Almost 20% of accidents are sleep-related and are 50% more likely to be fatal. High anger drivers are twice as likely to crash and drive faster. A proposed solution called "Drive Happy" uses sensors in a steering wheel cover and a smartphone app to monitor drivers for sleepiness and stress, then provides feedback and recommends calming activities or "happy" routes to reduce risks.

1. Almost 20% of accidents on major roads are
sleep-related, and are 50% more likely to cause
fatality.
—Royal society for the prevention of accidents

2. High anger drivers are likely to drive faster and
are twice as likely to crash.
—Deffenbacher,2002

3. Design Practice Drive Happy
Group 1
: )

4. Agenda
• Problem Situation
• “The Big Idea”
• Design Process
• Demo
• Extensions / Future Work

5. Agenda
• Problem Situation
• “The Big Idea”
• Design Process
• Demo
• Extensions / Future Work

6. Problem Situation
● Studies have shown emotions can affect driving
performance and behaviour.
!
● Almost 20% of accidents on major roads are
sleep-related, and are 50% more likely to cause
fatality.
!
● Men under 30 have the highest risk of falling asleep
at the wheel.

7. Literature Review
• Jackson et al (2013): Drivers deprived of sleep for 24
hours had significant cognitive impairment and more
incidents whilst driving compared to awake drivers.
!
• Blazejewski et al (2012): Drowsy driving increases your
chances of being involved in an accident almost as much
as drunk driving.
!
• National Sleep Foundation (2005): 60% of American
drivers admit to driving drowsy within the past year, also
37% have fallen asleep at the wheel at least once (and
13% of those admit to doing it at least once a month).

8. Literature Review
!
● Zillman (1971) : High anger drivers are more likely
to be in an angry state when getting in the car and
react badly to provocative events.
!
● Deffenbacher (2002) : High anger drivers are likely
to drive faster and are twice as likely to crash.
!
● Underwood (1999) : Trait driving anger correlates
with amount of traffic violations.

9. Agenda
• Problem Situation
• “The Big Idea”
• Design Process
• Demo
• Extensions / Future Work

10. “The Big Idea”: Drive Happy
!
Part 1:
Steering Wheel Cover with sensors to monitor
!
● Heart Rate
● Pressure
● Facial Expressions
!

11. “The Big Idea”: Drive Happy
!
Part 2:
Smartphone/Web App
!
● Map of local area with “happy” / “stressful” routes
● User Statistics
● Plug-in to Google Maps
!

12. “The Big Idea”: Drive Happy
!
Part 3:
Billboard at Petrol / Service Stations
!
● Map of local area with “happy” / “stressful”
routes

13. Agenda
• Problem Situation
• “The Big Idea”
• Design Process
• Demo
• Extensions / Future Work

14. Design Process: Initial Sketches

15. Design Process: Initial Sketches

16. Design Process: Research
Sleepiness
!
● 95% want to be made aware.
!
● 71% prefer light and audio
feedback.
!
● 29% prefer audio feedback.

17. Design Process: Research
Anger / Stress
!
● 24% want to be made aware.
!
● 69% prefer light, 6% prefer audio,
25% prefer light and sound.
!
● Calming strategies: 56% prefer
music or breathing exercises.

18. Design Process: Physical Prototype

19. Design Process: Physical Prototype

20. Design Process: Physical Prototype

21. Design Process: User Testing

22. Design Process: User Testing

23. Interfaces: Web app

24. Interfaces: Mobile app

25. Interfaces: Billboard Mockup

26. Agenda
• Problem Situation
• “The Big Idea”
• Design Process
• Demo
• Extensions / Future Work

27. Scenario 1: Sleepy Driver

33. Scenario 2: Angry Driver

37. Agenda
• Problem Situation
• “The Big Idea”
• Design Process
• Demo
• Extensions / Future Work

38. Further Work
● Further user testing – in-car testing
!
● Higher fidelity prototypes - skin conductance
!
● In-app navigation / overlay to Google Maps
!
● Further research into security / privacy issues

39. Questions?

40. : )

41. References
• Blazejewski, S., Girodet, P.-O., Orriols, L., Capelli, A., Moore, N. (2012); "Factors associated with serious
traffic crashes: a prospective study in southwest France"; Archives of internal medicine, 2012, Vol.
172(13), pp.1039-41!
!
• Deffenbacher J. L., Deffenbacher D. M., Lynch R.S., Richards T. L. (2003); "Anger, aggression, and risky
behavior: a comparison of high and low anger drivers"; Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2003, Vol.
41(6), pp.701-718!
!
• DePasquale, J. P., Geller, E. S., Clarke, S. W., Littleton, L. C. (2001); "Measuring road rage: development
of the Propensity for Angry Driving Scale"; Journal of Safety Research, 2001, Vol.32(1), pp.1-16!
!
• Dukes, R. L., Clayton, S. L., Jenkins, L. T., Miller, T. L., Rodgers, S. E. (2001); "Effects of aggressive
driving and driver characteristics on road rage"; The Social Science Journal, 2001, Vol.38(2), pp.323-331!
!
• Galovski, T. E., Blanchard, E. B. (2004); "Road rage: a domain for psychological intervention?";
Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2004, Vol.9(2), pp.105-127!
!
• Glenn Gunzelmann , L. Richard Moore Jr. , Dario D. Salvucci , Kevin A. Gluck (2010); “Sleep loss and
driver performance: Quantitative predictions with zero free parameters”; Cognitive Systems Research 12
(2011) 154–163

42. References
!
• Gulian E., Glendon A. I., Matthews G., Davies D. R., Debney L. M. (1990); "The stress of driving: A diary
study"; Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work,Health & Organisations, 4:1, 7-16!
!
• Healey, J., Picard, R. (2000); "SmartCar: detecting driver stress"; Proceedings 15th International
Conference on Pattern Recognition, Sept. 2000, Vol.4, pp.218-221!
!
• Jackson, M. L., Croft, R. J., Kennedy, G. A., Owens, K., Howard, M. E. (2013); "Cognitive components of
simulated driving performance: Sleep loss effects and predictors"; Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2013,
Vol.50, pp.438-444!
!
• Jeff Robbins(2010);”GPS Navigation...But What is it Doing To Us?”;IEEE International Symposium on
Technology and Society!
!
• Krajewski, J., Golz, M., Schnieder, S., Schnupp, T., Heinze, C., Sommer, D. (2010); “Detecting Fatigue from
Steering Behaviour Applying Continuous Wavelet Transform”; ACM 2010 ISBN: 978-1-60558-926-8/10/08!
!
• Michael Biermann, M., Hoppe,T., Dittmann,J., Vielhauer, C. (2008); “Vehicle Systems: Comfort & Security
Enhancement of Face/Speech Fusion with Compensational Biometric Modalities”; ACM
978-1-60558-058-6/08/9!

43. References
• National Sleep Foundation (2005) "Sleep in America Poll, Summary of Findings”!
!
• Novaco, R., Stokols, D., Campbell, J., Stokols, J. (1979); "Transportation, Stress, and Community
Psychology"; American Journal of Community Psychology, 1979, Vol.7(4), pp.361-380!
!
• The World Bank. (2013). The World Bank. Retrieved October 25, 2013, from The World Bank Web Site:
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.VEH.NVEH.P3/countr ies/1W-GB?display=default!
!
• Underwood, G., Chapman, P., Wright, S., Crundall, D. (1999); "Anger While Driving”; Transportation
Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour, 1999, Vol.2(1), pp.55-68 !
!
• Zillmann, D. (1971); "Excitation transfer in communication-mediated aggressive behavior"; Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology, 1971, Vol.7(4), pp.419-434!
!
• Driver Fatigue and Road Accidents. (n.d.). The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents. Retrieved
November 20, 2013 from the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents Web Site: http://
www.rospa.com/roadsafety/adviceandinformation/driving/driverfatigue/factsheet.aspx!
!
• Think Direct. (n.d); Retrieved November 20, 2013, from The Think Direct Web Site: http://
think.direct.gov.uk/fatigue.html