The document discusses the future of AI in education from a service science perspective, emphasizing the positive potential of AI while addressing concerns about its impact. It covers current AI tools, the implications of digital twins for faculty and students, and the importance of responsible actors in investing wisely in AI. The timeline indicates a drastic reduction in compute costs over decades, highlighting the transformative potential of AI in increasing productivity and societal wealth.

1. 2022 UCSC-SV Leadership Team Discussions
The Future of AI in Education:
A Service Science Perspective
Jim Spohrer
Retired IBM Executive
UDIP Senior Fellow & Member ISSIP.org
Questions: spohrer@gmail.com
Twitter: @JimSpohrer
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/spohrer/
Slack: https://slack.lfai.foundation
Presentations online at: https://slideshare.net/spohrer
Thanks to PK Agarwal (Dean, UCSC-SV) for the invitation
to discuss The Future of AI in Education
Thursday August 25, 2022, 10:30am PT
Highly recommend:
Humankind: A Hopeful History
By Dutch Historian, Rutger Bregman
<- Thanks
To Ray Fisk
For suggesting
this book, see
My summary here.

2. Today’s Talk
• Why so positive about the
future of AI, including for
education?
• What AI tools being used
today, and what is missing?
• What are the implications of
an AI Digital Twins for faculty
and students?
• What could go wrong and how
to avoid going in the ditch?
Service is the the
application of resources
(e.g., knowledge) for the
benefit of another.
Service innovations
improve interaction and
change in business and
society. Service innovations
come in six main flavors.
The “future of AI” will be
responsible actors (service
system entities becoming
X+AI) learning to invest
systematically and wisely in
becoming better future
versions of themselves,
while inventing resilient
and equitable non-zero-
sum games – sustainably
serving people and planet.

3. Timeline: Every 20 years,
compute costs are down by 1000x
• Cost of Digital Workers
• Moore’s Law can be thought of as
lowering costs by a factor of a…
• Thousand times lower
in 20 years
• Million times lower
in 40 years
• Billion times lower
in 60 years
• Smarter Tools (Terascale)
• Terascale (2017) = $3K
• Terascale (2020) = ~$1K
• Narrow Worker (Petascale)
• Recognition (Fast)
• Petascale (2040) = ~$1K
• Broad Worker (Exascale)
• Reasoning (Slow)
• Exascale (2060) = ~$1K
3
8/25/2022 Spohrer’s version of Moore’s Law
2080
2040
2000
1960
$1K
$1M
$1B
$1T
2060
2020
1980
+/- 10 years
$1
Person Average
Annual Salary
(Living Income)
Super Computer
Cost
Mainframe Cost
Smartphone Cost
T
P
E
T P E
AI Progress on Open Leaderboards
Benchmark Roadmap to solve AI/IA
OECD_Alistair Nolan to Everyone: “It has been stated that the number of engineers proclaiming the end of Moore's Law doubles every two years.”
Rouse WB, Spohrer JC. (2018) Automating versus augmenting intelligence. Journal of Enterprise Transformation. 2018 Apr 3;8(1-2):1-21.

4. Timeline: GDP/Employee
8/25/2022 Spohrer’s version of Moore’s Law 4
(Source)
Lower compute costs translate into increasing productivity and GDP/employees for nations
Increasing productivity and GDP/employees should translate into wealthier citizens
AI Progress on Open Leaderboards
Benchmark Roadmap to solve AI/IA

5. AI Tools to Experiment with Today
• #1 Magic Eraser
• #2 Craiyon
• #3 Rytr
• #4 Thing Translator
• #5 Autodraw
• #6 Fontjoy
• #7 Talk to Book
• #8 This Person Does Not Exist
• #9 Namelix
• #10 Let's Enhance Thanks to @TessaRDavis for compiling

7. Call to Discussion & Action
• Are you positive or negative about AI
and the future of higher education?
• If positive, are you using any specific AI
tools today?
• See list on previous slides
• How are you investing in upskilling with AI?
• If negative, do you have a specific concern
(“ditch to avoid”)?
• AI will take away my job
• AI will be used primarily by “bad actors” for
mischief
• Or used by social media platforms to generate
more clicks/attention thru angry reactions
• AI will try to take over people and planet
• AI will deskill and weaken people over time
• What are your concerns about AI?

8. Backup Slides
• A Service Science Perspective – is one that sees the social world in terms of an “accelerating
socio-technical system design loop” (Kline 1995); specifically, as an evolving ecology of service
system entities that (normatively) cocreate value and coelevate capabilities – sometimes
successfully and sometimes unsuccessfully; Service system entities are also known as
”responsible actors” – people, businesses, universities, and governments – all with rights and
responsibilities, capabilities and constraints. Responsible actors are learning to invest
systematically and wisely in becoming better future version of themselves – with improved win-
win interaction and change processes; service innovations matter.
• Service Science and Artificial Intelligence
• Includes an exploration of the relationship of cognitive system entities and service system entities; all service
system entities are cognitive systems entities with rights and responsibilities, capabilities and constraints.
• T-Shaped Skills
• Better than I-shaped skills in times of accelerating change
• Future Trends
• Golden age about to be unlocked if we can keep from going in the ditch, and learn to invest wisely in a future
we would all want; the “thought experiment” such as Rawl’s for a Theory of Justice is important to
undersrtand, as well as win-win, the notion of nonzero sum games (see Wright’s book)

9. NAE – Service Systems Engineering in the AI Era 9
Value
Science
Engineering
Policy
Investing in Skills
for Diverse Systems to
Sustainably Serve
People and Planet
in the AI Era
Management
Service
Science
Management
Engineering
Many disciplines
Many sectors
Many regions/cultures
(understanding & communications)
Deep
in
one
sector
Deep
in
one
region/culture
Deep
in
one
discipline
T-Shaped Skills
Depth and Breadth
People-centered
Data-intensive

10. Two disciplines: Two approaches to the future
Artificial Intelligence is almost seventy-years-old discipline in computer
science that studies automation and builds more capable technological
systems. AI tries to understand the intelligent things that people can do
and then does those things with technology. (https://deepmind.com/about “...
we aim to build advanced AI - sometimes known as Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) - to
expand our knowledge and find new answers. By solving this, we believe we could help
people solve thousands of problems.”)
Service science is an emerging transdiscipline not yet twenty-years- old
that studies transformation and builds smarter and wiser socoi-
technical systems – families, businesses, nations, platforms and other
special types of responsible entities and their win-win interactions that
transform value co-creation and capability co-elevation mechanisms
that build more resilient future versions of themselves – what we call
service systems entities. Service science tries to understand the
evolving ecology of service system entities, their capabilities,
constraints, rights, and responsibilities, and then then seeks to improve
the quality of life of people (present/smarter and future/wiser) in those
service systems.
26-30 July 2015 3rd International Conference on The Human Side of Service Engineering
10
Artificial Intelligence
Automation
Generations of machines
Service Science
Transformation
Generations of people
(responsible entities)
Service systems are dynamic configurations of people,
technology, organizations, and information, connected
internally and externally by value propositions, to other
service system entities. (Maglio et al 2009)

11. Service Science: Conceptual Framework
8/25/2022 (c) IBM MAP COG .| 11
Service Science

12. (c) IBM MAP COG .| 12
Service Science: Transdisciplinary Framework to Study Service Systems
Systems that focus on flows of things Systems that govern
Systems that support people’s activities
transportation &
supply chain water &
waste
food &
products
energy
& electricity
building &
construction
healthcare
& family
retail &
hospitality banking
& finance
ICT &
cloud
education
&work
city
secure
state
scale
nation
laws
social sciences
behavioral sciences
management sciences
political sciences
learning sciences
cognitive sciences
system sciences
information sciences
organization sciences
decision sciences
run professions
transform professions
innovate professions
e.g., econ & law
e.g., marketing
e.g., operations
e.g., public policy
e.g., game theory
and strategy
e.g., psychology
e.g., industrial eng.
e.g., computer sci
e.g., knowledge mgmt
e.g., statistics
e.g., knowledge worker
e.g., consultant
e.g., entrepreneur
stakeholders
Customer
Provider
Authority
Competitors
resources
People
Technology
Information
Organizations
change
History
(Data Analytics)
Future
(Roadmap)
value
Run
Transform
(Copy)
Innovate
(Invent)
Stackholders (As-Is)
Resources (As-Is)
Change (Might-Become)
Value (To-Be)

13. IfM, IBM (2010)
Succeeding through
service innovation:
a service perspective
for education, research,
business and government.
University of Cambridge
Institute for Manufacturing,
Cambridge UK
2010

14. IBM’s Service Journey: A Summary Sketch
8/25/2022 (c) IBM MAP COG .| 14
Spohrer J (2017 ) IBM's service journey: A summary sketch. Industrial Marketing Management. 60:167-172.

15. What expertise does
a service scientist require?
What degrees can
a service scientist earn?
Ultimately, what tool will
a service scientist most need?
Ultimately, what purpose should
a service scientist focus on?
How to invest wisely?
Year Delighted when… … and many people to thank when…
2022 Exploring ServCollab and ISSIP collaborations & forthcoming book
SSME and T-shaped Skills mentioned in Nick Donofrio Autobiography
2021 Christopher Lovelock Career Contributions to Service Discipline Award
IBMer Utpal Mangla, Elected to 2022 ISSIP VP/2023 President role
2020 Linux Foundation AI & Data TAC Chair Elected – open-source trusted AI
2019 Handbook of Service Science, Volume 2
2018 IBMer Rama Akkiraju, President of ISSIP
2017 Daniel Berg Award for Technology and Service Systems Award (IAITQM)
2016 NSF invests $13M in smart, human-centered Service Systems
2015 IBMer Jeff Welser, President of ISSIP
2014 IBM hosted Frontiers in Service Conference in San Jose, CA
2013 Vargo & Lusch S-D Logic Award, E. Gummesson Award (Naples Forum)
PICMET Fellow for Advancing Service Science
2012 International Society of Service Innovation Professionals established
2011 IBM Centennial Icon-of-Progress – including SSME and Smarter Planet
2010 Handbook of Service Science, Volume 1
2009 Robin Qiu launches INFORMS Journal of Service Science
2008 Cambridge Report – “Succeeding Through Service Innovation”
HICSS starts a service scince mini-track Paul Maglio/Furen Lin
2007 SSME in USA America COMPETES Act Congressional Legislation
IBM hosted Frontiers in Service Conference in San Francisco, CA
2006 IBM Research Awards for CBM, Data Analytics, Solution, etc. tools
2005 Attended fist Frontiers in Service – ”Big tent” getting bigger
2004 China, Japan, Finland, Germany, etc. Launch knowledge-intensive
service initiatives
2003 ”Big Tent” Service Conference at IBM Almaden, SSME Faculty Awards
2002 IBM established Almaden Service Research (ASR) group

17. 17
How responsible entities (service systems) learn and change over time
History and future of Run-Transform-Innovate investment choices
• Diverse Types
• Persons (Individuals)
• Families
• Regional Entities
• Universities
• Hospitals
• Cities
• States/Provinces
• Nations
• Other Enterprises
• Businesses
• Non-profits
• Learning & Change
• Run = use existing knowledge
or standard practices (use)
• Transform = adopt a new best
practice (copy)
• Innovate = create a new best
practice (invent) Innovate
Invest in each
type of change
Spohrer J, Golinelli GM, Piciocchi P, Bassano C (2010) An integrated SS-VSA analysis of changing job roles. Service Science. 2010 Jun;2(1-2):1-20.
March JG (1991) Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization science. 1991 Feb;2(1):71-87. URL:
exploit
explore

18. © 2011 IBM Corporation
IBM UP (University Programs) WW
18
L
Product-Service Systems as Learning Systems
Learning Systems
(“Life = Choices”)
Exploitation
(James March)
Run/Practice&Reduce
(IBM)
Operations Costs
Maintenance Costs
Incidence Planning &
Response Costs
(Insure)
Exploration
(James March)
Transform/Follow
(IBM)
Internal
External
Interactions
Innovate/Lead
(IBM)
Incremental
Radical
Super-Radical
“To be
the best,
learn from
the rest”
“Double
monetize,
internal win
and ‘sell’ to
external”
“Try to
operate
inside
the
comfort
zone”
Linda Sanford, IBM “Let Go To Grow”

19. 19
What is a Responsible Service System Entity?
… customers/practitioners just name <your favorite provider>
… learners just name <your favorite role model>
Economics, Law, & Public Policy
Social & Behavioral Sciences
Design/
Cognitive Science
Systems
Engineering &
Human Factors
Operations
Computer Science/
Artificial Intelligence
Marketing
“a service system is a human-made system
to improve value co-creation interactions;
a dynamic configuration of resources
interconnected by value propositions.”
“service science is
the transdisciplinary study of
the evolving ecology of
responsible service systems entities
& their value-cocreation and
capability co-elevation
interactions.”
What is Service Science?
…researchers just name <your favorite discipline>
…educators just name <your favorite aha moment>

20. “The best way to predict the future is to inspire the
next generation of students to build it better”
Digital Natives Transportation Water Manufacturing
Energy Construction ICT Retail
Finance Healthcare Education Government

21. Upskilling…
T-shaped
(l)earners
Gardner P, Maietta HN
(2020) Advancing Talent
Development: Steps
Toward a T-Model
Infused Undergraduate
Education.
Moghaddam Y, Demirkan
H, Spohrer J (2018) T-
Shaped Professionals:
Adaptive Innovators.

22. 8/25/2022 (c) IBM MAP COG .| 22
T-shaped Adaptive Innovator: Deep Problem-Solving and Broad Communication/Collaboration
Advanced Tech: AI to IoT to Quantum, GreenTech, RegTech, etc.
Work Practices: Agile, Service Design, Open Source
Mindset: Growth Mindset, Positive Mindset, Entrepreneurial
Many disciplines
Many sectors
Many regions/cultures
(understanding & communications)
Deep
in
one
sector
Deep
in
one
region/culture
Deep
in
one
discipline

24. 8/25/2022 24
1955 1975 1995 2015 2035 2055
Better Building Blocks

25. 10 million minutes of experience
8/25/2022 Understanding Cognitive Systems 25

26. 2 million minutes of experience
8/25/2022 Understanding Cognitive Systems 26

27. Jim Spohrer, Board of Directors, ISSIP.org
Jim Spohrer serves on the Board of Directors of the International Society of
Service Innovation Professionals, and as a contributor to the Linux Foundation
AI and Data Foundation. He is a retired IBM Executive since July 2021, and
previously directed IBM’s open-source Artificial Intelligence developer
ecosystem effort, was CTO IBM Venture Capital Group, co-founded IBM
Almaden Service Research, and led IBM Global University Programs. After his
MIT BS in Physics, he developed speech recognition systems at Verbex (Exxon)
before receiving his Yale PhD in Computer Science/AI. In the 1990’s, he attained
Apple Computers’ Distinguished Engineer Scientist and Technologist role for
next generation learning platforms. With over ninety publications and nine
patents, he received the Christopher Loverlock Career Contributions to the
Service Discipline award, Gummesson Service Research award, Vargo and Lusch
Service-Dominant Logic award, Daniel Berg Service Systems award, and a
PICMET Fellow for advancing service science. Jim was elected and previously
served as LF AI & Data Technical Advisory Board Chairperson and ONNX Steering
Committee Member (2020-2021), UIDP Senior Fellow for contributions to
industry-university collaborations.
27
From 2002 - 2009, Jim co-founded
(with Paul Maglio) and directed
IBM Almaden Service Research
helping to establish service science,
applying science, technology,
and T-shaped upskilling of people to
business and societal transformation.
Who I am
2021 A big year: (1) hit 65, (2) career award, (3) retired from IBM

28. Who I am: Take 2
The Three Ages of Man (Giorgione)
Thanks to Alan Hartman for kind inspiration (slides) (recording) Service, when responsible entities apply their knowledge for mutual benefits
win-win/non-zero-sum games/value co-creation/capability co-elevation
Service is a central, fundamental concept of the value of systems interacting
(entities-interactions-outcomes)

29. What I study
Service Science and Open Source AI – Trust is key to both
Service
Science
Artificial
Intelligence
Trust:
Value Co-Creation/Collaboration
Responsible Entities Learning to Invest
Transdisciplinary Community
Trust:
Secure, Fair, Explainable
Machine Collaborators
Open Source Communities

30. © 2011 IBM Corporation
IBM UP (University Programs) WW
30
Understanding the Human-Made World
See Paul Romer’s Charter Cities Video: http://www.ted.com/talks/paul_romer.html
Also see:
Symbolic Species, Deacon
Company of Strangers, Seabright
Sciences of the Artificial, Simon

34. Intelligence Augmentation (IA) =
Socio-Technical Extension Factor on Capabilities
• Engelbart (1962)
• Spohrer & Engelbart (2002)
8/25/2022 (c) IBM MAP COG .| 34
Dedicated to Douglas E. Engelbart, Inventor
The Mouse (Pointing Device)
The Mother of All Demos
Bootstrapping Practice/Augmentation Theory
Note: Bush (1945) and Licklider (1960) created funding programs that benefitted Engelbart in building working systems.

35. IA as Socio-Technical Extension Factor on Capabilities & Values
IA (human values) is not AI (technology capability)
Difference 1: IA leads to more capable people even when scaffold removed
Difference 2: IA leads to more responsible people to use wisely the capabilities
8/25/2022 (c) IBM MAP COG .| 35
Superminds
Malone (2018)
Things that Make
Us Smart
Norman (1994)
Worldboard
Augmented Perception
Spohrer (1999)
Bicycles for the Mind
Kay & Jobs (1984)
Techno-Extension Factor
Measurement
& Accelerating
Socio-Technical Design Loop
Kline (1996)

36. References
• Araya D (2018) Augmented Intelligence: Smart Systems and the Future of Work and Learning. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers; 2018 Sep 28.
• Bush V (1945) As we may think. The Atlantic Monthly. 1945 Jul 1;176(1):101-8.
• Engelbart D (1962) Augmenting human intellect. Summary report AFOSR-3223 under Contract AF. 1962 Oct;49(638):1024.
• Gardner P, Maietta HN (2020) Advancing Talent Development: Steps Toward a T-Model Infused Undergraduate Education. Business Expert Press. URL:
https://www.amazon.com/Advancing-Talent-Development-Undergraduate-Education/dp/1951527062
• Kay A, Jobs S (1984) Wheels for the Mind. Apple Computer.
• Kline SJ (1995) Conceptual foundations for multidisciplinary thinking. Stanford University Press; 1995.
• Licklider JC (1960) . Man-computer symbiosis. IRE transactions on human factors in electronics. 1960 Mar(1):4-11.
• Malone TW (2018) Superminds: The surprising power of people and computers thinking together. Little, Brown Spark; 2018 May 15.
• Norman D (1994) Things that make us smart: Defending human attributes in the age of the machine. Diversion Books; 2014 Dec 2.
• Rouse WB, Spohrer JC (2018) Automating versus augmenting intelligence. Journal of Enterprise Transformation. 2018 Feb 7:1-21.
• Siddike MA, Spohrer J, Demirkan H, Kohda Y (2018) A Framework of Enhanced Performance: People's Interactions With Cognitive Assistants. International Journal
of Systems and Service-Oriented Engineering (IJSSOE). 2018 Jul 1;8(3):1-7.
• Spohrer JC (1998) Information in places. IBM Systems Journal. 1999;38(4):602-28.
• Spohrer JC, Engelbart DC (2004) Converging technologies for enhancing human performance: Science and business perspectives. Annals of the New York Academy
of Sciences. 2004 May;1013(1):50-82.
• Spohrer J, Siddike (2018) The Future of Digital Cognitive Systems: Tool, Assistant, Collaborator, Coach, Mediator. In Ed. Araya D. Augmented Intelligence: Smart
Systems and the Future of Work and Learning. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers; 2018 Sep 28.
• Spohrer J (2020) Online Platform Economy and Gig Workers: A USA Perspective. Presentation.
• Spohrer J & Maglio PP (2006) Service Science Management and Engineering (SSME): An Emerging Discipline. IBM Presentation.
8/25/2022 (c) IBM MAP COG .| 36

37. Write
Speak
Offer
Awards
Volunteers
ISSIP Platform Operations, Leadership Team, Supporters, Sponsors
International Society of Service Innovation Professionals (ISSIP.org)
“service innovations improve win-win interactions and change in business and society”
Join ISSIP to network with service innovation professionals and upcoming students,
while growing your knowledge sharing eminence about service systems/responsible actors,
in a non-profit professional association that promotes lifelong learning and T-shaped upskilling.
“everyone has something to learn, everyone has something to share”
Service – The application of resources (e.g., knowledge) for the benefit of another.
Service Innovations – Improvements in win-win interactions and change in business and society.
Win-Win– Service-for-service exchange, also called value co-creation interactions between actors.
Responsible Actors – individuals, businesses, universities, governments, also called service system entities.
Eminence – Professional reputation that comes from learning to invest more wisely in service innovations.
ISSIP helps members learn to invest more systematically in service innovations that matter.

38. ISSIP: Service Innovation and T-Shaped Adaptive Innovators Breadth
Depth
Breadth
Depth
Depth
Depth
Breadth
Breadth
Breadth
Depth
Depth
Depth
Breadth
Breadth
Breadth
Depth
Depth
Depth
Breadth
Breadth
Communications
Problem
Solving
Cultures
Systems
Disciplines
Cultures
Disciplines
Systems
Cultures
Systems
Disciplines
Cultures
Disciplines
Systems
Mindsets
Mindsets
Work
Practices
Advancing
Tech.
Work Practices
Advancing Tech.
Individual Expertise – T1, T3
Collective Expertise – T6
Augmented Expertise – T6
Role
Skills
Identity
Threatened Empowered
Service
Offerings
Service-for-Service
Exchange
Sustaining “mindsets” requires “like-minded”
Sustaining “innovation” requires “depth-diversity-inclusion”
Sustaining above requires “lifelong learning – interaction & change”
Sustaining people requires “rhythmic cycles” – breath, drink & eat, sleep, etc.
T1
T3
T6
I
We
I
We
Me
Me

40. 5/18/22, 6:57 AM
Page 1 of 2
https://media.licdn.com/embeds/native- document.html?li_theme=light
See Ricardo Martins - https://www.linkedin.com/in/ricardoalexmartins/