capacity for IDP children in
kindergartens and preschools (those aged
between 3 and 6 years). According to the
national toll-free hotline for children run by the
organization ‘La Strada Ukraine’ and supported
by UNICEF, IDPs are facing the following problems: refusal of admittance to schools and kindergartens for IDP
children; difficulty for qualified teachers who are IDPs to access employment; questions related to scholarships for
IDP students and the status of ‘temporary’ students; how to attend school in Donetsk and Luhansk regions.
The capacity of the GoU to respond to these needs has been constrained by the diversion of budgetary resources
to military purposes, energy shortages and the lack of finalized IDP legislation and assistance mechanisms.
Emergency Shelter and NFI (sector lead contact: Mr. Igor Chantefor, chantefo@unhcr.org)
Estimated number of people in need: 900,000
The Emergency Shelter and NFI sector estimates that the population in need of shelter assistance varies according
to zones and regions. 460,0008 IDPs are located across all oblasts, excluding Crimea. In addition, more than
135,000
9
people are in the process of return and need assistance to rebuild damaged houses in the conflict-
affected area. Finally, a large but very difficult-to-estimate proportion of the population is still living in the areas
controlled by armed groups, and will be in need of not only shelter assistance for the damaged houses, but also for
non-food items due to the disruption of the local economy and supplies.
Approximately 37 per cent of IDPs
10
displaced to western and central Ukraine found accommodation with host
communities and have some access to livelihoods. A minority of IDPs moved to collective centres (rudimentary
summer retreats and children’s camps), mostly concentrated around Kyiv and Odessa.
42 per cent of IDPs
11
choose to live in the three eastern regions bordering the conflict area: Dnipropetrovsk,
Kharkiv and Zaporizhzhia regions. These IDPs wish to live in closer proximity to their property to better monitor
the rapidly-changing situation and protect their property. In terms of needs and solutions, their accommodation is a
8
SES figures from 11 November 2014.
9
SES figures from 26 October 2014.
10
165,266 living in western and central Ukraine. SES figures from 4 November 2014.
11
185,313 living in 3 bordering regions, Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv, Zaporizhzhia. Ibid.
IDP registration center in Kyiv, 29 August 2014. Credit: Mr. Vladislav
Musienko, agency ‘Unian’.
11. Ukraine HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW
11
mix of private sector (free or rented) and collective centres (up to 10 per cent). The needs of this group include a
mix of monetized shelter, non-food item (NFI) assistance and in-kind support, rehabilitation of collective centres
and the distribution of core relief items.
21 per cent
12
of the displaced population remains in the government-controlled areas of Donetsk and Luhansk
regions. These IDPs live in close proximity to their property, as they need to commute to their places of origin. A
significant percentage of the displaced are trying to return but are facing continued challenges related to security,
access and availability of services. Repair needs are not quantified yet as a housing damage assessment has yet
to be conducted. The needs of this group includes assistance with ‘quick fix’ home repairs (roofing and glazing),
NFI distribution, winterization of collective centres (8 to 10 per cent
13
), and the monetization of assistance in order
to maximize support to the local economy.
Monetization of assistance: if the conflict does not further deteriorate, then the current baseline for cash
assistance is estimated to be up to 60,000 households, or 150,000 IDPs. This assistance will partially cover rent,
includes the shelter/NFI component and is supplementary to the other sectors as well as government-provided
assistance.
Collective centre
14
maintenance and repairs: the population currently accommodated in collective centres
fluctuates between 30,000 and 40,000 IDPs, depending on the security situation. Even if this number
15
is quite low,
the population living in this type of free accommodation is highly vulnerable. Collective centres are usually used as
a last resort, when all other options have been exhausted and there is nowhere else to go. In 2014, the shortfall for
non-winterized collective centres is estimated at between 14,000 and 18,000 places (9,000 are currently
undergoing winterization activities). Should the conflict escalate further, additional capacity will be required in these
centres. The sector estimates that there will be at least 10,000-20,000 additional people.
16
NFI, winterization and other items: to date, approximately 65,000 people received in-kind winterized assistance
(more than 100,000 blankets and 30,000 warm clothes sets) for the 2014–2015 winter season. With the current
evolution of the situation, 65,000 in-kind winterization NFIs must be procured in order to prepare for the 2015-2016
winter season. Additional NFIs are required for preparedness of contingency stocks.
Food and Nutrition Security (sector lead contacts: Mr. Leelaraj Upadhyay, leela.upadhyay@wfp.org / Ms. Valeriya Taran,
vtaran@unicef.org)
Estimated number of people in need: 1.1 million
Over 1 million people in the east of the country are estimated to be affected by various levels of food insecurity
resulting from physical and/or lack of economic access to food, and are in need of humanitarian assistance. Using
the poverty head count rates for the 5.2 million people that have been living in the conflict-affected area, WFP
estimates that around 1.1 million people are vulnerable to food insecurity. The assumption is that these people
were already a vulnerable group pre-conflict and were disproportionately affected by displacement, loss of
income/pensions, eroded purchasing power, reduced access to markets and harsh winter conditions.
12
94,508 people living in the government-controlled districts of Donetsk and Luhansk regions have been identified as IDPs. The affected
population, non-registered returnees and host community is not included in this figure. Ibid.
13
The proportion of the IDP population living in Luhansk and Donetsk is the highest reported (up to 10 per cent as per the fluctuation in and
variation of the security conditions).
14
In the Ukrainian context, the shelter sector decided that a building with a capacity of 20 people or more (8 families) will qualify as a collective
centre (CC). Other buildings are named as small scale units (SSU). A master list is available at sector level.
15
Less than 1 per cent in the western and central Ukraine. Up to 5 per cent in the regions bordering the conflict zone, and less than 10 per cent
in Donetsk and Luhansk regions.
16
1,542,276 inhabitants in Mariupol-Berdiansk and in the north of Sloviansk and surrounding areas. Furthermore, 20 per cent of these
inhabitants are susceptible to displacement and the probability of finding accommodation in collective centres will vary between 1 and 10 per
cent according to the region of destination (1 per cent in the west and 10 per cent in the immediate surroundings of the conflict area). These
figures are only indicative and may significantly vary.
12. HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW Ukraine
12
Preliminary results from the ongoing WFP Food Security Assessment (cross-referenced by the UN-led
Humanitarian Situation Monitoring), indicate that at least 20 per cent of the population living in the five oblasts of
Luhansk, Donetsk, Kharkiv, Dnepropetrovsk and Zaporizhzhia have limited access to markets (due to increased
food prices, disrupted transport systems, high insecurity and remoteness). Food expenditure has also been the
highest amongst the interviewed households (over 50 per cent). Negative household coping mechanisms have
already been observed, with over 80 per cent of interviewed households reported to be relying on less-preferred
and less-expensive food over a seven-day recall period, and missing one meal a day.
Overall, current food needs are more urgent within Luhansk and Donetsk (Donbas), followed by the neighboring
oblasts of Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv and Zaporizhzhia. Physical access to food is an issue primarily for IDPs living in
rented houses or collective centres, or hosted in rural areas with limited existing retail outlets. For those still living in
conflict hotspots, the primary physical access constraints they face are the security threats and damaged or
destroyed infrastructure. Economic access appears to be the most unrelenting issue for the conflict-affected
populations in eastern oblasts. Moreover, food needs are expected to be more pronounced during the winter
months, before the harvest season. Ongoing ceasefire violations and potential new displacement will further
increase the food needs amongst the vulnerable groups.
Most commonly-used nutrition indicators in Ukraine show the proportion of stunting at 2.7 per cent, wasting at 8 per
cent and underweight at 4.1 per cent;
17
all within the threshold of a low to medium public health concern, according
to WHO standards. The recent Humanitarian Situation Monitoring data indicate a better overall dietary quality of
food consumed in urban and industrial areas, compared with semi-urban locations. However, according to the
Ukrainian Centre for Social Reforms (UCSR), infant and young child feeding practices are fairly weak, with 62 per
cent of breastfeeding children under 6 months receiving water, juices, other milks or complementary foods. The
rate of exclusive breastfeeding below 6 months is 19.7 per cent (UNICEF). These are indicative of the need for
improved monitoring and understanding of the nutritional situation, and the development of a response plan
accordingly. Moreover, the availability of food items, especially for children and infants, needs constant monitoring.
The vulnerability of populations of all categories, including those living in collective centres or with host families,
has increased due to a rise in the cost of food and other commodities. The price of food and other basic goods and
services are increasing due to compounding factors, such as inflation related to the devaluation of the Ukrainian
Hryvna (UAH) and higher transportation costs.
A recent market price analysis showed that the average price of the minimum foodbasket in the beginning of
November had increased by 16.9 per cent, compared with the respective period in 2013.
17
Cattaneo et al. Health Research Policy and Systems; 2010, 8:5.
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
Changes in minimum food basket price, UAH, per
capita per month
Food basket price 2013 Food basket price 2014
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
Ukraine Donetsk oblast Luhansk oblast
Comparison of minimum food basket price in
Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts to average in
Ukraine, November 2014
13. Ukraine HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW
13
Notably, the price of the minimum food basket in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts was higher than the national
average by 6.3 and 12.5 per cent respectively.
18
In addition, field reports suggest a reduced supply of basic
commodities (food and non-food) in markets, and the latest HSM report shows decreased diversity in food products
within supermarkets. As a result, the population tends to rely on less-preferred and cheaper food.
In addition to rising food prices, people’s access to food has been further affected by declining household incomes
due to loss of jobs related to factory and business closures in the east, and non-payment of social benefits and
pensions. Given the proportion of female-headed IDP households, it must be kept in mind that women’s pensions
are on average only 67 per cent of men’s and, when working, their salaries are approximately 30 per cent lower.
19
Businesses are adversely affected both because of the challenges in transporting goods in and out of areas held
by non-state armed groups and due to the loss of access to markets in Russia. It is expected that pressures on
economic access to food will continue to be the greatest threat to food security and will not stabilize until the
security situation improves and the free movement of goods and people in the east is restored.
The ongoing WFP Food Security Assessment will further quantify the needs of food assistance among the
population directly affected by the conflict in the east, and will assess food consumption patterns and household
coping strategies amongst the affected communities, both in the short and medium term.
Health (sector lead: Dr. Dorit Nitzan, DON@euro.who.int; Patricia Judith Kormoss, kpj@euro.who.int)
Estimated number of people in need: 1.37 million
The already weak pre-crisis health system in Ukraine has been severely affected by the crisis. WHO estimates that
around 1.37 million people are in need of assistance as they are unable to purchase out-of-pocket health services.
They include IDPs, host communities, returnees and those who remain in conflict zones. The estimate is based on
the national average poverty head count (21.7 per cent) applied to the 5.2 million people living in conflict zones.
In addition, health services are overstretched in many host communities. IDPs living in overcrowded environments
will require access to quality services given the severe winter conditions and increasing food insecurity. The
vulnerable populations--especially children (31.2 per cent), women (32.7 per cent) and elderly and disabled (19.2
per cent)--are particularly at risk. However, most IDPs (including Roma IDPs) lost their financial incomes,
preventing the purchase of medicines and payment for health services. Lack of proper registration for the displaced
and the absence of a unified and centralized IDP registration system is further limiting access to services as public
health care is usually provided to citizens in their registered location.
While the overall budget for health care was increased in the Ukraine over the last 6 years, it is still comparatively
low at around 3.2 per cent of the GDP (WHO recommends at least 5 per cent). Due to the ongoing devaluation of
local currency, the health budget for 2015 covers only 30-40 per cent of needs. There are no extra budgetary
resources allocated to health services for IDPs. Access to services and medicines has been based on out-of-
pocket payments.
The lack of medical supplies, pharmaceuticals and medical consumables is significant. The legal framework in
Ukraine makes timely procurement difficult as it requires lengthy legal procedures. For example, the Ministry of
Health (MoH) recently proposed amendments to the Law on Medicine to the parliament, to allow the country to
cover the need for BCG vaccines for 51,500 newborns over a six-month period. Recent failures in tender
procedures for drugs supplies--especially for vaccines, TB and HIV/AIDS drugs, hypertensive and cardiovascular
medications amongst others--further exacerbate access to adequate health care services delivery.
Emergency health services: access to emergency primary health care and specialized care (including chronic
non-communicable diseases and maternal and newborn care, mental health and dentistry) is limited for IDPs,
returnees and for people remaining in the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts. Hospitals in Donetsk and Luhansk are
overcrowded with injured and ill people. Medicines in primary health care facilities and hospitals are running out of
stock. Medical staff are unofficially reporting that hospitals have not received funding for almost four months, nor
18
Data collected from the Government controlled territories, Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food.
19
Ukrainian Women’s Fund, Women’s Participation in Politics and Decision-Making in Ukraine: Strategy Paper, 2011
http://www.osce.org/odihr/85974
14. HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW Ukraine
14
did they receive the requested medical supplies. The preliminary results of the HSM indicate the most urgent needs
within the health sector are medications, medical equipment and medical staff. Additional shortfalls include
paediatric services, vaccines, first aid volunteers and mental health specialists.
Maternal health: according to the MoH (Department of Emergency Medicine) 1,719 babies were born nationwide
to IDP women as of 11 November. Antenatal care and delivery services for IDPs appear quite similar to the
nationwide practices; however, there is no updated information on the number of antenatal care and delivery
services for IDP women. Lack of access to reproductive health services was reported in three sites: Sloviansk,
Sviatohirsk and Popasnaya. The official number of abortions appears not to have increased, but an IDP
gynecologist from Donetsk has reported an increased number of medically-induced and other non-medical assisted
abortions. Thus, it is possible to expect a noticeable rise in the need for contraception and safe abortion services.
According to the MoH Decree, the regular number of consultations should be seven to nine depending on the term
of pregnancy (nine visits for 41 weeks of pregnancy) and WHO recommend a minimum of at least four visits.
Among the 1.4 million people in need, 22,500 pregnancies and 100,000 related medical consultations are expected
(based on national reproductive health (RH) statistics data).
An estimated 24 reproductive health (RH) kits are required to ensure the provision of sexual and reproductive
health (SRH) services to most women in need (RH kit 6 and 11), and medicines and expandable medical supplies
should be replenished at least every six months. The use of breast milk substitutes and the introduction of
complementary food at an early stage is a worrying practice under normal circumstances, but even more so given
the reduced access to safe drinking water and ability to properly sterilize baby bottles.
The preliminary analysis of the HSM data also indicates an increase in respiratory infections, anemia, chronic
malnutrition, psychological trauma and mental health issues.
High risk of communicable diseases: winter conditions will increase health risks, particularly for those without
adequate shelter or heating. Low immunization rates amongst children further exacerbate the risk of infection. The
average vaccination coverage in the country is less than 50 per cent. Measles and polio outbreaks are very likely.
The Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts are at particularly high risk of communicable-disease outbreaks due to a lack of
safe drinking water and inadequate waste removal.
High risk of developing active Tuberculosis: considering the already poor pre-crisis health indicators
20
in
Donetsk and Luhansk for communicable diseases--in particular HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis (TB)--and non-
communicable diseases, the coexistence of illnesses, particularly HIV, stress disorders and poor nutritional status,
makes the IDP and returnee population more vulnerable to developing active Tuberculosis. People living with
HIV/AIDS or TB and drug users are currently at high risk for interruption of care and control services; many do not
receive the medicines they are entitled to that should be provided by the state and/or oblast.
Disability and chronic diseases: IDPs and returnees with disabilities and those with chronic diseases, especially
the elderly, require special attention. According to UNHCR sources (as of 9 October), between 18 per cent
(Donetsk district) and 29 per cent (Kharkiv district) of the IDPs are elderly and people with disabilities. According to
the preliminary analysis of the first 28 questionnaires (HSM), men aged 60 and above, women and children are
most at risk of health concerns, as well as the elderly, and people with disabilities or chronic conditions.
Mental health: IDPs, both children and adults, are dealing with distress and mental health disorders as a result of
their situation. Very limited psychosocial support or psychoeducation is offered to IDPs in collective centres.
Psychologists and volunteers working in the field are in need of training in Psychological First Aid and emergency-
related mental health issues. Mental health and psychosocial support services are lacking completely from the
20
HIV/AIDS statistics (sources: Ukraine CDC – March 2014):
• Donetsk region: 27,933 registered HIV cases and 6,594 people living with AIDS (highest rate in Ukraine)
• Luhansk region: 4,569 registered HIV cases and 841 people living with AIDS
Non-Communicable diseases statistics: (sources: statistic department of the MoH, end 2013)
• Diabetes: Donetsk region, 148,705 people; Luhansk region, 56,885 people
• Cardiovascular diseases: Donetsk region, 2,650,732 people; Luhansk, 1,380,865
• Mental health disorders: Donetsk region 229,241 people; Luhansk 117,421 people
TB statistics (sources: Ukraine CDC end 2013):
Donetsk region: 3,111 patients (highest rate in Ukraine)
Luhansk: 1,769 patients
15. Ukraine HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW
15
primary health services. The majority of the IDPs with mental disorders and psychological distress do not receive
any form of treatment. Stigma and discrimination are major reasons why people avoid seeking help.
Livelihoods and Early Recovery (sector lead: Ms Inita Paulovica, Inita.Paulovica@undp.org)
Estimated number of people in need: 1.2 million
The Early Recovery and Livelihoods sector estimates that 1.2 million of the 5.2 million people who have been living
in the conflict-affected areas are in need of early recovery support. This estimate includes 1.1 million of the poorest
(based on 21.7 per cent poverty head count), and groups such as orphans, the physically and mentally disabled,
elderly people, and those in populated areas reporting serious disruption of key services provision (e.g. water
supply and electricity) who make up an additional 100,000 people.
Damage to critical infrastructure is extensive. According to the Ukrainian government, 12,000 facilities have been
damaged or destroyed (including 4,773 energy, water and heating supply facilities, 45 healthcare centres, 1,551
transport facilities and 217 educational institutions). Damage to physical infrastructure and housing on the territory
under control of the armed groups is even higher, but the lack of secure access prevents detailed assessment.
Ongoing hostilities and political uncertainty in the areas held by armed groups hinder recovery of critical
infrastructure as well as urgent reestablishment of water and energy supplies in winter months. Resilience is
decreasing as coping mechanisms are exhausted. If not addressed, this would lead over time to increased poverty
and social disintegration.
The quality and accessibility of public services has deteriorated significantly. Social institutions providing care for
the most vulnerable groups (such as institutions for the mentally ill, the terminally ill, and orphanages) are in a
particularly dire situation on both sides of the conflict. New groups in need of psychosocial support have emerged,
including ex-combatants, children, survivors of sexual and gender-based
violence (SGBV) and relatives of missing people, while services to provide
support are limited or non-existent.
Immediate livelihood needs are great, as 80 per cent of the regular Donbas
economy is not operational. September 2014 figures show that the decline of
industrial production is at 60 per cent in Donetsk and 85 per cent in Luhansk.
Cash shortages due to unpaid salaries, pensions and social benefits restrict the
population’s ability to procure supplies even when they are available. In terms
of enterprise closure, 19 out of 23 major enterprises in Luhansk region and 50
per cent of enterprises in Donetsk region are not operational, resulting in job
cuts, partial employment, increased reliance on labour remittances and the
necessity to grow food at the household level, which is difficult in urban
environments. Prior to the conflict, women were earning significantly less than
men in the workforce, experiencing higher rates of unemployment and
disproportionate levels of poverty. These factors are much worse for Roma
women and men.
Uncertainty, fear and distrust among the population are exacerbating the security situation. There is a lack of
confidence-building, reconciliation and trust-building measures. In addition, weak local and central capacities result
in a deepening governance deficit in Donbas region. The lack of recognized government partners has led to the
fragmentation of response, while needs often exceed the limited implementing capacity of the state.
Protection (sector leads: Mr. Ilija Todorovic, todorovi@unhcr.org/ Ms. Fiona Frazer, ffrazer@ohchr.org)
Estimated number of people in need: 1.2 million
The Protection sector estimates that more than 1.2 million people are in need of protection-related assistance. This
estimate is based on the number of IDPs and returnees, plus a further 21.7 per cent (national poverty head count
Change in industrial production (%)
Enterprise closure (%)
-60
-85
Donetsk Luhansk
50
82
Donetsk Luhansk
16. HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW Ukraine
16
ratio) of the roughly 3.1 million people who have been living in the areas under the control of armed groups who are
at high risk of human rights violations.
Fighting and hostilities have continued in the eastern Donetsk and Luhansk regions despite the ceasefire of 5
September. To date at least 4,065
21
people have been killed, and an increasing number of violations of
international human rights law and international humanitarian law are being reported weekly.
22
The stress and
burden of daily survival on the civilian population living in the conflict areas is enormous, let alone additional factors
like loss of life, injury, fear of arbitrary detention, torture, sexual violence against men and women, forced
conscription, and the illegal seizure and destruction of property. The breakdown of basic services and law and
order leaves the people--including families, children, widows, and the elderly--on their own to face intimidation and
reprisals, with little or no access to social, medical or legal services, or any means of livelihood to support
themselves or their families. There is a need to strengthen the current monitoring, reporting and advocacy
measures for protection needs and gaps, and to ensure the provision of a protective environment and build
community cohesion and resilience in the post-conflict areas. The provision of legal aid assistance is required to
ensure that those who have been victims of violations can seek redress and are guaranteed due process.
Mistrust and intolerance have emerged within families and among communities. The longer the conflict continues,
divisions deepen as narratives of mistrust and the way of life around the hostilities become more entrenched.
Misinformation is rife. Factual and neutral information to enable the affected population to make informed choices is
essential.
The capacity of Ukrainians to respond and support IDPs is enormous, but with the growing stress on a state system
already eroded by years of systemic deficiencies there is evidence of a ‘kick back’ against IDPs where state
budgets, resources and civil support are waning. State employees are reporting clinical burnout in attempting to
process the sheer volume of IDP needs and registrations. There is an urgent for a harmonized registration system
throughout the country to capacitate the Ministry of Social Policy to carry out registration and financial assistance in
a manner that meets international norms and standards. Clear and legal information is required to enable IDPs to
exercise their full rights.
The demographic profile of the IDPs highlights specific groups that need to be prioritized in terms of protection,
such as: widows with or without children; families with demobilized veterans; those with special needs (including
physical war trauma); the elderly (especially the elderly sent alone in the care of grandchildren); minority groups
such as those with HIV/AIDS, TB, substance abusers or Roma groups; any of these groups living in community
collective centres. There are also those who need replacement documents and registration, access to justice and
legal redress, and those who want to return to their homes in the post-conflict areas. The demand for practical,
legal and psychological protection is increasing and mechanisms need to be in place to meet these needs.
The IDPs depend on unsustainable assistance from the civil society. There is no countrywide assistance
programme; relocation efforts are dependent on local resources such as faith based networks; a child’s ability to
attend pre-school is dependent on a civil society playroom; a mother’s ability to feed her children is dependent on
neighborhood donations; a person who is elderly or with special needs cannot get access to social or medical
services without the assistance of local volunteers;
23
a father’s need to work is at the expense of his dignity. There
is an immediate priority for protection to provide a broad, consolidated, coordinated and holistic approach to service
delivery, whether legal, social or economic.
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (sector lead: Mr. Rudi Luchmann, rluchmann@unicef.org +38 50 312 9915)
Estimated number of people in need: 750,000
Based on the higher severity scale indicated by Humanitarian Situation Monitoring Phase III (October 2014),
Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Kharkiv, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia regions have been prioritized for WASH response.
21
Civilians, military personnel and armed groups.
22
OHCHR - UNHCR – OSCE – UNICEF monitors.
23
Bearing in mind that they are in an unfamiliar place where they do not know where services are provided.
17. Ukraine HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW
17
17%
13%
13%
12%
10%
10%
7%
5%
4%
4%2%
2%
1%
Water Supply Issues
(135 responses)
Water treatment
Network repairs
Cash assistance
Other (specify)
Water storage
Water reservoirs
Water Jerrican
Water pumps
Electricity
Digging wells
Fuel for generators
Generators
Spare parts
According to the State Emergency Service (SES) information of 30 October, these five regions are currently hosting
278,679 IDPs of whom about 83,000 are children. In addition, about 250,000 people residing inside the non-
government controlled areas and an equal number of people in and around areas previously affected by the conflict
are equally hard-hit. As such, approximately 750,000 conflict-affected children, women and men are estimated as
the most vulnerable people in need of WASH-related humanitarian assistance in 2015.
The key issues and needs identified by the WASH sector are summarized as follows:
The unpredictability of the conflict demands constant monitoring of water availability, water quality, sewer and
waste disposal systems, operation and maintenance of these systems and provision of an alternative
mechanism for providing drinking water for the population in and around the conflict-affected areas, bearing in
mind increased vulnerability due to the rapid approach of winter.
There is a need to ensure good hygiene practices and concurrently ease the financial burden of the most
vulnerable IDP families--who have lost their income and depleted their savings--through the distribution of
essential hygiene supplies.
Insufficient and sub-standard water and sanitation facilities in a number of collective centres (especially
privately-owned facilities) are not only a potential for increased health risks, but also a threat to dignified living
especially for women and girls. There is a need to urgently upgrade water and sanitation facilities to avoid
serious health risks during the upcoming winter season.
About 221 damaged or destroyed educational facilities in Donetsk and Luhansk are in need of urgent repair to
ensure a safe and secure learning environment with basic water and sanitation facilities for 80,000 children.
There is also a need for strong advocacy to declare essential services and infrastructure (such as electricity,
water, sanitation and education facilities) a ‘peace zone’ by all parties to the conflict, and ensure that such
infrastructure is safeguarded.
Water supply: although access to water in Ukraine prior to the conflict in the east was relatively good with 98.2 per
cent of households accessing improved water sources,
24
the armed conflict in Donbas region has significantly
increased the vulnerability of the water, sanitation and power infrastructure posing a serious threat to the health
and wellbeing of the roughly 4 million people served by the centralized water supply system in and around Donetsk
city, Kostiantynivsky district and Sloviansk.
Damage to the pumping stations, power supply and water mains left hundreds of thousands of people without a
water supply from August to October 2014. Krasnoarmeisk district in Donetsk region has been seriously affected by
water shortages, with constant shelling and bombing close to the Karlovka water reservoir and pumping station.
Harsh winter conditions have the potential to cause further
damage to the water mains and power station, directly
affecting hundreds of thousands of people living in and around
the active fighting zone.
Despite the fact that the water mains and power supply have
been reinstated in many government-controlled areas, field
monitoring and recent HSM reports (October 2014) suggest
that water supply is intermittent and the quality is a serious
concern. In the armed group-controlled areas of Donetsk and
Luhansk, water disruption continues except in city centres.
HSM phase III (October 2014) suggests that water treatment
and repair of pipe networks are among the top priorities cited
by the respondents.
There is a need for locally-managed, decentralized water
treatment (such as RO plants) in critical locations and
promotion of household water treatment options (such as the
24
Ukraine Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2012.
18. HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW Ukraine
18
use of chlorine tablets and boiling) to ensure quality drinking water during power disruption and/or the potential of
bursting water mains during a harsh winter.
Sanitation: the 2012 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS)
suggests that 97.7 per cent of the households in Ukraine had
access to improved toilets prior to the conflict. However, due to
the displacement and settlement of the population in collective
centres, combined with a shortage of running water, sanitation
conditions and standards are being compromised leading to
health risks among the conflict-affected population. Although
people living in rented private apartments or with host families
in the cities have better access to private sanitation facilities,
IDPs living in collective centres or outside cities have poor
sanitation conditions. The disruption in water supply has a
direct impact on the functioning of sewage systems, resulting in
blocked pipes. Human faeces may find its way into the
municipal garbage disposal and pose a public health risk. HSM
phase III has highlighted the sewer repairs and garbage
collection as top-ranking needs with regards to sanitation.
Hygiene: hygiene awareness and behavior among the population in the affected area are highly dependent on
access to centralized, regular water and sanitation facilities, making it harder to cope with the changed
circumstances. With a shortage of water, personal hygiene problems are very likely to escalate, posing significant
health risks to the affected population. The constant movements of people due to conflict further compounds the
hygiene situation, and increases the likelihood of WASH-
related diseases. There is a need for increased awareness
among the population of alternative methods to maintain
hygiene during emergencies, when water and sanitation
facilities may not be functioning properly.
Having lost income and depleted their savings, many IDPs
find the cost of hygiene and cleaning supplies an additional
financial burden forcing them to re-prioritize their needs and
push hygiene downwards in their priority lists. There is a great
need for the provision of hygiene supplies, especially for the
most vulnerable people such as newborn babies, families with
multiple children, the elderly, single-headed households and
people living in collective centres with sub-standard water and
sanitation services. These findings are also supported by
various field visits, feedback from field monitors and the
recent HSM phase III data, which suggests that lack of money
forces IDPs to compromise on hygiene practices.
WASH in learning places: a UNDP preliminary assessment suggests that about 700 public and social services,
including 221 educational facilities, were damaged or destroyed in Donetsk and Luhansk regions (September
2014). Children in schools and kindergartens in these areas are deprived of basic water, sanitation and hand
washing facilities. In addition to the WASH infrastructure in schools, kindergartens and temporary learning places,
there is a great need for hygiene education for children, especially on how to maintain good hygiene practices and
protect themselves from communicable diseases during crises.
31%
17%
14%
7%
7%
8%
6%
4%
4%
2%
Sanitation Issues
(139 responses)
Cash assistance
Garbage collection
Sewage repairs
Separated latrines
for male and women
Wash stations
Other (specify)
Landfills
Light for latrine
Fuel for generators
Insecticides
30%
30%
24%
14%
2%
Hygiene Issues
(235 responses) Family Hygiene
kits
Women kits
Hygiene kits
(infant)
Hygiene
promotion
Other (specify)
19. Photo credit: Top and Left – Mr. Olexandr Prilepa, agency ‘Unian'
INFORMATION GAPS
HIGHLIGHTS
Absence of proper legislation and the late development of a formal registration system for IDPs hamper
the creation of clear displacement figures.
Ongoing insecurity limits humanitarian access to conflict-affected populations in Donetsk and Luhansk
regions, making it difficult to identify the exact numbers of people in need.
This leads to an absence of information concerning the most vulnerable populations, including ethnic minorities,
the elderly, the differently-abled, single adult- and child-headed households.
Ongoing insecurity and indiscriminate shelling in conflict-affected areas, primarily in Donetsk and Luhansk regions,
has greatly hindered the ability of the humanitarian community to access and assess the most vulnerable
populations. While most organizations are active in Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv and Zaporizhzhia regions, a much-
reduced number is present in conflict zones and/or the areas held by armed groups. Reduced access and the initial
lack of a formal registration process for IDPs have led to many challenges in establishing clear displacement
figures for a commensurate response, and the possibility for gaps and duplication.
Within the conflict-affected areas, those most vulnerable include the elderly and disabled, who have reduced
mobility and may be unable to reach out to humanitarian organizations or physically access distribution sites.
Ukrainian women have historically experienced significant inequality in all spheres of life, which makes the impact
of crisis disproportionately severe. Special attention must also be paid to ethnic minorities who experience
discrimination in Ukraine, such as the Roma and Tatar (Crimea) population.
20. Photo credit: Top and Left – Mr. Olexandr Prilepa, agency ‘Unian'
ANNEX: OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
HIGHLIGHTS
A limited, slow and insufficiently-coordinated government response has resulted in challenges to meet the
needs of the displaced and conflict-affected population.
The initial shortage of donor funding and pre-conflict focus on the development agenda hampered a full and
rapid scale-up of humanitarian activities. The situation is changing and humanitarian agencies are gradually
increasing their humanitarian response capacity. Some international NGOs have arrived and established a
presence in Ukraine to deliver much-needed humanitarian assistance to affected people, but more help is
required.
National and local capacity and response
Ukraine has a strong and active civil society and, during the early stages of the crisis, the majority of humanitarian
assistance was initially provided by local civil society organizations (CSOs) and national NGOs. However, as the
crisis extended and the humanitarian situation further deteriorated, cash, volunteer and in-kind support to these
organizations began to wane. In preparation for what might be a long, cold winter and continued conflict,
Ukrainians are protecting their savings and reducing charitable contributions. CSOs also report that many
Ukrainians have begun directing their donations towards military support and care for local troops. CSOs also
continue to report cases of fatigue and burnout among their staff, many of whom have worked long and hard hours
for many months, and witnessed great distress. There is also an increasing concern that gains made for women’s
political role and voices during Maidan are being lost in the ongoing conflict. Civil society (mainly women) is
increasingly focused on caring for and supporting IDPs, and there is little public space for Ukrainian men to adopt a
non-violent position in opposition to war. The reinforcement of traditional gender stereotypes and the diversion of
civil society away from political action combine to de-prioritize the equal participation of women. This affects civil
society’s ability to craft a role as an effective driver for peace in an environment of intensifying conflict and
increasing militarization.
25
The Government of Ukraine’s initial response largely focused on covering short-term needs like providing some
immediate assistance to IDPs from internal stocks, short-term accommodation in government-run housing facilities,
and warehousing and transport services. The government also took steps to ensure IDP access to government-
provided social and health services outside the areas of their residence. Special legislative measures were adopted
to simplify voting procedures for internally displaced persons and Ukrainian citizens residing in Crimea. They were
allowed to cast their ballots for candidates from party lists at the polling stations in any other secure region of
Ukraine. In areas recaptured by the government, the focus has been on reinstating security and restoration of basic
services to facilitate and encourage return. In July, the government began planning longer-term response
measures, assisted by civil society and the UN. Since, the UN, donors and civil society have been jointly working to
overcome some challenges that existed in terms of coordination, the clarification of roles and responsibilities for
different activities, and bureaucratic barriers to rapid response, including NGO registration concerns, tax
requirements and customs restrictions. The President signed the new IDP law into force on 19 November and
officially tasked the Ministry of Social Policy (MoSP) with IDP registration. The humanitarian community welcomes
this move and continues to advocate for harmonization with Governmental Decrees 505, 509, and 595 to ensure
comprehensive protection and support for IDPs and improved humanitarian activities on the ground.
Local NGOs and community-based organizations (CBOs) also provided support where possible, but the scale of
response was not comprehensive or targeted. The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister has been key in addressing
humanitarian concerns, and recently assigned to the Ministry of Social Policy the responsibility of clearing
bureaucratic obstacles. Capacity within many central governmental, regional and municipal actors exists, and must
be harnessed and shepherded to achieve common humanitarian goals.
25
WILPF, Voices from Ukraine Civil Society as a Driver for Peace, Sept. 2014, p.3.
21. Ukraine HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW
21
To date, the Government of Ukraine has not issued an official appeal for international assistance. However,
government officials have been open and frank for the need for support and continue to partner with humanitarian
actors including the United Nations and donor governments. The need for support and additional capacity was
discussed at senior levels with the USG, Ms. Valerie Amos, during her mission to the country, and the United
Nations offices are regularly invited to participate in governmental meetings to support the response.
International capacity and response
Although a prime environment for economic and social development, few humanitarian agencies were present in
Ukraine prior to the conflict, and actors relied heavily on regular non-emergency programme resources during the
initial response. As of April 2014, many United Nations agencies surged key humanitarian personnel to facilitate
sectoral coordination and response, and as of August, large international NGOs began to arrive in country. Limited
donor funds have been available for the response, as multiple crises exist worldwide. In the face of Ebola, and the
current situations in Syria, Iraq, the Central African Republic and South Sudan, Ukraine is one of many priorities.
Ongoing advocacy and outreach to donors have led to an increase in funds since September 2014, although funds
are not equally distributed between sectors and many require additional and continued support.
A series of bureaucratic impediments and legislative challenges hampered the effective delivery of humanitarian
assistance. As a middle-income country understandably unprepared for humanitarian crisis, Ukraine did not have
legislation in place regarding the protection and entitlements of IDPs nor humanitarian-oriented fast-track customs,
tax, and visa procedures for humanitarian organizations. Multiple, sometimes conflicting regulations and paperwork
requirements posed a series of hurdles for rapid responders, and have served to slow the import of essential drugs
and medicines as well as the arrival and activities of international NGOs on the ground. The Ukrainian government
was quick to request capacity-building and support from international partners to bolster their response to
humanitarian needs.
The United Nations, along with the donor community and NGOs, has been a leading advocate for the drafting and
approval of IDP legislation and a system of formal registration. The draft law was approved by Parliament on 20
October and signed by the President on 19 November. In the meantime, two government resolutions have enabled
the initiation of formal IDP registration into a national database and some provision of cash payments.
Humanitarian access and security constraints
Humanitarian access remains a concern in conflict-affected areas and those areas that remain under the control of
armed groups
26
. While most organizations are active in the government-controlled regions of Dnipropetrovsk,
Kharkiv and Zaporizhzhia, very few are present in conflict zones and/or the areas held by armed groups in Donetsk
and Luhansk, where ongoing shelling and ceasefire violations threaten the safety and security of humanitarian
personnel. A large number of incidents were reported during August, September and October in Donetsk and
Luhansk regions, in predominantly urban areas. The areas around the cities of Donetsk, Luhansk and Novoazovsk
were particular hotspots. On 2 October, indiscriminate shelling in Donetsk city killed a humanitarian aid worker,
forcing the organization to withdraw much-needed services and support.
The UN conducted an advanced mission to Donetsk city in September to facilitate access negotiations and assess
access and security constraints with the objective of enabling humanitarian assistance to reach the most vulnerable
people affected by the crisis in areas controlled by armed groups, and subsequently carried out a second technical
mission to assess humanitarian partners and logistics. It is expected that both missions will also help to promote an
enabling environment for humanitarian action. This includes a greater understanding of and respect for
humanitarian principles, and the establishment of regulatory frameworks that facilitate rather than constrain
humanitarian activities. Civil-military coordination is key to promoting better access to all areas with critical
humanitarian needs. This requires clear guidelines and operating procedures to ensure efficiency and appropriate
coordination in delivering assistance and protection to people in need. In general, the security situation in Donbas
region remains volatile and unpredictable, rendering humanitarian access challenging, and limiting response in the
26
The response respects fundamental principles of the UN Charter as regards sovereignty and territorial integrity of Member States, including
UN General Assembly resolution 68/262 “Territorial integrity of Ukraine”.
22. HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW Ukraine
22
region. Despite persistent insecurity, few organizations have maintained their activities, and others are starting
activities as the security situation permits.
Physical access
Ongoing insecurity limits not only humanitarian access but also physical access to conflict-affected areas in
Donetsk and Luhansk regions. It has been impossible to properly assess infrastructure damage in the areas held
by armed groups due to insecurity. The UN has strong evidence that a number of roads, bridges, airports and
railway connections have been heavily damaged due to fighting and are non-operational. Only one road can
currently be used to enter the city of Donetsk. Little verified information is available on Luhansk region due to the
lack of presence and humanitarian access.