This document outlines several major sub-genres of horror films, including supernatural/paranormal horrors which feature ghosts, spirits, and possession; comedy horrors which spoof typical horror conventions; psychological horrors which aim to challenge viewers mentally with plot twists; slasher films featuring masked killers targeting teenagers; and body/gore horrors focusing on graphic torture. It also briefly mentions action horrors and gothic horrors involving vampires and werewolves.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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1. Types of horrors
Horrors all tend to have similar
conventions/narratives, however they can
be categorized into different sub-genres,
here are the majority (if not all) the sub-
genres.
2. Supernatural/paranormal horrors
• Supernatural/paranormal horrors is the sub-genre that most people think off
when the topic of horror films come up. These types of horrors is a horror that
focuses on devices/ themes that go against the natural world (so events
occurring which are unexplainable). They focus on themes such as witchcraft,
the spirit world and the afterlife, with the antagonist typically coming in the
form of a ghost, spirit, zombie or demon. Or in some cases the antagonist
comes in human form, however it would be through a possession (an example
being ‘The devil inside’ in which the antagonist survives/lives by
possessing/living inside a human body. The victims within these kind of horrors
tend to people at a natural disadvantage, so for example,
• children or the elderly.
• (a good example being Sinister.)
3. Comedy horror
• Whether comedy horrors can actually be considered a certified sub-genre of
the official horror genre or is just simply a comedy film has always been sparked
up for debate. However, despite this, it is still technically a horror. Comedy
horrors tend to take a mockery out of typical horror conventions by mimicking
the stereotypical (or notoriously ‘predictable) storyline of a horror but in an
absurd or ridiculous way – basically being a spoof. Comedy horrors are basically
invented to mock the predictability that comes with horror films. Despite this,
comedy horrors do use typical horror conventions, just adding a little twist to it
and not being as intense as your conventional horror film, as the aim of these
type of horrors is mainly to make the audience laugh however still creating a
little fear factor. A good example would be the scary movie films.
Comedy/spoof horrors tend to include conventions such as the ‘typical blonde
bimbo’, oversexualised teenagers and over exaggerated violence.
4. Psychological horror
• Next up we have the psychological horror genre, which sometimes fits into the
same genre as thrillers as they have typically similar conventions. The intentions
and aims of psychological horror is basically in the aim, they are here to
challenge and create fear within the audience mentally. The majority of these
films are basically brain puzzles which have big twists/cliff hangers that leave the
audience not only most of the time confused and shocked at the ending but also
having unanswered questions. Most people tend to find this genre scarier than
the typical supernatural horror, simply because the narrative focuses on
everyday, real life relatable situations with a dark twist to them (they expose the
evil that hides behind normality). This type of horror relies on the audience’s
fears and emotional instability to build tension with the antagonist generally
appearing normal in most cases.
5. Slasher and body/gory horrors
• A slasher horror film is a horror that focuses on a psychotic (usually masked) killer who
usually kills of his victims with a use of a weapon such as a knife. The antagonist tends to
remain unknown/anonymous typically till the end of the film in which their identity is
revealed. The victims of these type of films tend to fit into the age bracket of teenagers.
These horrors also have a huge specific convention of having a ‘final girl’, this being a
female protagonist who confronts/defeats the antagonist at the end of the film or the
last standing female survivor (an example being Sydney in Scream). The final girl tends to
be less attractive then her peers, very studious, less sexually appealing and a virgin, the
final girl being a basic representation of innocence.
• On the other hand, body and gore-filled horrors do also focus on a psychotic killer, but
the only difference is that the way they kill their victims is usually a form of torture and
grotesque. These films tend to show people with missing body parts or being mutated –
basically there will be a lot of blood!
6. Gothic horror, action horror
• These two are also sub-genres of horror films, however,
they tend to not be as relevant as the ones mentioned in
the previous slides.
• Action horrors are basically described in the name, a horror
that is mainly just action packed, the antagonist being
human and using typically weapons. However this is
debated as just being an action film.
• A gothic horror however is a horror that focuses on gothic
themes such as vampires, werewolves and zombies. It
usually combines themes of romance and horror. A good
example of this being Dracula or Frankenstein.
