This document discusses tuples and dictionaries in Python. Tuples are immutable sequences that are defined using parentheses, while dictionaries are mutable mappings that associate keys with values. The document provides examples of creating, accessing, iterating over, and modifying tuples and dictionaries using various built-in functions and methods. It also compares the differences between tuples, lists, and dictionaries.

1. Principles of Computing
Sequences- (Tuples and Dictionaries)

2. Tuples
• Tuples are very similar to lists, but they are immutable (i.e.,
unchangeable)
• Tuples are written with round brackets as follows:
t1 = (1, 2, 3)
t2 = (“a”, “b”, “c”, ”d”)
t3 = (200, “A”, [4, 5], 3.2)
print(t1)
print(t2)
print(t3)

3. • A tuple is a sequence of values, which can be of any type and
they are indexed by integer. Tuples are just like list, but we can’t change
values of tuples in place. Thus tuples are immutable.
• The index value of tuple starts from 0.
• A tuple consists of a number of values separated by commas. For
example:
• >>> T= (10, 20, 30, 40)
• >>> print (T)
• (10, 20, 30, 40)
WHAT IS TUPLE?

4. CREATING EMPTY TUPLE

5. ACCESSING TUPLE

6. Tuples
• Like lists, tuples can:
• Contain any and different types of elements
• Contain duplicate elements (e.g., (1, 1, 2))
• Be indexed exactly in the same way (i.e., using the [] brackets)
• Be sliced exactly in the same way (i.e., using the [::] notation)
• Be concatenated (e.g., t = (1, 2, 3) + (“a”, “b”, “c”))
• Be repeated (e.g., t = (“a”, “b”) * 10)
• Be nested (e.g., t = ((1, 2), (3, 4), ((“a”, “b”, ”c”), 3.4))
• Be passed to a function, but will result in pass-by-value and not pass-by-
reference outcome since it is immutable
• Be iterated over

7. Examples
t1 = ("a", "b", "c")
print(t1[::-1])
t2 = ("a", "b", "c")
t3 = t1 + t2
print(t3)
t3 = t3 * 4
print(t3)
for i in t3:
print(i, end = " ")
print()
This will print the elements of t1 in
a reversed order, but will not change
t1 itself since it is immutable
This will concatenate t1 and t2 and
assign the result to t3 (again, t1 and
t2 will be unchanged since they are
immutable)
This will repeat t3 four times and
assign the result to t3. Hence,
t3 will be overwritten (i.e., NOT
changed in place- because it is
immutable-, but redefined with a
new value)

8. ACCESSING TUPLE USING LOOPS

9. ACCESSING TUPLE USING LOOPS
OUTPUT

10. CHECK IF ITEM EXISTS
OUTPUT

11. TUPLE LENGTH
OUTPUT

12. REMOVING A TUPLE
You cannot remove or delete or update items in a tuple.
Tuples are unchangeable, so you cannot remove items from it, but you can
delete the tuple completely:
NOTE: TUPLES ARE IMMUTABLE

13. Examples
t4 = ((1, 2, 3), ("a", "b", "c"))
for j in t4:
for k in j:
print(k,end = " ")
print()
This is an example of nesting, where
a matrix with 2 rows and
3 columns is created. The first row
includes the elements 1, 2, and 3.
The second row includes the elements
“a”, “b”, and “c”.
This outer loop iterates over each
element in t4; that is, it gets first the
element (1, 2, 3) and second the
element (“a”, “b”, “c”)
This inner loop iterates over each
element read by the outer loop; that
is, it first iterates over the elements
of the element (1, 2, 3), and second
it iterates over the elements of the
element (“a”, “b”, “c”)

14. Examples
def func1(t):
t = t * 2
t = (1, 2, 3)
print(t)
func1(t)
print(t)
This will output (1, 2, 3)
This will also output (1, 2, 3) since
tuples are immutable, hence, will
always exhibit a passed-by-value
behavior
This change on t remains local to the function
since a value of t was passed and not a
reference to it

15. TUPLE METHODS
Python provides two built-in methods that you can use on tuples.
1. count() Method
2. index() Method

16. Using Functions with Tuples
• You can also use functions with tuples
t1 = (1, 2, 3, 1, 5, 1)
print(t1.count(1))
print(t1.index(1))
The count(x) function returns the number of
elements with the specified value x (e.g., x is 1
in this example)
The index(x) function returns the index of the
first element with the specified value x (e.g., x
is 1 in this example)
Output:
3
0
In fact, Python has only these two built-in functions that can be used
on tuples

17. TUPLE METHODS
1. count() Method
Return the number of times the value appears in the tuple
Count() method
returns total no
times ‘banana’
present in the
given tuple

18. TUPLE METHODS
2. index() Method
index() Method returns index of “banana” i.e
1
index()
Method

19. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIST AND TUPLE
LIST TUPLE
Syntax for list is slightly different
comparing with tuple
Syntax for tuple is slightly different
comparing with lists
Weekdays=[‘Sun’,’Mon’,
‘wed’,46,67]
type(Weekdays)
class<‘lists’>
twdays =(‘Sun’, ‘mon', ‘tue', 634)
type(twdays)
class<‘tuple’>
List uses [ and ] (square brackets)
to bind the elements.
Tuple uses rounded brackets( and ) to
bind the elements.

20. 1. Write a Python program to create a tuple.
#Create an empty tuple
x = ()
print(x)
#Create an empty tuple with tuple() function
#built-in Python
tuplex = tuple()
print(tuplex)
TUPLE - BELLOW AVERAGE PROGRAMS

21. 2. Write a Python program to create a tuple with
different data types
#Create a tuple with different data types
tuplex = ("tuple", False, 3.2, 1)
print(tuplex)
TUPLE - BELLOW AVERAGE PROGRAMS

22. 3. Write a Python program to unpack a tuple in several variables
#create a tuple
tuplex = 4, 8, 3
print(tuplex)
n1, n2, n3 = tuplex
#unpack a tuple in variables
print(n1 + n2 + n3)
#the number of variables must be equal to the number of items
of the tuple
n1, n2, n3, n4= tuplex
TUPLE - BELLOW AVERAGE PROGRAMS

23. 4 Write a Python program to find the index of an item of a tuple.
#create a tuple
tuplex = tuple("index tuple")
print(tuplex)
#get index of the first item whose value is passed as parameter
index = tuplex.index("p")
print(index)
#define the index from which you want to search
index = tuplex.index("p", 5)
TUPLE - AVERAGE PROGRAMS

24. print(index)
#define the segment of the tuple to be searched
index = tuplex.index("e", 3, 6)
print(index)
#if item not exists in the tuple return ValueError Exception
index = tuplex.index("y")
TUPLE - AVERAGE PROGRAMS

25. 5. Write a Python program to add an item in a tuple.
#create a tuple
tuplex = (4, 6, 2, 8, 3, 1)
print(tuplex)
#tuples are immutable, so you can not add new elements
#using merge of tuples with the + operator you can add an
element and it will create a new tuple
tuplex = tuplex + (9,)
print(tuplex)
TUPLE - AVERAGE PROGRAMS

26. 5. Write a Python program to add an item in a tuple.
#adding items in a specific index
tuplex = tuplex[:5] + (15, 20, 25) + tuplex[:5]
print(tuplex)
#converting the tuple to list
listx = list(tuplex)
#use different ways to add items in list
listx.append(30)
tuplex = tuple(listx)
print(tuplex)
TUPLE - AVERAGE PROGRAMS

27. Towards Dictionaries
• Lists and tuples hold elements with only integer indices
• So in essence, each element has an index (or a key) which can only be
an integer, and a value which can be of any type (e.g., in the above
list/tuple, the first element has key 0 and value 45)
• What if we want to store elements with non-integer indices (or keys)?
45 “Coding” 4.5 7 89
0 1 2 3 4
Integer
Indices

28. Dictionaries
• In Python, you can use a dictionary to store elements with keys of any
types (not necessarily only integers like lists and tuples) and values of
any types as well
• The above dictionary can be defined in Python as follows:
dic = {"NUM":45, 1000:"coding", 2000:4.5, 3.4:7, “abc":89}
45 “Coding” 4.5 7 89
“NUM” 1000 2000 3.4 “abc”
keys of different types
Each element is a key:value pair, and elements are separated by commas
key value
Values of different types

29. Dictionaries
• In summary, dictionaries:
• Can contain any and different types of elements (i.e., keys and values)
• Can contain only unique keys but duplicate values
• Can be indexed but only through keys (i.e., dic2[“a”] will return 2 but dic2[0]
will return an error since there is no element with key 0 in dic2 above)
Output: {'a': 2, 'b': 2}
dic2 = {"a":1, "a":2, "b":2}
print(dic2)
The element “a”:2 will override the element “a”:1
because only ONE element can have key “a”

30. Dictionaries
• In summary, dictionaries:
• CANNOT be concatenated
• CANNOT be repeated
• Can be nested (e.g., d = {"first":{1:1}, "second":{2:"a"}}
• Can be passed to a function and will result in a pass-by-reference and not
pass-by-value behavior since it is immutable (like lists)
Output:
{'first': {1: 1}, 'second': {2: 'a'}}
{'first': [1, 2, 3], 'second': {2: 'a'}}
def func1(d):
d["first"] = [1, 2, 3]
dic = {"first":{1:1},
"second":{2:"a"}}
print(dic)
func1(dic)
print(dic)

31. Dictionaries
• In summary, dictionaries:
• Can be iterated over
Output:
dic = {"first": 1, "second": 2, "third": 3}
for i in dic:
print(i)
How to get the values?
first
second
third
ONLY the keys will be returned.

32. Dictionaries
• In summary, dictionaries:
• Can be iterated over
Output:
dic = {"first": 1, "second": 2, "third": 3}
for i in dic:
print(dic[i])
1
2
3
Values can be accessed via indexing!

33. Adding Elements to a Dictionary
• How to add elements to a dictionary?
• By indexing the dictionary via a key and assigning a corresponding value
Output:
dic = {"first": 1, "second": 2, "third": 3}
print(dic)
dic["fourth"] = 4
print(dic)
{'first': 1, 'second': 2, 'third': 3}
{'first': 1, 'second': 2, 'third': 3, 'fourth': 4}

34. Adding Elements to a Dictionary
• How to add elements to a dictionary?
• By indexing the dictionary via a key and assigning a corresponding value
Output:
dic = {"first": 1, "second": 2, "third": 3}
print(dic)
dic[”second"] = 4
print(dic)
{'first': 1, 'second': 2, 'third': 3}
{'first': 1, 'second’: 4, 'third': 3}
If the key already exists,
the value will be overridden

35. Deleting Elements to a Dictionary
• How to delete elements in a dictionary?
• By using del
Output:
dic = {"first": 1, "second": 2, "third": 3}
print(dic)
dic["fourth"] = 4
print(dic)
del dic["first"]
print(dic)
{'first': 1, 'second': 2, 'third': 3}
{'first': 1, 'second': 2, 'third': 3, 'fourth': 4}
{'second': 2, 'third': 3, 'fourth': 4}

36. Deleting Elements to a Dictionary
• How to delete elements in a dictionary?
• Or by using the function pop(key)
Output:
dic = {"first": 1, "second": 2, "third": 3}
print(dic)
dic["fourth"] = 4
print(dic)
dic.pop(“first”)
print(dic)
{'first': 1, 'second': 2, 'third': 3}
{'first': 1, 'second': 2, 'third': 3, 'fourth': 4}
{'second': 2, 'third': 3, 'fourth': 4}

37. Dictionary Functions
• Many other functions can also be used with dictionaries
Function Description
dic.clear() Removes all the elements from dictionary dic
dic.copy() Returns a copy of dictionary dic
dic.items() Returns a list containing a tuple for each key-value pair in
dictionary dic
dic.get(k) Returns the value of the specified key k from dictionary dic
dic.keys() Returns a list containing all the keys of dictionary dic
dic.pop(k) Removes the element with the specified key k from dictionary dic

38. Dictionary Functions
• Many other functions can also be used with dictionaries
Function Description
dic.popitem() Removes the last inserted key-value pair in dictionary dic
dic.values() Returns a list of all the values in dictionary dic

39. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIST AND TUPLE
LIST TUPLE
List can be edited once it is
created in python. Lists are
mutable data structure.
A tuple is a list which one cannot edit
once it is created in Python code. The
tuple is an immutable data structure
More methods or functions are
associated with lists.
Compare to lists tuples have Less
methods or functions.