Types of Claims
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This document outlines five types of evidence: precedent evidence, statistical evidence, testimonial evidence, hearsay evidence, and common knowledge evidence. Precedent evidence establishes expectations for future conduct based on past acts or events, including legal precedent from court rulings and personal precedent from observing others. Statistical evidence includes data from polls, surveys, and experiments but must be carefully analyzed due to potential biases. Testimonial evidence assigns motives and verifies actions through eyewitness accounts, expert opinions, or historiography. Hearsay evidence refers to unverified rumors or gossip. Common knowledge evidence supports non-controversial arguments without needing citations.
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THE NEED FOR EVIDENCE Almost all reasoning we encounter includes bel.docx
THE NEED FOR EVIDENCE Almost all reasoning we encounter includes beliefs about the way the world was, is, or is going to be that the communicator wants us to accept as “facts.” These beliefs can be conclusions, reasons, or assumptions. We can refer to such beliefs as factual claims. The first question you should ask about a factual claim is, “Why should I believe it?” Your next question is, “Does the claim need evidence to support it?” If it does, and if there is no evidence, the claim is a mere assertion, meaning a claim that is not backed up in any way. You should seriously question the dependability of mere assertions! If there is evidence, your next question is, “How good is the evidence?” To evaluate reasoning, we need to remember that some factual claims can be counted on more than others. For example, you probably feel quite certain that the claim “most U.S. senators are men” is true, but less certain that the assertion “practicing yoga reduces the risk of cancer” is true. Because it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to establish the absolute truth or falsity of most claims, rather than asking whether they are true, we prefer to ask whether they are dependable. In essence, we want to ask, “Can we count on such beliefs?” The greater the quality and quantity of evidence supporting a claim, the more we can depend on it, and the more we can call the claim a “fact.” For example, abundant evidence exists that George Washington was the first president of the United States of America. Thus, we can treat that claim as a fact. On the other hand, there is much conflicting evidence for the belief “bottled water is safer to drink than tap water.” We thus can’t treat this belief as a fact. The major difference between claims that are opinions and those that are facts is the present state of the relevant evidence. The more supporting evidence there is for a belief, the more “factual” the belief becomes. Before we judge the persuasiveness of a communication, we need to know which factual claims are most dependable. How do we determine dependability? We ask questions like the following: What is your proof? How do you know that’s true? Where’s the evidence? Why do you believe that? Are you sure that’s true? Can you prove it? You will be well on your way to being among the best critical thinkers when you develop the habit of regularly asking these questions. They require those making arguments to be responsible by revealing the basis for their arguments. Anyone with an argument that you should consider will not hesitate to answer these questions. They know they have substantial support for their claims and, consequently, will want to share their evidence in the hope that you will learn to share their conclusions. When people react to simple requests for evidence with anger or withdrawal, they usually do so because they are embarrassed as they realize that, without evidence, they should have been less assertive about their beliefs. When we regula.
1 st presentation lili speech 104
Evidence is important for convincing an audience to accept a claim. There are different types of evidence including factual evidence like statistics and testimony from experts, as well as precedents from legal cases or personal experiences. The quality and quantity of evidence must be tailored to the target audience, whether they initially support the claim, are neutral, or oppose it. Strong evidence presented in a clear, logical manner can help audiences understand and assent to an argument.
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The document discusses the different types of patent claims that can be used to define the scope of legal protection for an invention. It describes independent claims, dependent claims, product claims, process claims, product-by-process claims, two part/Jepson claims, means plus function claims, Markush claims, Swiss claims, multiple dependent claims, and omnibus claims. The types of claims serve to precisely define the boundaries of what is covered by the patent.
Patent ppt
Mr. Prem Patil prepared this document on patents under the guidance of Mrs. Swati Gupta at Apeejay Stya University in Sohna. The document discusses intellectual property rights including patents, designs, trademarks, and copyright. It defines what constitutes an invention and provides an overview of the history of patents. The stages to obtain a patent including filing, examination, grant or withdrawal are outlined. The document also discusses who benefits from patents, the rights they provide, and the importance and limitations of patent information.
Parts of argument & types of claim
This document discusses the key elements and types of arguments. It outlines that an argument presents a claim, provides support through evidence and logical reasoning, and may address counterarguments. The types of claims discussed are claims of fact, value, and policy. The parts of an argument include the issue, claim, support, rebuttal, and refutation.
Indian patent act
The document discusses the Indian Patent Act of 1970, which governs the granting of patents in India and provides intellectual property protections for inventions. Key aspects covered include the requirements for an invention to be patentable, the types of patents granted, procedures for obtaining and renewing a patent, rights of a patentee, and exclusions from patentability. The patent system aims to reward inventors while ensuring availability of inventions for public use.
Intellectual Property Rights
This document provides an overview of intellectual property (IP) including the types of IP (patents, trademarks, copyright), governing bodies and laws, and key concepts around IP rights.
1. It discusses the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) which promotes IP protection worldwide and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
2. The major types of IP are outlined as functional/technical inventions protected by patents, artistic works protected by copyright, and symbols/logos protected by trademarks.
3. The rights provided by patents, copyright, and trademarks are territorial in nature and regulated by country-specific laws, though international treaties allow cross-border cooperation on IP issues.
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THE NEED FOR EVIDENCE Almost all reasoning we encounter includes beliefs about the way the world was, is, or is going to be that the communicator wants us to accept as “facts.” These beliefs can be conclusions, reasons, or assumptions. We can refer to such beliefs as factual claims. The first question you should ask about a factual claim is, “Why should I believe it?” Your next question is, “Does the claim need evidence to support it?” If it does, and if there is no evidence, the claim is a mere assertion, meaning a claim that is not backed up in any way. You should seriously question the dependability of mere assertions! If there is evidence, your next question is, “How good is the evidence?” To evaluate reasoning, we need to remember that some factual claims can be counted on more than others. For example, you probably feel quite certain that the claim “most U.S. senators are men” is true, but less certain that the assertion “practicing yoga reduces the risk of cancer” is true. Because it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to establish the absolute truth or falsity of most claims, rather than asking whether they are true, we prefer to ask whether they are dependable. In essence, we want to ask, “Can we count on such beliefs?” The greater the quality and quantity of evidence supporting a claim, the more we can depend on it, and the more we can call the claim a “fact.” For example, abundant evidence exists that George Washington was the first president of the United States of America. Thus, we can treat that claim as a fact. On the other hand, there is much conflicting evidence for the belief “bottled water is safer to drink than tap water.” We thus can’t treat this belief as a fact. The major difference between claims that are opinions and those that are facts is the present state of the relevant evidence. The more supporting evidence there is for a belief, the more “factual” the belief becomes. Before we judge the persuasiveness of a communication, we need to know which factual claims are most dependable. How do we determine dependability? We ask questions like the following: What is your proof? How do you know that’s true? Where’s the evidence? Why do you believe that? Are you sure that’s true? Can you prove it? You will be well on your way to being among the best critical thinkers when you develop the habit of regularly asking these questions. They require those making arguments to be responsible by revealing the basis for their arguments. Anyone with an argument that you should consider will not hesitate to answer these questions. They know they have substantial support for their claims and, consequently, will want to share their evidence in the hope that you will learn to share their conclusions. When people react to simple requests for evidence with anger or withdrawal, they usually do so because they are embarrassed as they realize that, without evidence, they should have been less assertive about their beliefs. When we regula.
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Evidence is important for convincing an audience to accept a claim. There are different types of evidence including factual evidence like statistics and testimony from experts, as well as precedents from legal cases or personal experiences. The quality and quantity of evidence must be tailored to the target audience, whether they initially support the claim, are neutral, or oppose it. Strong evidence presented in a clear, logical manner can help audiences understand and assent to an argument.
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There are three types of audiences that require differing amounts of evidence to support an argument: friendly, neutral, and hostile. A friendly audience requires the least evidence as they already support your position. A hostile audience requires the most evidence as they oppose your viewpoint. A neutral audience is undecided and requires quality evidence to convince them. There are five basic types of evidence to support an argument: common knowledge, hearsay, precedent, statistical, and testimonial. The type of evidence used depends on the audience and claim being made.
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Inscribed on the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, and echoed down
Inscribed on the Temple of Apollo at
Delphi, and echoed down the halls of time
by Plato, Pope, Franklin, and Emerson,
there may be no more fundamental
maxim to describe the human project. It
has been our work — our puzzle — for as
long as we have been on this earth. And,
though progress can be hard to discern in
the cacophony of modern life, the truth is
that we are now in an unrivaled position
to answer the call of history.
In the last few decades, advances in the
mind sciences, data collection, and exper-
imental design have greatly increased our
understanding of human behavior. Yet,
these near-miraculous developments have
not engendered the collective epiphany
that might be expected. Why? Much of
what psychologists and neuroscientists
have discovered about us is deeply unset-
tling. As Aristophanes warned in The
Clouds, to really “know yourself” is to
know “how ignorant and stupid you are.”1
We are not the people we have long
assumed ourselves to be. While we feel
like rational deciders, directing our
actions through reason and delibera-
tion, we are frequently guided by intui-
tive processes beyond our awareness or
control. We quickly spot flaws in others,
while ignoring the same shortcomings
in ourselves. Our memories — highly
malleable and subject to misattribu-
tion and suggestibility — are more like
ever-changing collages than photographs.
Rather than objectively sorting through
the facts, we jump to conclusions and then
search for evidence that confirms what
we already believe to be true. To make
matters worse, many of our rules, policies,
and institutions are based on myths about
how people think and act. The upshot is
that we are far less safe, less fair, less in
control, less effective, and less just than
we purport to be.
Our legal system is not immune from
the critique. The latest scientific research
suggests that the great edifice of law is
grounded on incorrect and damaging
notions about human cognition that have
gone uncontested for centuries. We have
assured ourselves that when an eyewitness
comes forward and identifies a suspect
with confidence, we can rest easy that
we have the right guy. But in real line-
ups, one third of the time when witnesses
pick someone out they select an innocent
filler.2 We have assumed that when a
suspect confesses to the rape and murder
of a child, we can close the case. But,
again, the emerging data has shaken our
“Know thyself.”
can science
save justice?
Psychologists and neuroscientists say cognitive forces beyond
our control are negatively affecting the criminal justice system
and thwarting the promise of justice for all. Incremental efforts
to address these damaging biases often come up short.
Is it time for bold reform?
BY ADAM BENFORADO
24 VOL. 101 NO. 2
JUDICATURE
Published by the Duke Law Center for Judicial Studies.
Reprinted with permission. © 2017 Duke University Sc ...
Inscribed on the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, and echoed down
Inscribed on the Temple of Apollo at
Delphi, and echoed down the halls of time
by Plato, Pope, Franklin, and Emerson,
there may be no more fundamental
maxim to describe the human project. It
has been our work — our puzzle — for as
long as we have been on this earth. And,
though progress can be hard to discern in
the cacophony of modern life, the truth is
that we are now in an unrivaled position
to answer the call of history.
In the last few decades, advances in the
mind sciences, data collection, and exper-
imental design have greatly increased our
understanding of human behavior. Yet,
these near-miraculous developments have
not engendered the collective epiphany
that might be expected. Why? Much of
what psychologists and neuroscientists
have discovered about us is deeply unset-
tling. As Aristophanes warned in The
Clouds, to really “know yourself” is to
know “how ignorant and stupid you are.”1
We are not the people we have long
assumed ourselves to be. While we feel
like rational deciders, directing our
actions through reason and delibera-
tion, we are frequently guided by intui-
tive processes beyond our awareness or
control. We quickly spot flaws in others,
while ignoring the same shortcomings
in ourselves. Our memories — highly
malleable and subject to misattribu-
tion and suggestibility — are more like
ever-changing collages than photographs.
Rather than objectively sorting through
the facts, we jump to conclusions and then
search for evidence that confirms what
we already believe to be true. To make
matters worse, many of our rules, policies,
and institutions are based on myths about
how people think and act. The upshot is
that we are far less safe, less fair, less in
control, less effective, and less just than
we purport to be.
Our legal system is not immune from
the critique. The latest scientific research
suggests that the great edifice of law is
grounded on incorrect and damaging
notions about human cognition that have
gone uncontested for centuries. We have
assured ourselves that when an eyewitness
comes forward and identifies a suspect
with confidence, we can rest easy that
we have the right guy. But in real line-
ups, one third of the time when witnesses
pick someone out they select an innocent
filler.2 We have assumed that when a
suspect confesses to the rape and murder
of a child, we can close the case. But,
again, the emerging data has shaken our
“Know thyself.”
can science
save justice?
Psychologists and neuroscientists say cognitive forces beyond
our control are negatively affecting the criminal justice system
and thwarting the promise of justice for all. Incremental efforts
to address these damaging biases often come up short.
Is it time for bold reform?
BY ADAM BENFORADO
24 VOL. 101 NO. 2
JUDICATURE
Published by the Duke Law Center for Judicial Studies.
Reprinted with permission. © 2017 Duke University Sc ...
What Is Evidence?
The document discusses evidence and its importance in arguments. It defines evidence as facts or information that support a claim and cause others to believe it is true. There are five main types of evidence: precedent, statistical, testimonial, hearsay, and common knowledge. Evidence is the foundation of strong arguments and its credibility must be evaluated based on the source and consistency. Critical thinking requires relying on evidence and facts rather than emotions when evaluating arguments and reaching conclusions.
Evidence Chapter11
Evidence is the foundation of an argument and establishes the accuracy of a claim. There are different types of evidence including precedent, statistical, testimonial, expert witness, and hearsay evidence. The credibility of evidence can be evaluated based on the source's qualifications, potential for bias, factual support provided, and consistency both internally and externally. When using evidence, it must pass tests including recency, sufficiency, logical relevance, internal consistency, and external consistency.
Dean r berry What is Evidence
- The document discusses different types of evidence that can be used to support arguments and claims, including statistical evidence, testimonial evidence, anecdotal evidence, and research studies.
- Statistical evidence uses numbers and data, testimonial evidence relies on individual accounts and endorsements, anecdotal evidence cites specific observations or examples, and research studies can provide stronger evidence through systematic reviews and meta-analyses of multiple studies.
- Each type of evidence has strengths and limitations depending on the claim. Statistical and research evidence may be stronger, but anecdotes and testimonials can still have value when used carefully and supplemented with other evidence.
Dean r berry what is evidence 3 12
This document discusses different types of evidence that can be used to support arguments and claims. It begins by defining evidence and explaining that persuasive texts must include very specific, credible evidence such as statistical data, analogies, quotations, testimonials, or anecdotal examples. The document then examines different types of evidence in more detail, including statistical evidence, testimonial evidence, anecdotal evidence, analogical evidence, and physical evidence. It provides examples and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each type. The document emphasizes that the strongest evidence comes from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of multiple research studies.
English 104: Arguments Based on Facts & Reason
This document provides guidance on using logical appeals and evidence in an academic argumentative essay. It emphasizes relying on facts, statistics, surveys, polls, and testimonies from credible sources. Facts should be verified and statistics interpreted accurately rather than taken at face value. Surveys and polls require examination of their methodology and potential biases. Testimonies and narratives can provide human perspectives to support arguments when vetted carefully. Overall, logical appeals are most effective when sources and data are closely evaluated and incorporated logically into the essay.
STUDENT REPLIESSTUDENT REPLY #1 Danielle BerlusThe evolution.docx
STUDENT REPLIES
STUDENT REPLY #1 Danielle Berlus
The evolution of technology to determine DNA has affected its use as evidence in so many ways. The four blood types were first identified by the Austrian researcher, Karl Landsteiner in 1900. Because technology has progressed so much over the years, scientists have been able to do so much with DNA, that even a drop of blood can help to identify someone. DNA technology has improved so much so that it can also distinguish the DNA of multiple individuals who may have touched the same surface.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) gives the criminal justice system ways to be able to identify perpetrators to help exonerate the innocent and help to convict the guilty. (Azolifesciences, 2022)
DNA data is a high degree of surveillance. It is data collected and can be stored in computer data banks. The DNA profiles can be compared to help solve crimes without the suspects even years later.
I think DNA is more of a reliable evidence because when "Compared to fingerprint evidence alone, DNA was far more likely to lead to suspects and result in arrests. In crime scenes where biological evidence was collected and tested, DNA evidence was five times more likely than fingerprints to yield a suspect and nine times more likely to lead to an arrest." (Cronen, 2008)
Reference
Cronen, (2008) https://webarchive.urban.org/publications/901179.htmlLinks to an external site.
Azo life sciences, (2022)
https://www.azolifesciences.com/article/Role-of-DNA-in-Forensic-Science.aspx
STUDENT REPLY #2 Monica Leora Perez
"Any sharing of your Genetic Information with third parties is governed by our Privacy Policy. Ancestry does not share Genetic Information with employers, insurance providers, or third-party marketers without your consent, and will not share your Genetic Information with law enforcement unless compelled by valid legal process as described in our Privacy Policy Links to an external site. Any sharing of Genetic Information for external research purposes is governed by the Informed Consent Links to an external site.
You hereby release AncestryDNA from any and all claims, liens, demands, actions or suits in connection with the DNA sample, the test or results thereof, including, without limitation, errors, omissions, claims for defamation, invasion of privacy, right of publicity, emotional distress or economic loss."
The above is from the terms & conditions from AncestryDNA.
I personally find it interesting when someone who has never been involved in the processes of investigation in order to fully understand the 'why'. Nor do they understand the importance that DNA makes, which could very well be explained if there was as much media coverage on the clearings of names thanks to DNA, rather than the majority of reporting on when DNA proves guilt. When considering whether or not DNA is considered surveillance, I am compelled to point out the terms and conditions from AncestryDNA that I opened my p.
What is evidence
This document discusses different types of evidence that can be used to support arguments and claims. It begins by defining evidence as credible facts or information used to support an assertion. It then examines several types of evidence in detail, including statistical evidence, testimonial evidence, anecdotal evidence, analogical evidence, and physical evidence. For each type, it provides examples, discusses strengths and weaknesses, and considers how they can be effectively used or pitfalls to avoid. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of using multiple types of high-quality evidence to substantiate claims.
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The document discusses various types of logical fallacies that can weaken arguments. It begins by defining a fallacy as a defect that weakens an argument. It then provides tips to help avoid common fallacies like hasty generalization, missing the point, post hoc reasoning, slippery slope, weak analogy, appeal to authority, ad populum, ad hominem, tu quoque, appeal to pity, appeal to ignorance, straw man, red herring, false dichotomy, begging the question, and equivocation. The overall goal is to help readers critically examine their own arguments and strengthen them by identifying and avoiding logical fallacies.
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There are three types of audiences that require differing amounts of evidence to support an argument: friendly, neutral, and hostile. A friendly audience requires the least evidence as they already support your position. A hostile audience requires the most evidence as they oppose your viewpoint. A neutral audience is undecided and requires quality evidence to convince them. There are five basic types of evidence to support an argument: common knowledge, hearsay, precedent, statistical, and testimonial. The type of evidence used depends on the audience and claim being made.
Extra Credit ( Evidence)
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Argument - Rationale Basis Boxes
The document discusses different types of evidence that can be used to support claims in arguments using the Rationale software tool. It lists several types of evidence including assertions, data, expert opinions, statistics, personal experiences, publications, quotes, laws, case studies, events, definitions, media sources, common beliefs, and web links. For each evidence type, it provides an example. The evidence types can be inserted into basis boxes in Rationale to show where a claim is coming from and to help evaluate the strength of the argument.
Inscribed on the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, and echoed down
Inscribed on the Temple of Apollo at
Delphi, and echoed down the halls of time
by Plato, Pope, Franklin, and Emerson,
there may be no more fundamental
maxim to describe the human project. It
has been our work — our puzzle — for as
long as we have been on this earth. And,
though progress can be hard to discern in
the cacophony of modern life, the truth is
that we are now in an unrivaled position
to answer the call of history.
In the last few decades, advances in the
mind sciences, data collection, and exper-
imental design have greatly increased our
understanding of human behavior. Yet,
these near-miraculous developments have
not engendered the collective epiphany
that might be expected. Why? Much of
what psychologists and neuroscientists
have discovered about us is deeply unset-
tling. As Aristophanes warned in The
Clouds, to really “know yourself” is to
know “how ignorant and stupid you are.”1
We are not the people we have long
assumed ourselves to be. While we feel
like rational deciders, directing our
actions through reason and delibera-
tion, we are frequently guided by intui-
tive processes beyond our awareness or
control. We quickly spot flaws in others,
while ignoring the same shortcomings
in ourselves. Our memories — highly
malleable and subject to misattribu-
tion and suggestibility — are more like
ever-changing collages than photographs.
Rather than objectively sorting through
the facts, we jump to conclusions and then
search for evidence that confirms what
we already believe to be true. To make
matters worse, many of our rules, policies,
and institutions are based on myths about
how people think and act. The upshot is
that we are far less safe, less fair, less in
control, less effective, and less just than
we purport to be.
Our legal system is not immune from
the critique. The latest scientific research
suggests that the great edifice of law is
grounded on incorrect and damaging
notions about human cognition that have
gone uncontested for centuries. We have
assured ourselves that when an eyewitness
comes forward and identifies a suspect
with confidence, we can rest easy that
we have the right guy. But in real line-
ups, one third of the time when witnesses
pick someone out they select an innocent
filler.2 We have assumed that when a
suspect confesses to the rape and murder
of a child, we can close the case. But,
again, the emerging data has shaken our
“Know thyself.”
can science
save justice?
Psychologists and neuroscientists say cognitive forces beyond
our control are negatively affecting the criminal justice system
and thwarting the promise of justice for all. Incremental efforts
to address these damaging biases often come up short.
Is it time for bold reform?
BY ADAM BENFORADO
24 VOL. 101 NO. 2
JUDICATURE
Published by the Duke Law Center for Judicial Studies.
Reprinted with permission. © 2017 Duke University Sc ...
Inscribed on the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, and echoed down
Inscribed on the Temple of Apollo at
Delphi, and echoed down the halls of time
by Plato, Pope, Franklin, and Emerson,
there may be no more fundamental
maxim to describe the human project. It
has been our work — our puzzle — for as
long as we have been on this earth. And,
though progress can be hard to discern in
the cacophony of modern life, the truth is
that we are now in an unrivaled position
to answer the call of history.
In the last few decades, advances in the
mind sciences, data collection, and exper-
imental design have greatly increased our
understanding of human behavior. Yet,
these near-miraculous developments have
not engendered the collective epiphany
that might be expected. Why? Much of
what psychologists and neuroscientists
have discovered about us is deeply unset-
tling. As Aristophanes warned in The
Clouds, to really “know yourself” is to
know “how ignorant and stupid you are.”1
We are not the people we have long
assumed ourselves to be. While we feel
like rational deciders, directing our
actions through reason and delibera-
tion, we are frequently guided by intui-
tive processes beyond our awareness or
control. We quickly spot flaws in others,
while ignoring the same shortcomings
in ourselves. Our memories — highly
malleable and subject to misattribu-
tion and suggestibility — are more like
ever-changing collages than photographs.
Rather than objectively sorting through
the facts, we jump to conclusions and then
search for evidence that confirms what
we already believe to be true. To make
matters worse, many of our rules, policies,
and institutions are based on myths about
how people think and act. The upshot is
that we are far less safe, less fair, less in
control, less effective, and less just than
we purport to be.
Our legal system is not immune from
the critique. The latest scientific research
suggests that the great edifice of law is
grounded on incorrect and damaging
notions about human cognition that have
gone uncontested for centuries. We have
assured ourselves that when an eyewitness
comes forward and identifies a suspect
with confidence, we can rest easy that
we have the right guy. But in real line-
ups, one third of the time when witnesses
pick someone out they select an innocent
filler.2 We have assumed that when a
suspect confesses to the rape and murder
of a child, we can close the case. But,
again, the emerging data has shaken our
“Know thyself.”
can science
save justice?
Psychologists and neuroscientists say cognitive forces beyond
our control are negatively affecting the criminal justice system
and thwarting the promise of justice for all. Incremental efforts
to address these damaging biases often come up short.
Is it time for bold reform?
BY ADAM BENFORADO
24 VOL. 101 NO. 2
JUDICATURE
Published by the Duke Law Center for Judicial Studies.
Reprinted with permission. © 2017 Duke University Sc ...
What Is Evidence?
The document discusses evidence and its importance in arguments. It defines evidence as facts or information that support a claim and cause others to believe it is true. There are five main types of evidence: precedent, statistical, testimonial, hearsay, and common knowledge. Evidence is the foundation of strong arguments and its credibility must be evaluated based on the source and consistency. Critical thinking requires relying on evidence and facts rather than emotions when evaluating arguments and reaching conclusions.
Evidence Chapter11
Evidence is the foundation of an argument and establishes the accuracy of a claim. There are different types of evidence including precedent, statistical, testimonial, expert witness, and hearsay evidence. The credibility of evidence can be evaluated based on the source's qualifications, potential for bias, factual support provided, and consistency both internally and externally. When using evidence, it must pass tests including recency, sufficiency, logical relevance, internal consistency, and external consistency.
Dean r berry What is Evidence
- The document discusses different types of evidence that can be used to support arguments and claims, including statistical evidence, testimonial evidence, anecdotal evidence, and research studies.
- Statistical evidence uses numbers and data, testimonial evidence relies on individual accounts and endorsements, anecdotal evidence cites specific observations or examples, and research studies can provide stronger evidence through systematic reviews and meta-analyses of multiple studies.
- Each type of evidence has strengths and limitations depending on the claim. Statistical and research evidence may be stronger, but anecdotes and testimonials can still have value when used carefully and supplemented with other evidence.
Dean r berry what is evidence 3 12
This document discusses different types of evidence that can be used to support arguments and claims. It begins by defining evidence and explaining that persuasive texts must include very specific, credible evidence such as statistical data, analogies, quotations, testimonials, or anecdotal examples. The document then examines different types of evidence in more detail, including statistical evidence, testimonial evidence, anecdotal evidence, analogical evidence, and physical evidence. It provides examples and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each type. The document emphasizes that the strongest evidence comes from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of multiple research studies.
English 104: Arguments Based on Facts & Reason
This document provides guidance on using logical appeals and evidence in an academic argumentative essay. It emphasizes relying on facts, statistics, surveys, polls, and testimonies from credible sources. Facts should be verified and statistics interpreted accurately rather than taken at face value. Surveys and polls require examination of their methodology and potential biases. Testimonies and narratives can provide human perspectives to support arguments when vetted carefully. Overall, logical appeals are most effective when sources and data are closely evaluated and incorporated logically into the essay.
STUDENT REPLIESSTUDENT REPLY #1 Danielle BerlusThe evolution.docx
STUDENT REPLIES
STUDENT REPLY #1 Danielle Berlus
The evolution of technology to determine DNA has affected its use as evidence in so many ways. The four blood types were first identified by the Austrian researcher, Karl Landsteiner in 1900. Because technology has progressed so much over the years, scientists have been able to do so much with DNA, that even a drop of blood can help to identify someone. DNA technology has improved so much so that it can also distinguish the DNA of multiple individuals who may have touched the same surface.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) gives the criminal justice system ways to be able to identify perpetrators to help exonerate the innocent and help to convict the guilty. (Azolifesciences, 2022)
DNA data is a high degree of surveillance. It is data collected and can be stored in computer data banks. The DNA profiles can be compared to help solve crimes without the suspects even years later.
I think DNA is more of a reliable evidence because when "Compared to fingerprint evidence alone, DNA was far more likely to lead to suspects and result in arrests. In crime scenes where biological evidence was collected and tested, DNA evidence was five times more likely than fingerprints to yield a suspect and nine times more likely to lead to an arrest." (Cronen, 2008)
Reference
Cronen, (2008) https://webarchive.urban.org/publications/901179.htmlLinks to an external site.
Azo life sciences, (2022)
https://www.azolifesciences.com/article/Role-of-DNA-in-Forensic-Science.aspx
STUDENT REPLY #2 Monica Leora Perez
"Any sharing of your Genetic Information with third parties is governed by our Privacy Policy. Ancestry does not share Genetic Information with employers, insurance providers, or third-party marketers without your consent, and will not share your Genetic Information with law enforcement unless compelled by valid legal process as described in our Privacy Policy Links to an external site. Any sharing of Genetic Information for external research purposes is governed by the Informed Consent Links to an external site.
You hereby release AncestryDNA from any and all claims, liens, demands, actions or suits in connection with the DNA sample, the test or results thereof, including, without limitation, errors, omissions, claims for defamation, invasion of privacy, right of publicity, emotional distress or economic loss."
The above is from the terms & conditions from AncestryDNA.
I personally find it interesting when someone who has never been involved in the processes of investigation in order to fully understand the 'why'. Nor do they understand the importance that DNA makes, which could very well be explained if there was as much media coverage on the clearings of names thanks to DNA, rather than the majority of reporting on when DNA proves guilt. When considering whether or not DNA is considered surveillance, I am compelled to point out the terms and conditions from AncestryDNA that I opened my p.
What is evidence
This document discusses different types of evidence that can be used to support arguments and claims. It begins by defining evidence as credible facts or information used to support an assertion. It then examines several types of evidence in detail, including statistical evidence, testimonial evidence, anecdotal evidence, analogical evidence, and physical evidence. For each type, it provides examples, discusses strengths and weaknesses, and considers how they can be effectively used or pitfalls to avoid. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of using multiple types of high-quality evidence to substantiate claims.
Similar to Types of Claims (20)
Inscribed on the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, and echoed down
Inscribed on the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, and echoed down
Inscribed on the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, and echoed down
Inscribed on the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, and echoed down
STUDENT REPLIESSTUDENT REPLY #1 Danielle BerlusThe evolution.docx
STUDENT REPLIESSTUDENT REPLY #1 Danielle BerlusThe evolution.docx
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Types of Claims
- 2. FIVE TYPES OF EVIDENCE Precedent evidence Statistical evidence Testimonial evidence Hearsay evidence Common knowledge evidence
- 3. PRECEDENT EVIDENCE The act or event in which establishes expectations for future conduct. Two Forms Legal Personal
- 4. LEGAL PRECEDENT Most powerful and most difficult to challenge. Courts and legislatures can establish legal precedent. Once a court makes a ruling, other courts need to follow.
- 5. PERSONAL PRECEDENT A result of watching the personal actions of others to understand the expectations for future behaviors. Examples: •Younger children in a family watch how the older children are being treated in order to see what precedents are being established. •The first month of marriage to establish who precedent. Who cook, takes out the garbage, cleans, etc. Once established it is very difficult to alter.
- 6. PRECEDENT AS EVIDENCE The arguer refers to how the past event relates to the current situation. In legal situation In a personal situation The argument is that the If you were allowed to stay ruling in the current case out all night by your parents should be the same as it “just once,” you an use that was in the past, similar “just once” as precedent situations. when asking that your curfew be abolished.
- 7. STATISTICAL EVIDENCE Consists primarily of polls, survey, and experimental results from the laboratory. It provides evidence for communicating a large number of specific instances without citing each one. “A person uses statistics like a drunk uses a lamppost, not for illumination but for support.” -Great baseball announcer Vin Scully
- 8. STATISTICAL AS EVIDENCE Statistics are the product of a process subject to human prejudice, bias, and error. Often no more reliable than the other forms of evidence although people often think they are. Senders need to carefully analyze how they use statistics when attempting to persuade others. Receivers need to question statistics that do not make sense to them.
- 9. TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE Used for the purpose of assigning motives, assessing responsibilities, and verifying actions for past, present and future events. It is an opinion of reality as stated be another person. Three Forms Eyewitness Historiography Expert-witness
- 10. HEARSAY EVIDENCE Also called rumor or gossip evidence.
- 11. COMMON KNOWLEDGE EVIDENCE A way to support one’s arguments. Most useful in providing support arguments which lack any real controversy. No need for cite opinions or survey results to get most people to accept a statement. For example, to get most people to accept the statement that millions of people have seen the show The Simpsons.