How does open source software happen? What can we learn from it for cross-organizational collaboration? In this presentation, ifPeople cofounders Tirza Hollenhorst and Christopher Johnson talk about what open source is, the process by which it is created through a voluntary community, and a concrete process that can be used in any project (even non-software projects) to "social source" the project.
Open Source Software Governance Guide: Developing a Matrix of Leading Questio...Javier Canovas
Slides of the presentation for the panel "Applying the principles of knowledge commons governance in practical frameworks for community-driven stewardship of digital resources" at Knowledge Commons Conference 2021
How does open source software happen? What can we learn from it for cross-organizational collaboration? In this presentation, ifPeople cofounders Tirza Hollenhorst and Christopher Johnson talk about what open source is, the process by which it is created through a voluntary community, and a concrete process that can be used in any project (even non-software projects) to "social source" the project.
Open Source Software Governance Guide: Developing a Matrix of Leading Questio...Javier Canovas
Slides of the presentation for the panel "Applying the principles of knowledge commons governance in practical frameworks for community-driven stewardship of digital resources" at Knowledge Commons Conference 2021
The Role of Foundations in Open Source ProjectsJavier Canovas
Slides of the presentation of the paper titled "The Role of Foundations in Open Source Projects", accepted in the Software Engineering in Society track of the International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE).
Some personal stories that support the idea that working on Open Source projects help professionals and organizations to shorten the path towards agility at scale.
Composition and initiation of agricultural innovation platformsILRI
Presented by Iddo Dror at the SEARCA Forum-workshop on Platforms, Rural Advisory Services, and Knowledge Management: Towards Inclusive and Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development, Los Banos, 17-19 May 2016
Ten Lessons Learnt to Drive and Transform Open Source Software User Experienc...All Things Open
Presented at: All Things Open 2019
Presented by: Piet Kruithof, IBM, Ju Lim, Red Hat, & Melissa Meingast, Hewlett Packard Enterprise
Find more slides by Ju Lim: https://www.slideshare.net/julienlim
Ten Lessons Learnt to Drive and Transform Open Source Software User Experienc...Ju Lim
"Ten Lessons Learnt to Drive and Transform Open Source Software User Experience, and How to Get There" talk was presented by Piet Kruithof, Ju Lim, and Melissa Meingast at All Things Open 2019 in Raleigh, NC on 14 October 2019.
Abstract
The greatest strength associated with open source communities is the developer-driven culture that leverages processes and tools optimized for code development and review. One reason this model works is the developers are also the consumers of the software.
But what if community members aren’t the only ones using the software? How do we give them a voice within the open source community?
This discussion includes an overview of our efforts to drive and transform open source software user experience, how we got there, and what needs to be improved.
This is a Project Based Training programme that I developed and implemented in 2016. It is called "The Valhalla Project" and it tests how well the practices of SDLC and systems engineering can be applied in a more general management scenario.
Ideas, methods and tools for OSS Compliance assessment, OW2online, June 2020OW2
Presentation by Boris Baldassari, Consultant, Castalia Solutions.
Abstract: While Open Source Software has become mainstream, the understanding of its key principles, from ethics and collaboration to governance and community management, is gaining more interest and attention. There is a comprehensive volume of studies and reports backing up our individual and collective experience, yet we still cannot reliably measure these characteristics, and even less clearly define or assess them.
In an attempt to build up confidence and foster maturity in this area, this talk will look at the various existing models and metrics related to OSS compliance and governance, and build upon them to propose methods and tools for their evaluation and analysis. We will discuss the requirements and essential questions to ask, offer guidelines for implementation and suggest efficient ways to present results.
Sustainable Free and Open Source software is more than just code released under a specific licence. It is a way of developing software. This presentation looks at the social, economic and environmental requirements for sustainable open source software. It also suggests that many of the lessons learned in open source software development can be applied to other domains in which outputs can be efficiently shared.
Collaboration for Sustainability in a Networked World: Barriers and Advicealicemariearcher
I gave a presentation to the ideas ministry in Reykjavik, Iceland bringing forward the findings of my group thesis written in June 2009. This slideshow was just a taster of some of the findings including info on problems collaborations encounter and some advice.
"Open Source and the Choice to Cooperate" by Brian Behlendorf @ eLiberatica 2007eLiberatica
This is a presentation held at eLiberatica 2007.
http://www.eliberatica.ro/2007/
One of the biggest events of its kind in Eastern Europe, eLiberatica brings community leaders from around the world to discuss about the hottest topics in FLOSS movement, demonstrating the advantages of adopting, using and developing Open Source and Free Software solutions.
The eLiberatica organizational committee together with our speakers and guests, have graciously allowed media representatives and all attendees to photograph, videotape and otherwise record their sessions, on the condition that the photos, videos and recordings are licensed under the Creative Commons Share-Alike 3.0 License.
These are detailed notes from the visit at the Copenhagen's Danish Design Centre, which had on display a very informative exhibition on a model for a design-driven innovation, developed by the Danish Design Centre.
Design-driven Innovation (DIN) is a tool for developing better responses to complex challenges while ensuring implementation through a design-driven approach.
I was interested in the potential of this model for designing public communication.
The credit for all the information in this document goes to Danish Design Centre.
Presentation by Joan Starr at Code4Lib 2007 in Athens, GA
Academic digital libraries face serious challenges in trying to adopt agile project management techniques. While there have always been significant differences between how an academic and a corporate team might solve a problem, today, digital library and corporate offerings are often in direct competition. Time-to-market is more important than ever before. This talk will identify the most troublesome characteristics of academic bureaucracies and make suggestions for working around these obstacles.
There is no universal way to coordinate Agile teams in large development projects because they have unique problems. This implies that the best way to coordinate the teams is to ask them how they want to be managed given a set of enabling constraints. This requires particular communication and negotiation skills in the leadership team, which are conveyed in this talk. The skills are described as a set of conventions, founded on the argument that every organization is a complex adaptive system and should therefore be analyzed as a whole and from multiple system perspectives. So, this talk will show that by treating software development as a complex endeavor, rather than a linear, will help managers to master large Agile projects.
Guy Martin, Senior Strategist with the Samsung Open Source Group, discusses how successful Open Source Projects need balance between their different areas of 'anatomy'.
The Role of Foundations in Open Source ProjectsJavier Canovas
Slides of the presentation of the paper titled "The Role of Foundations in Open Source Projects", accepted in the Software Engineering in Society track of the International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE).
Some personal stories that support the idea that working on Open Source projects help professionals and organizations to shorten the path towards agility at scale.
Composition and initiation of agricultural innovation platformsILRI
Presented by Iddo Dror at the SEARCA Forum-workshop on Platforms, Rural Advisory Services, and Knowledge Management: Towards Inclusive and Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development, Los Banos, 17-19 May 2016
Ten Lessons Learnt to Drive and Transform Open Source Software User Experienc...All Things Open
Presented at: All Things Open 2019
Presented by: Piet Kruithof, IBM, Ju Lim, Red Hat, & Melissa Meingast, Hewlett Packard Enterprise
Find more slides by Ju Lim: https://www.slideshare.net/julienlim
Ten Lessons Learnt to Drive and Transform Open Source Software User Experienc...Ju Lim
"Ten Lessons Learnt to Drive and Transform Open Source Software User Experience, and How to Get There" talk was presented by Piet Kruithof, Ju Lim, and Melissa Meingast at All Things Open 2019 in Raleigh, NC on 14 October 2019.
Abstract
The greatest strength associated with open source communities is the developer-driven culture that leverages processes and tools optimized for code development and review. One reason this model works is the developers are also the consumers of the software.
But what if community members aren’t the only ones using the software? How do we give them a voice within the open source community?
This discussion includes an overview of our efforts to drive and transform open source software user experience, how we got there, and what needs to be improved.
This is a Project Based Training programme that I developed and implemented in 2016. It is called "The Valhalla Project" and it tests how well the practices of SDLC and systems engineering can be applied in a more general management scenario.
Ideas, methods and tools for OSS Compliance assessment, OW2online, June 2020OW2
Presentation by Boris Baldassari, Consultant, Castalia Solutions.
Abstract: While Open Source Software has become mainstream, the understanding of its key principles, from ethics and collaboration to governance and community management, is gaining more interest and attention. There is a comprehensive volume of studies and reports backing up our individual and collective experience, yet we still cannot reliably measure these characteristics, and even less clearly define or assess them.
In an attempt to build up confidence and foster maturity in this area, this talk will look at the various existing models and metrics related to OSS compliance and governance, and build upon them to propose methods and tools for their evaluation and analysis. We will discuss the requirements and essential questions to ask, offer guidelines for implementation and suggest efficient ways to present results.
Sustainable Free and Open Source software is more than just code released under a specific licence. It is a way of developing software. This presentation looks at the social, economic and environmental requirements for sustainable open source software. It also suggests that many of the lessons learned in open source software development can be applied to other domains in which outputs can be efficiently shared.
Collaboration for Sustainability in a Networked World: Barriers and Advicealicemariearcher
I gave a presentation to the ideas ministry in Reykjavik, Iceland bringing forward the findings of my group thesis written in June 2009. This slideshow was just a taster of some of the findings including info on problems collaborations encounter and some advice.
"Open Source and the Choice to Cooperate" by Brian Behlendorf @ eLiberatica 2007eLiberatica
This is a presentation held at eLiberatica 2007.
http://www.eliberatica.ro/2007/
One of the biggest events of its kind in Eastern Europe, eLiberatica brings community leaders from around the world to discuss about the hottest topics in FLOSS movement, demonstrating the advantages of adopting, using and developing Open Source and Free Software solutions.
The eLiberatica organizational committee together with our speakers and guests, have graciously allowed media representatives and all attendees to photograph, videotape and otherwise record their sessions, on the condition that the photos, videos and recordings are licensed under the Creative Commons Share-Alike 3.0 License.
These are detailed notes from the visit at the Copenhagen's Danish Design Centre, which had on display a very informative exhibition on a model for a design-driven innovation, developed by the Danish Design Centre.
Design-driven Innovation (DIN) is a tool for developing better responses to complex challenges while ensuring implementation through a design-driven approach.
I was interested in the potential of this model for designing public communication.
The credit for all the information in this document goes to Danish Design Centre.
Presentation by Joan Starr at Code4Lib 2007 in Athens, GA
Academic digital libraries face serious challenges in trying to adopt agile project management techniques. While there have always been significant differences between how an academic and a corporate team might solve a problem, today, digital library and corporate offerings are often in direct competition. Time-to-market is more important than ever before. This talk will identify the most troublesome characteristics of academic bureaucracies and make suggestions for working around these obstacles.
There is no universal way to coordinate Agile teams in large development projects because they have unique problems. This implies that the best way to coordinate the teams is to ask them how they want to be managed given a set of enabling constraints. This requires particular communication and negotiation skills in the leadership team, which are conveyed in this talk. The skills are described as a set of conventions, founded on the argument that every organization is a complex adaptive system and should therefore be analyzed as a whole and from multiple system perspectives. So, this talk will show that by treating software development as a complex endeavor, rather than a linear, will help managers to master large Agile projects.
Guy Martin, Senior Strategist with the Samsung Open Source Group, discusses how successful Open Source Projects need balance between their different areas of 'anatomy'.
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. In this session
What are governace models? Why are they important
in FOSS projects?
Varieties of Governence models
Contribution management styles
Reflection on your own governance model
3. What's Governance?
The roles and processes for decision
making within a project
Informs potential contributors
Helps build sustainability
Assures potential users
Retains Control
Helps the project achieve its goals
Gardler, R. Hanganu, G. et al – Governance Models
4. What's Governance?
Governance in Ubuntu
http://www.ubuntu.com/about/about-ubuntu/governance
Ensures...
1) There is a defined process that helps people contribute
2) Decisions are taken in a fair and transparent manner
3) Necessary decisions are taken, even when there's no clear
consensus. There's also a clear path for appeal.
6. Benevolent Dictator
Gardler, R and Hanganu, G. et al - Benevolent dictator governance model
Folgel, K. - Producing Open Source Software
7. Qualities of a Benevolent Dictator
Sensitivity to your own influence
●
Letting people air ideas (even stupid ones)
●
Ability to acknowledge own mistakes
●
Ability to recognise good design
●
Personality
●
Folgel, K.
8. Linus's take on being nice
"If you want me to "act professional", I can tell you that I'm not
interested. I'm sitting in my home office wearign [sic] a bathrobe.
The same way I'm not going to start wearing ties, I'm *also* not
going to buy into the fake politeness, the lying, the office politics
and backstabbing, the passive aggressiveness, and the buzzwords.
Because THAT is what "acting professionally" results in: people
resort to all kinds of really nasty things because they are forced to
act out their normal urges in unnatural ways."
10. Meritocracy
Helen contributes work to
the project
Helen is elected or
appointed to a leadership
position
Helen gains
respect from peers
Respect gives Helen's
voice more weight in
discussions
Gardler, R and Hanganu, G. et al – Meritocratic governance model
11. Meritocracy
Inclusive – Equality of opportunity
●
Operates on consensus rather than votes
●
"Lazy Consensus" helps expedite non-controversial
decisions
●
12. Ubuntu – Striking a balance
Read the Ubuntu Governance documentation
http://oss.ly/ubuntu
What are the roles?
How are decisions made?
Is it a Benevolent Dictatorship or a Meritocracy?
14. Cathedral
Small group of experts
●
Infrequent release cycle
●
Heavily tested
●
Contributions subject to
heavy review
●
15. Bazaar
Larger, less formal group
●
"Release Early, Release Often"
●
"With enough eyes, all bugs are shallow"
●
Responsive to user and tester feedback
●
16. Bazaar
More open
to external
contribution
Apache HTTPD
Linux
Ubuntu
Less open
to external
contribution
GNU Emacs
Apache OODT
Cathedral
Benevolent
Dictator
Less open to
participatory
governance
More open to
participatory
governance
Formal
Meritocracy
17. Activity
As a group, identify the roles within your project's
governance structure
●
●
Who has the final say in decisions?
●
Discuss where your project sits on the graph.
How do you communicate this information to your
community and potential contributors? How could
this be improved?
●
18. Summary
Governance is important to define and communicate
how your project operates
●
You need to strike the right balances to retain the
right amount of control while inviting the right amount
of contribution
●
There's no "one true way", it depends on your
project's goals
●
Communicating your governance model effectively
is important for managing the expectations of
contributors
●
19. References
Questions?
Gardler, R and Hanganu, G. et al (2013) Governance Models
http://www.oss-watch.ac.uk/resources/governanceModels
Gardler, R. and Hanganu, G. et al (2013) Benevolent Dictator Governance Model
http://www.oss-watch.ac.uk/resources/benevolentdictatorgovernancemodel
Gardler, R. and Hanganu, G. et al (2013) Meritocratic Governance Model
http://www.oss-watch.ac.uk/resources/meritocraticGovernanceModel
Fogel, K. (2005) "What makes a good benevolent dictator?" Producing Open Source Software
http://producingoss.com/html-chunk/social-infrastructure.html#benevolent-dictator
Raymond, E. (2000) The Cathedral and the Bazaar
http://catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/
Canonical Ltd. Governance
http://www.ubuntu.com/about/about-ubuntu/governance
Linux Namesake argues in favour of being a jerk
http://www.escapistmagazine.com/forums/read/7.822248-Linux-Namesake-Argues-In-Favor-Of-Being-A-Jerk
Image Credits
Cathedral, Frankfurt by Brian Burger
http://www.flickr.com/photos/wirelizard/1414035429/
Istanbul - Grand Bazaar by Roger Woolstadt
http://www.flickr.com/photos/24736216@N07/3498051077
Saint IGNUcius speaking by Beatrice Murch
http://www.flickr.com/photos/blmurch/3001698026/
P1010100 by dazfuller
http://www.flickr.com/photos/68293811@N00/4043153407
Editor's Notes
* The rules and roles involved in making descisions within a project
* What kind of decisions?
* How people lose and gain power
* How IP is managed, how management might change (copyright assignment? CLAs?)
* How roadmaps are set
* How to determine whether an issue has been closed. Also when it warrants re-opening (method of appeal?)
* Important to give a project stability, and thus sustainability
* Allows potential contributors to understand how to engage
* Describes he QA process to give users confidence in the project's outputs
* Ensures that overall control is maintained, but can provide a framework for transition if required.
* Attitude to forking?
* Try to keep everyone happy by being inclusive of as many ideas as possible
* Encourage forking – this may actually put people off doing it due to the effort required
* Provides a framework to ensure that the projects goals are met, e.g. commercial success, or just wide use
* What are the metrics by which this is measured?
* How are they fed back?
* The rules and roles involved in making descisions within a project
* What kind of decisions?
* How people lose and gain power
* How IP is managed, how management might change (copyright assignment? CLAs?)
* How roadmaps are set
* How to determine whether an issue has been closed. Also when it warrants re-opening (method of appeal?)
* Important to give a project stability, and thus sustainability
* Allows potential contributors to understand how to engage
* Describes he QA process to give users confidence in the project's outputs
* Ensures that overall control is maintained, but can provide a framework for transition if required.
* Attitude to forking?
* Try to keep everyone happy by being inclusive of as many ideas as possible
* Encourage forking – this may actually put people off doing it due to the effort required
* Provides a framework to ensure that the projects goals are met, e.g. commercial success, or just wide use
* What are the metrics by which this is measured?
* How are they fed back?
For example, Ubuntu's governance model seeks to ensure that:
* There is a defined process that helps people contribute to decisions regarding the Ubuntu community and distribution. It should be clear who is responsible for any given decision, and how others might contribute to the making of it.
* Decisions regarding the Ubuntu distribution and community are taken in a fair and transparent fashion.
* Necessary decisions are actually taken, even when there is no clear consensus among the community. There is a clear path for the appeal or escalation of a decision when necessary.
Basically 2 styles of governance – Benevolent Dictatorship and Meritocracy
While FOSS projects that are controlled by a sponsoring organisation might not be, Open development projects are meritocratic in nature, so "Formal Meritocracy" might be more appropriate
It's not a switch where you have to pick one or the other, it's more like a scale where you need to find the right balance for your project and community.
* There's no process for changing the leadership of the project, save for forking
* The Dictator may have "leuitentants" that he or she consults
* Quality developers must still have some influence, otherwise they'll leave *Folgel*
* The "Benevolent" part is important, people have to like or at least repect you. No successful FOSS community project is a Malevolent Dicatatorship. If your community doesn't like how you're managing the project, they'll leave or fork it.
* Ensures decisions are made as one person has the final say
* What makes a good benevolent dictator
* Sensitivity to your own influence, and thus self-restraint
* Letting people air ideas, even stupid ones
* Ability to acknlowledge stupid ideas
* Ability to recognise good design, not necessarily do it yourself
* Personality matters, you need to be likeable? Entertaining? Philanthropic?
* This often means avoiding being a dick
* Torvalds argues against this
* People earn respect from the community by contributing to the project
* As respect is earned (social capital is accrued), the contributor's voice carries more weight in discussions
* The contributor may be appointed or elected by the community to a leadership position, or simply given commit rights
The Cathedral and the Bazaar – Eric Raymond explores models of managing communities and soliciting engagements, particularly contrasting development of GNU Emacs with that of the Linux kernel.
* A small core of highly committed contributors
* Code developed within the core
* Infrequent releases, heavily tested in private
* Outside contributions might be accepted but only with heavy review
* A large group of contributors with various levels of commitment
* Contributions welcome from all
* Parallises problem solving - "With enough eyes, all bugs are shallow"
* More frequent, less tested releases - "Release early, release often"
* "Stable" release supported for longer, "beta" releases made freqently
* Responsive to user and tester feedback
* You cannot initiate a project Bazaar-style
* You need to present a plausible promise to encourage users, testers, and contributors to get involved.
* You need to have something *runnable* to demonstrate this - not necessarily *complete* or *working*
* The leadership needs to recognise good designs from others
* Most projects will start in the bottom-left of the graph, and may move up or right as they mature
* GNU Emacs – Raymond's classic Cathedral (up until c. 2008) vs Linux, the classic Bazzar
* Top-level ASF projects follow Meritocratic governance
* HTTPD follows a more bazaar-style model of soliciting patches from all comers
* OODT is more cautious and considered – focus on quality over speed, development docs are there to reassure users, not bring in more developers
* Ubuntu is somewhere in the middle – Dictatorship with clear meritocratic elements, welcoming (and sometimes reliant) on contrib, but very top-down on wider architecture decisions.
* Your choice of development model may inform your choice of tools - It's no coincidence that Git supports the Bazaar style of working