Turkey faces increasing challenges in its relations with Iran and Syria as tensions rise over Iran's nuclear program. While the US, Israel, and Saudi Arabia want Turkey's support in further isolating Iran, they also want to prevent Turkey's influence in the region from growing at their expense. Turkey risks being pulled into proxy conflicts by Iran and Syria if it further distances itself from them. The article analyzes Turkey's delicate balancing act as regional power dynamics shift amidst the Arab uprisings.
The document argues that the U.S. should intervene militarily in Syria for geopolitical reasons. It claims that Russia's main goal is to regain influence in the Middle East and that its support of Assad helps achieve this. If Assad wins the civil war, Russia's power in the region will grow substantially. The document also argues that a negotiated settlement would not bring long-term stability and that a rebel victory, with U.S. support, would be more beneficial and curb terrorism. Military intervention could limit Russia's influence, help shape the postwar government, and open economic opportunities for the U.S. in Syria.
This article aims to explain the new oil crisis and its consequences resulting from drone attacks on two of the main oil facilities in Saudi Arabia, the world's largest oil exporter that have heightened tension in the Middle East region, caused a reduction of 5 % of world oil production and rose the price of a barrel on the international market soaring to its highest since the 1991 Gulf War.
This chapter discusses how to write descriptions of places by using space order and descriptive details. It explains that space order involves describing a place from top to bottom, outside to inside, etc. The chapter also discusses using topic sentences, descriptive details organized in space order, and concluding sentences. Additionally, it covers grammar topics that are important for descriptions, such as types of adjectives, adjective order, and prepositional phrases.
The document argues that the U.S. should intervene militarily in Syria for geopolitical reasons. It claims that Russia's main goal is to regain influence in the Middle East and that its support of Assad helps achieve this. If Assad wins the civil war, Russia's power in the region will grow substantially. The document also argues that a negotiated settlement would not bring long-term stability and that a rebel victory, with U.S. support, would be more beneficial and curb terrorism. Military intervention could limit Russia's influence, help shape the postwar government, and open economic opportunities for the U.S. in Syria.
This article aims to explain the new oil crisis and its consequences resulting from drone attacks on two of the main oil facilities in Saudi Arabia, the world's largest oil exporter that have heightened tension in the Middle East region, caused a reduction of 5 % of world oil production and rose the price of a barrel on the international market soaring to its highest since the 1991 Gulf War.
This chapter discusses how to write descriptions of places by using space order and descriptive details. It explains that space order involves describing a place from top to bottom, outside to inside, etc. The chapter also discusses using topic sentences, descriptive details organized in space order, and concluding sentences. Additionally, it covers grammar topics that are important for descriptions, such as types of adjectives, adjective order, and prepositional phrases.
Chicago style research paper turkey isreal relationshipCustomEssayOrder
The document summarizes the growing conflict between Israel and Turkey. It discusses how Turkey and Israel previously enjoyed good relations and cooperation, with Turkey serving as a mediator in the region. However, tensions increased in 2010 after an Israeli military attack on a Turkish aid flotilla sailing to Gaza killed 10 Turkish civilians. Turkey responded by taking a stronger pro-Palestinian stance and criticizing Israel's actions in Gaza. Verbal attacks between political leaders have further damaged relations between the two countries. Potential solutions proposed include Israel compensating victims' families and both sides ceasing public criticism to allow closed-door negotiations.
The Syrian conflict involves many actors with differing geopolitical interests. It began as conflict between Assad and rebels but grew as other groups like ISIS and Kurds joined. The US, Russia, Iran, and Saudi Arabia are now involved but pursue their own goals rather than just fighting ISIS. Erdogan's dictatorship in Turkey threatens conflict between secularists, Kurds, and Islamists and may lead to civil war with consequences for the region. The refugee crisis and potential territorial expansion of ISIS could lead to wider war across the Middle East.
Turkey unveiled and the dawn of a new energy opportunity for the EUHarris Samaras
Turkey is the world’s 15th and Europe’s 7th largest economy. It is the EU’s fifth largest export and seventh largest import partner; a nonpermanent member of the United Nations Security Council, a G-20 founding member, and current holder of the post of Secretary General of the Organization of the Islamic Conference. Turkey’s potential is vast: The OECD predicts that Turkey will overtake India as the second fastest growing economy by 2017 and will be the second-largest economy in Europe by 2050. Turkey occupies a key position as not only a hub, but also indeed a central player in ensuring the energy security of the whole of the EU. Is it though so? Can Turkey ensure the energy security of the EU? Can Turkey be “entrusted” with the energy security of the EU?
The document discusses the relationship between Turkey and Israel from the 1950s to present. It argues that Turkey's stances towards Israel have typically been responses to various stimuli in the international and domestic political contexts. Examples are given of Turkey downgrading relations in response to issues like the Arab-Israeli conflict, but also upgrading relations when there were perceived strategic or economic benefits to doing so. Key determinants of the relationship include common Western orientations, as well as challenges from the conflict in the Middle East and Turkey's relations with other actors.
The document discusses the relationship between Turkey and Israel from the 1950s to present. It analyzes the stimulus and response dynamics that have driven ups and downs in their relations. Key factors that affected Turkish policy stances toward Israel included domestic political considerations, regional geopolitical goals, economic interests, and public opinion. The relationship has brought some strategic benefits but also faces ongoing challenges due to differences on issues like the Palestinian conflict and Kurdish nationalism.
The Causes Behind the Conflict Between Turkey and Israeliakovosal
This short essay explains the true causes behind the conflict of the once close allies of Turkey and Israel. It turns out that as it is usually the case, the true reason for this conflict is oil and natural gas.
The document summarizes the history and current state of relations between the United States and Turkey. It discusses how Turkey has sought to balance its Western alliances with pursuing greater independence in foreign policy. While the US-Turkey defense relationship remains strong through NATO cooperation, differences have emerged over policy in Syria and Iraq as well as Turkey's domestic affairs. Bilateral trade is growing in importance, though Turkey's inclusion in the potential Transatlantic Trade deal remains an open issue. Overall Turkey remains an important regional ally but also increasingly asserts its own priorities.
Military intervention in Syria is a complex issue with strategic geopolitical implications. The ongoing civil war has led to over 100,000 deaths and millions of refugees. While the West supports rebels trying to overthrow Assad, Russia and China back the Syrian regime. Western powers argue intervention could stop human rights abuses by Assad, but their true goals may be curbing Iran's influence and ensuring Israel's security. However, others warn that toppling Assad could increase regional instability like in Libya, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Russia also has strategic interests in maintaining its Syrian ally.
Explains the nature and origins of present Syrian crises in the wider backdrop of the geopolitical and other faultlines of the Middle East..It then enumerates the stakes of the various global and regional powers and how they are reacting to the rapidly evolving situation.Ends with possible outcomes and suggests the best way forward.
The night attack of 4/4/2017 when US ships fired 59 missiles at a military base in Syria was the first time the United States directly attacked Syrian regime facilities since the country's civil war began in 2011. The offensive was carried out on the orders of Trump as a reprisal for a suspected chemical attack by the Syrian army against civilians in the town of Idlib, one of the main bastions of rebel forces in the country. What are the consequences of this attack on the international scene? The first is the possibility of starting the US military escalation in Syria; the second concerns the deterioration of US-Russia relations; and the third is the commitment to combat the Islamic State. All that has just been reported may be the trigger for a new world war.
Turkish-Israeli relations grew rapidly in the late 20th century due to shared strategic interests and economic opportunities. However, disagreements over the Iraq war in 2003 and Israeli policies towards the Kurds strained ties. Military and intelligence cooperation had previously been a key part of the relationship. While economic and cultural ties also increased, political and security issues have now cooled what was once a warming relationship between the two countries.
1) The article discusses the potential dangers and complications of Iran obtaining nuclear weapons, as well as strategies for containing a nuclear Iran.
2) It argues that while a nuclear Iran would enhance its power, nuclear weapons may not achieve Iran's goals of regional dominance and would likely further isolate the regime.
3) The article also examines how Iran's neighbors may respond, noting that states like Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey have strong economic ties to the U.S. that make following Iran in pursuing nuclear weapons risky. Containing a nuclear Iran would require deft diplomacy by the U.S. to shape regional reactions.
Seek4media turkey, the new strongman of europe and diplomatic power in the m...Seek4media
Turkey has become an increasingly powerful and influential regional player in the Middle East and Europe. The document discusses Turkey's threats to intervene militarily in Syria if President Assad does not end the violent crackdown on opposition protesters within two weeks. As a NATO member with a large military, Turkey would be applauded by Western countries for enforcing action against Assad since they have been unable to do so. Turkey now speaks from a position of power and influence over Syria and the region.
This thesis examines Turkey's foreign policy in the post-Arab Spring era under the AKP administration from 2002-2015. The author argues that while the AKP pursued a more independent and autonomous foreign policy, regional instability caused by the Arab Spring has forced Turkey to shift back towards its traditional Western alliances due to overriding security concerns. Through an analysis of Turkey's military relationship with NATO and the US, political discourse, and public opinion surveys, the author aims to show that structural factors have been more influential than agency in shaping Turkey's alignment with the West.
The poorly executed coup d´état put Turkey's future exactly where Erdogan wanted most: in their own hands. What is settling in Turkey is indeed an exception regime. President Recep Tayyip Erdogan applied counterblow decimating the judiciary, immobilizing the educational system and purging the security forces. The Erdogan government abandoned, in fact, democratic rules. With Erdogan counterblow, the supporters of the Islamic state in Turkey proclaimed victory against coalition led by the United States that failed to support the Kurds in their fight against the Islamic State. Erdogan is contributing to military prisons and police to weaken the fight against terrorism. With Erdogan dictatorship, Turkey inevitably forward to the clash between, on the one hand, the supporters of Ataturk's legacy of defending the secular state and the Kurds, and the other, the supporters of Islamization of Turkey and of supporters of the Islamic State. This confrontation may create civil war in Turkey that will shake the entire region of unpredictable geopolitical consequences.
The Houthi Entanglement_Saudi Arabia and Iran Faceoff in YemenW. Troy Ayres
This document provides a summary of the proxy war between Saudi Arabia and Iran in Yemen. It discusses the geopolitical context of the conflict including the Sunni-Shia divide and Saudi Arabia's view of Yemen as within its sphere of influence. It then reviews literature on the major actors - Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the Houthi rebels in Yemen. The research aims to understand how Saudi Arabia may react if Iran continues military aid to the Houthis. The conclusion is that Saudi Arabia would likely lead a coalition in a ground war to eliminate an Iranian-backed government in Yemen and depending on Iran's response, the conflict could escalate further.
The document discusses Israel and the Syrian civil war. It summarizes that the civil war is part of a larger conflict between Sunni and Shiite Muslims over control of oil and gas pipeline routes. It notes that a victory for Sunni groups could create a large anti-Israel coalition of Sunni states, while a Shiite victory makes unified action against Israel harder. However, Israel also has an interest in not replacing Assad with extremist Sunni rule, so the outcome is complex with risks either way.
The rise of enemies of democracy in turkey under the power of erdogan, in the...Fernando Alcoforado
Antidemocratic forces advanced in Turkey with the attempted of coup d´état and the countercoup d´état in motion of President Erdogan, can advance in the United States with the possibility of coming to power of Donald Trump and are advancing in Israel with retrograde policy of President Netanyahu contrary to peace with Palestine in the region. The fact that Turkey walking swiftly to the dictatorship of Erdogan, the United States adopt a retrograde foreign policy under the leadership of Trump and Israel have at its head a ruler as Netanyahu clearly unfavorable to peace with the Palestinians makes it extremely complex geopolitical equation in Middle East, especially in the present time of political conflicts, civil wars and the presence of the Islamic state ISIS) in the region.
On the surface, the deal for most Western leaders looks good. The West has nothing to lose but everything to gain from this deal. The major nuclear suppliers and corporations which are housed in the West gain money and business.
Golden Gate Bridge: Magnificent Architecture in San Francisco | CIO Women Mag...CIOWomenMagazine
The famous suspension bridge connects the city of San Francisco to Marin County in California. Golden Gate Bridge carries both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait and is about one mile wide. In this article, we will explore the history and significance that have shaped the iconic monument it is known as today.
Ibiza, situated in the Balearic Islands, stands out as a destination that encompasses everything: stunning landscapes, hidden gems to explore, a vibrant social scene, rich cultural life, and exceptional gastronomy. Opting for ‘Ibiza Rent A Boat’ to experience an unforgettable vacation on the White Island is certainly worthwhile, prompting a deeper exploration of the unique and fascinating aspects of Ibiza.
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The document summarizes the history and current state of relations between the United States and Turkey. It discusses how Turkey has sought to balance its Western alliances with pursuing greater independence in foreign policy. While the US-Turkey defense relationship remains strong through NATO cooperation, differences have emerged over policy in Syria and Iraq as well as Turkey's domestic affairs. Bilateral trade is growing in importance, though Turkey's inclusion in the potential Transatlantic Trade deal remains an open issue. Overall Turkey remains an important regional ally but also increasingly asserts its own priorities.
Military intervention in Syria is a complex issue with strategic geopolitical implications. The ongoing civil war has led to over 100,000 deaths and millions of refugees. While the West supports rebels trying to overthrow Assad, Russia and China back the Syrian regime. Western powers argue intervention could stop human rights abuses by Assad, but their true goals may be curbing Iran's influence and ensuring Israel's security. However, others warn that toppling Assad could increase regional instability like in Libya, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Russia also has strategic interests in maintaining its Syrian ally.
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The night attack of 4/4/2017 when US ships fired 59 missiles at a military base in Syria was the first time the United States directly attacked Syrian regime facilities since the country's civil war began in 2011. The offensive was carried out on the orders of Trump as a reprisal for a suspected chemical attack by the Syrian army against civilians in the town of Idlib, one of the main bastions of rebel forces in the country. What are the consequences of this attack on the international scene? The first is the possibility of starting the US military escalation in Syria; the second concerns the deterioration of US-Russia relations; and the third is the commitment to combat the Islamic State. All that has just been reported may be the trigger for a new world war.
Turkish-Israeli relations grew rapidly in the late 20th century due to shared strategic interests and economic opportunities. However, disagreements over the Iraq war in 2003 and Israeli policies towards the Kurds strained ties. Military and intelligence cooperation had previously been a key part of the relationship. While economic and cultural ties also increased, political and security issues have now cooled what was once a warming relationship between the two countries.
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Turkey and Tehran: Caught between a rock and a hard place
1. Turkey and Tehran: Caught between a rock and a hard place
Turkish Review
BY JAMES DORSEY, S. RAJARATNAM SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, NANYANG
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE
Turkey’s besting Iran in the contest for the hearts and minds of advocates of change
in Syria and elsewhere in the Middle East and North Africa is proving to be both a
blessing and a curse. With tension mounting over Iran’s nuclear ambitions and the
perceived window of opportunity for a military strike closing, Turkey faces increased
challenges and the threat of a proxy war with Syria and the Islamic republic. This is
compounded by the fact that the US, Israel and Saudi Arabia need Turkey in their
effort to further corner the regime in Syria and to isolate Iran, but want to prevent a
shift in regional power away from the kingdom and the Israeli state to Ankara --
increasingly held up as the model of an economically successful, Islamist-led democracy.
A concerted effort by the US, Israel and Saudi Arabia to further isolate Iran has laid
bare the challenges facing Turkey against the backdrop of an ever more severe
sanctions regime, increased debate regarding a military strike to prevent the Islamic
republic from developing a nuclear weapon and popular revolts sweeping the Middle
East and North Africa.
The challenges are evident in the anti-Iranian campaign’s little noticed subtext,
with the US, Saudi Arabia and Israel seeking to prevent a shift of power in the
region from Israel and the Gulf to Turkey and Iran. All three see benefit in Turkey’s
rising star as a result of its emotional support for Palestine, its deteriorating relations
with its erstwhile ally Israel, its perceived support for the Arab revolt, an impressive
economic performance and the fact that it is ruled by an elected Islamist government.
2. (The Justice and Development Party (AK Party), despite its Islamist origins and appeal
as well as a continued widespread perception of the party as Islamist, rejects this label,
arguing that it has put its Islamist past behind it.) However, the trio does not want
Turkey’s ascendance to be at the expense of either the kingdom or the Jewish state.
Turkey has so far largely been shielded from criticism that it, like the US, is seeking
to maintain the status quo in the Gulf and has failed to match words with deeds in its
condemnation of the Syrian regime’s brutal crackdown on anti-government protesters,
one which has already cost more than 5,000 lives. The veil shrouding contradictions in
Turkish -- as well as US, Israeli and Saudi -- policy could well soon be lifted, with Syria
emerging as a crucial flashpoint in the mushrooming power struggle in the Middle
East and North Africa (MENA). Increasingly it is looking like a matter of when rather
than if the wave of protests truly spreads to the energy-rich Gulf countries, Saudi
Arabia first and foremost among them.
The gradual morphing of the 11-month old Syrian protests into a civil war, much as
was the case in Libya, leaves Turkey stuck between a rock and a hard place. With
little appetite for military intervention despite its support of the revolt and warnings
that there would be consequences if Syria’s President Bashar al-Assad failed to
engage with his detractors and initiate political and economic reform, Turkey risks
being perceived as a paper tiger. Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu insisted
Turkey was “ready for all possible scenarios” but had as yet not considered military
intervention and didn’t want to. Similarly, he suggested that Turkey could create a
military buffer zone within Syria, should tens of thousands of Syrians seek refuge in
Turkey, all the while insisting that such a zone was “not on the agenda.” This
reluctance to put its money where its mouth is from Turkey is not a stance it is likely
to be able to maintain for much longer, with the failure of Arab League monitors in
3. Syria, tightening economic sanctions and an Arab League-backed move to get UN
Security Council endorsement of its call for al-Assad to step down.
Turkey could end up in the same boat as the US, which has seen its influence and
credibility in MENA wane because of its inability to match its words with deeds. Despite
its denunciations of al-Assad, Turkey has -- like the US -- remained silent on the need
for change in the Gulf.Like the US it has a vested interest in ensuring that the revolt
does not hit the region, Saudi Arabia in particular, with full force.
Consequently, the struggle of US President Barack Obama is one Turkey may well face.
The US administration is finding it difficult to wield its influence in a region with a more
assertive Arab public opinion, one demanding that Washington make good on its
promises in terms of both the revolution and declared support for an independent
Palestinian state.
Obama’s inability to do so, particularly in an election year, means that the US is finding
it increasingly hard to perform its past balancing of diametrically opposed demands and
expectations from its allies in the Middle East and North Africa. US support for the
toppling of leaders like Egypt’s Gen. Hosni Mubarak has damaged its ties to key autocratic
allies like Saudi Arabia, while the need to be seen to be make real steps in furthering
Palestinian independence threatens to put it on a collision course with Israel.
Turkey’s potential policy dilemma is complicated by continued fallout from the 2010
killing by Israeli Special Forces of nine Turkish nationals aboard the Mavi Marmara,
a Turkish aid ship seeking to run Israel’s blockade of the Hamas-controlled Gaza Strip.
Israel imposed its naval blockade on Gaza after Hamas seized control of the territory in
June 2007, with Tel Aviv saying it was necessary to prevent weapons being supplied to
4. militants in the strip. Critics of the sea and land blockade describe it as collective
punishment of Gaza’s 1.5 million inhabitants.
Turkey has painted itself into a corner with its refusal to reverse the downgrading of
diplomatic relations with Israel to the level of second secretary and the suspension of
all military cooperation. Ankara is adamant that these measures will continue as long
as Israel fails to apologize or offer compensation for the death of the Turkish activists,
and maintains its blockade of Gaza. Short term, Turkey’s attitude has garnered it
popular support across the Arab and Muslim world, but longer term it has complicated
Turkey’s efforts to shield itself from being drawn into the region’s multiple conflicts.
Turkey’s stance on Israel means it has little (if any) ability to bring Israel and Iran back
from the brink of a military confrontation at a time that escalating tension between the
two countries threatens to impair Turkey’s efforts to project itself as a regional Islamic,
democratic, economic and military power.
While Turkish defense and military officials have little doubt that Israel would prevail
in a military confrontation with Iran, even if it is unlikely to fully destroy Iran’s
decentralized and heavily fortified nuclear facilities, they worry that likely Iranian
retaliatory attacks against Israel, as well as against US targets in the Gulf and
Afghanistan, would escalate confrontation with Iran. As a result, members of Prime
Minister RecepTayyipErdoğan’s ruling AK Party have criticized him for responding
emotionally to Israeli policies. While they remain critical of Tel Aviv, they have urged
Erdoğan to repair relations with Israel in a bid to ensure that Turkey can truly act as a
bridge across the West-East divide as well as MENA’s fault lines. The key to Turkey’s
role may indeed lie partially in Israel, but Turkey has only a limited window of opportunity
to keep the door open as Western nations and Israel increasingly rattle their sabers.
5. In the event of a pre-emptive attack on Iranian nuclear facilities, any effort by
Ankara to remain on the sidelines risks Turkey’s being portrayed in Tel Aviv and
Washington as having not only turned on Israel -- often a yardstick in the West
for assessing Turkish foreign policy -- but also sided with the enemy. Already
Tehran eyes Ankara’s condemnation of al-Assad, as well as its mounting popularity
in a swath of land stretching from the Atlantic coast of Africa to the Gulf, with suspicion.
Tehran views these developments as a US-Saudi conspiracy designed to prevent the
Islamic Revolution of over 30 years ago getting the credit it deserves as an inspiration
for the Arab revolt and to stymie the appeal of the Islamic republic for states in the
turbulent region.
In a series of messages, Iranian leaders warned Turkey that Turkish support for an
international campaign against Syria, the Islamic republic’s foremost Arab ally, and
Syrian opposition groups would constitute a red line -- warnings Turkey has so far
ignored. Without Syria, Iran would be left only with Iraq as its foremost interlocutor in
the Arab world. Iraq lacks Syria’s relationship with groups like Hezbollah in Lebanon
and Hamas in Palestine and is unlikely to be as compliant and strategic a friend as
Syria is. Turkey compounded Iran’s narrowing options by not only setting its warnings
aside but going a step further with its agreement to install on Turkish soil a NATO
radar system believed to constitute a shield against Iranian ballistic missiles. In recent
weeks, it has also started looking at reducing its dependence on imports of Iranian oil
as Western powers crack down on Iran’s oil sales and the Islamic republic threatens to
retaliate by closing the Strait of Hormuz. Turkey sought to soften the blow by
suggesting that majority state-owned Halkbank would continue to handle Iranian oil
payments as long as that does not run afoul of the sanctions regime.
6. Turkish officials and analysts fear that mounting tension with Iran could produce a
covert proxy war, with Iran and Syria supporting the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK),
which has stepped up attacks on Turkish military targets in the southeast of the country.
Syria and Iran have already halted their security cooperation with Turkey with regard to
the Kurds. Conservative Iranian columnists have denounced Erdoğan’s government in
recent months as a Sunni Muslim dictatorship that does not represent half the country’s
population -- a reference to Turkey’ large Kurdish and Alevi communities. They warned
that Turkey’s minorities constituted its Achilles’ heel and a potentially destabilizing factor.
In a strange twist, Iranian soccer, pockmarked by nationalist and environmental protests
in Iran’s East Azerbaijan Province, offers a perspective of how Turkey could respond in
a proxy war with Syria and Iran -- one using ethnic minorities as pawns. The soccer
protests in the BaghShomal and Yadegar-e-Emam stadiums in Tabriz, the capital of the
province, signal a rise in Azeri nationalism. This trend would enable Turkey to exploit
secessionist sentiments among its Turkic brethren in the predominantly Azeri East
Azerbaijan Province, which borders the Turkic former Soviet republic of Azerbaijan, a
close Turkish ally.
In the latest soccer incident in Tabriz, fans of Tabriz soccer club Tractor Sazi Tabriz F.C.
-- a focus of Iranian Azerbaijan’s identity politics owned by the state-run Iran Tractor
Manufacturing Co. (ITMCO) -- wore shirts bearing Turkey and Azerbaijan’s flags and
raised the latter emblem during a match against Fajr-e Sepasi F.C. of Shiraz. “*The+
Iranian regime will *…+ charge them with separatism and even arrest them. The main
[Iranian concern] is that the idea of Turkism is strengthening in South Azerbaijan,”
Azeri news website news.az quoted SaftarRahimli, a member of the board of the World
Azerbaijanis Congress, as saying. Rahimli was referring to the East Azerbaijan Province
by its nationalist Azeri name.
7. A conservative, pro-Iranian website, Raja News, confirmed the incident in November,
charging that the soccer fans had employed “separatist symbols” and shouted separatist
slogans during the match. Raja News accused the fans of promoting “pan-Turkish” and
“deviant” objectives. It urged authorities to ban nationalist fans from entering soccer
stadiums.
The protests during the match against the Shiraz-based club followed similar protests in
September and October sparked by the Iranian parliament’s refusal to fund efforts to save
the threatened Lake Orumiyeh and by anti-government protests in Tehran’s Azadi Stadium.
The latter occurred both during last month’s 2014 World Cup qualifier against Bahrain and
at a ceremony in May following the death of Nasser Hejazi, an internationally acclaimed
Iranian defender and outspoken critic of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
A decision by security forces in early October to bar fans’ entry into the stadium during a
match against Tehran’s Esteghlal sent thousands into the streets of Tabriz shouting
“Azerbaijan is united!” and “Long live united Azerbaijan with its capital in Tabriz!” Scores
were injured as security forces tried to break up the protest. Cars honking their horns
choked traffic.
“Wherever Tractor goes, fans of the opposing club chant insulting slogans. They imitate the
sound of donkeys, because Azerbaijanis are historically derided as stupid and stubborn.
I remember incidents going back to the time that I was a teenager,” said a long-standing
observer of Iranian soccer.
Mounting Iran-focused tension serves, at least in the case of Israel and Saudi Arabia,
multiple purposes that go beyond the nuclear threat. It puts Turkey on the spot and shifts
8. attention away from the wave of revolts sweeping MENA.
James M. Dorsey is a senior fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies at Nanyang
Technological University in Singapore and the author of the blog, The Turbulent World of Middle
East Soccer. This story first appeared in Turkish Review