TUNNELING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING
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In my long professional career of almost 45 years, in addition to underground structures, I also had to deal with the structural rehabilitation of bridges, viaducts, embankments, earth and concrete dams.
Therefore, through this new post, I would like to begin to address the problems inherent in the degradation of the concrete of our above-ground infrastructures, using particular resinous and cementitious formulations for the construction, repair and restoration of bridges.
Illustration of the various materials for the construction and repair of bridges
Illustration of the various materials for the construction and repair of bridgesFONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
Commonly an anti-nuclear shelter, equipped with particular technological systems, which ensure the complete aseptic air inside it, is indicated as a housing solution to avoid contamination by nuclear radiation during an armed conflict with the use of unconventional weapons. .
The envelope is usually made from a load-bearing structure in reinforced concrete and built directly underground, in depth, to make the most of the shielding action of the ground to defend itself from contamination by chemical weapons and biological weapons and thus avoid contact with every source of pollution and ensure the survival of the occupants for a very variable period of time.
In the event of a nuclear disaster, the release of radioactive substances [radioisotopes] does not happen all at once, but continues over time in the form of gases, vapors and dust. Hence, our exposure to radioactivity is prolonged and depends on the strength and direction of the winds and on our proximity or distance from the place where the nuclear disaster occurred.
Study of particular polymeric materials of the 4.0 series for the constructio...
Study of particular polymeric materials of the 4.0 series for the constructio...FONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
In 2005, through the pages of a prestigious Italian trade magazine, I turned to readers, if they were aware of how many methods of excavating underground tunnels, with mechanized cutters, could exist in the complex world of mechanical engineering of the subsoil.
Even today, after 17 years, I have received only a few positive feedbacks.
Up to now, the advantage of excavating with circular mechanized cutters arises from the guarantee because we are able to know the structural stability for any type of tunnel. In practice, it has been possible for many years to create tunnels with different cross sections, rather than circular ones.
In fact, it is possible to design, and at the same time excavate, tunnels with rectangular and oval sections, taking into account that, in the underground excavation, there are always stress states that are little known to most of us, even if we are technicians in the sector.
New emerging problems linked to sustainability and innovation are the development of a new concept of underground excavation, developed in the last 30 years, with particular mechanized cutters to create very versatile tunnels, with different types of configurations. The 3 types of excavation machines most used and known today, for the type of soil on which they must operate, are illustrated below, in figure 01) [Silt & Clay, Sand, Gravel and Rock]Some brief considerations on the machanized evolution of metropolitan tunnel ...
Some brief considerations on the machanized evolution of metropolitan tunnel ...FONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
As a technician I try to illustrate my geopolitical vision on why there is a lack of raw materials worldwide, recalling that today the technologies used in the mining sector are very advanced compared to yesterday despite the fact that mining companies lack a unified vision and often struggle to use the scarce resources made available on digital investments.
However, despite the mistrust of many mining companies, I would like to point out that it is still possible, especially in this world scenario, to complete any process of technological innovation that is constantly evolving, as is digitization, which is now possible even in 6G mode [where, compared to 5G, speeds of about 206.25 gigabits per second can be reached] as well as artificial intelligence, on which I urge you to pay your attention, because these are the technologies that will help us change many things quickly to get more efficient mines.
In fact, by integrating more access technologies, covering a larger physical space, it is by providing the best basic capacity, such as communication, to be able to go up to the great depths of the subsoil and the sea, with modern equipment that will be increasingly mechanized, in robotic mode, supporting multiple services, not only necessary for excavation, but all this also contributes to greater operator safety and all in "Green" mode.
This is where the policy must be concentrated, towards the company, helping it, with new targeted investments and new regulations, to evolve its organizational characteristics over time and therefore its ability to manage innovation processes, through the modification of new proposals of law to help us coordinate research and innovation on a global level and not for the conquest of new territories, through absurd wars.
The earth's subsoil and the seabed are the resources of all of us and, starting with the creation of a virtual union, worldwide, in which we will all be interconnected and, if we can manage the flow of data in reproducing any object, created to support the reproduction of mixed mining environments between real and virtual, with human-machine interaction in real time, we can really have a significant reduction in costs and very reduced times, in a controlled way, in search of all those minerals that we need, including the "Rare Earths", even without the use of manpower and with the use of fewer and fewer components.
However, my intent is only to begin to do some clarity with you, to make environmental friends better understand and not only that the ways in which environmental issues are addressed today are currently only instrumental, borrowed from some politicians and from politics, because, these gentlemen still have not realized what we are talking about and discussing.
Geopolitics and the difficulty of procuring raw materials
Geopolitics and the difficulty of procuring raw materialsFONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
During the excavation of underground tunnels with TBM of the EPB type (Earth Pressure Balance), with the possibility of being convertible into a Slurry TBM (for use with bentonite mud) to be used for excavation in rock, it is one of the largest problems for the conditioning of the soil, along its entire route, in particular in front of the rotating excavation head, especially when one is in the presence of mixed alluvial soils of the sandy-gravelly type and many times, under the aquifer.
Alluvial soils are composed of a variously assorted mixture of clay, silt or silt, sand and gravel.
These types of soils are very present in river valleys, alluvial plains and in the areas of the mouth of rivers. These are formed thanks to the deposition, during episodes of flooding, of the sediments transported by the flooded watercourses outside their riverbed.
In general, EPB-type TBMs are suitable for making tunnels in the presence of low-permeability soils and with a content of fine particles (diameter <0.075 mm) of at least 15-20%, which require an equilibrium pressure of less than 5 -6 bar. In addition, the EPB-type mechanized milling cutter is more suitable than the bentonite mud [slurry] face counter-pressure machine in the event that numerous inspections in the excavation chamber are required, as the emptying of the excavation chamber takes place through the screw conveyor takes place, in a much faster time.2022_TEST INVESTIGATE SOIL CONDITIONING FOR EPB-compressed (1).pdf
2022_TEST INVESTIGATE SOIL CONDITIONING FOR EPB-compressed (1).pdfFONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
Usually the lining, for this type of excavation, using TBM-EPB, is made with prefabricated concrete segments, and through this memory, I would like to suggest a new technology and related methodology using, instead of the "Pel-Gravel", of the lightweight cellular concrete / concrete CLC [Reported by ACI Committee 523].
What is very important is that even this type of proposed material must also be able to influence the interaction between the support [which is the rock] and the excavation behavior along the tunnel layout.New technology for filling and clogging the void that is created in the back ...
New technology for filling and clogging the void that is created in the back ...FONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
Let's start this article with the problems of water infiltration through cracks that occur in prefabricated segments after the assembly phase in a new tunnel under construction.
As illustrated several times, in tunnels, especially in metropolitan areas, it very often happens that excavation works must be carried out below the aquifer level, sometimes at quite high pressures. This is a problem that requires a lot of attention on the part of the designer and the executors, since due to the presence of a pitch, the following can occur:
- problems during the excavation phase;
- problems related to alteration of the aquifer;
- problems with infiltration through the joints and / or cracks that occur in the prefabricated segments due to poor execution of the same or for other reasons.2020_Esempi di intasamento a tergo dei conci in cls prefabbricato-compresso (...
2020_Esempi di intasamento a tergo dei conci in cls prefabbricato-compresso (...FONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
According to Japanese researchers from the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology there are between 80 and 100 billion tons of rare earths at a depth of between 3,500 and 6,000 meters below the botton of the Pacific Ocean in an area that lies beneath the jurisdiction of Hawaii, east of Tahiti in an area under the jurisdiction of French Polynesia and in the Japanese seabed.
At this depth, between 4 and 6 thousand meters, in addition to the presence of rare earths, there are expanses of polymetallic nodules [1], which are chemical sedimentary rocks, siliceous-metalliferous, spherical or lenticular, characterized from a dark crust of black, bluish or brown color, and from an average diameter of 5 cm and which may contain different percentages of minerals depending on the magma from which the degassing originates (they continuously form where clack-smokers are present) .
I would like to point out that in the vicinity of these black-smokers, typical of the oceanic ridge areas, the temperature goes from 400° C up to 1,000° C and the acidity of the sea water is so low that it touches a pH of 2, 8.2021_ENG_Extraction of rare earths from the seabed
2021_ENG_Extraction of rare earths from the seabedFONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
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In my long professional career of almost 45 years, in addition to underground structures, I also had to deal with the structural rehabilitation of bridges, viaducts, embankments, earth and concrete dams.
Therefore, through this new post, I would like to begin to address the problems inherent in the degradation of the concrete of our above-ground infrastructures, using particular resinous and cementitious formulations for the construction, repair and restoration of bridges.
Illustration of the various materials for the construction and repair of bridges
Illustration of the various materials for the construction and repair of bridgesFONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
Commonly an anti-nuclear shelter, equipped with particular technological systems, which ensure the complete aseptic air inside it, is indicated as a housing solution to avoid contamination by nuclear radiation during an armed conflict with the use of unconventional weapons. .
The envelope is usually made from a load-bearing structure in reinforced concrete and built directly underground, in depth, to make the most of the shielding action of the ground to defend itself from contamination by chemical weapons and biological weapons and thus avoid contact with every source of pollution and ensure the survival of the occupants for a very variable period of time.
In the event of a nuclear disaster, the release of radioactive substances [radioisotopes] does not happen all at once, but continues over time in the form of gases, vapors and dust. Hence, our exposure to radioactivity is prolonged and depends on the strength and direction of the winds and on our proximity or distance from the place where the nuclear disaster occurred.
Study of particular polymeric materials of the 4.0 series for the constructio...
Study of particular polymeric materials of the 4.0 series for the constructio...FONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
In 2005, through the pages of a prestigious Italian trade magazine, I turned to readers, if they were aware of how many methods of excavating underground tunnels, with mechanized cutters, could exist in the complex world of mechanical engineering of the subsoil.
Even today, after 17 years, I have received only a few positive feedbacks.
Up to now, the advantage of excavating with circular mechanized cutters arises from the guarantee because we are able to know the structural stability for any type of tunnel. In practice, it has been possible for many years to create tunnels with different cross sections, rather than circular ones.
In fact, it is possible to design, and at the same time excavate, tunnels with rectangular and oval sections, taking into account that, in the underground excavation, there are always stress states that are little known to most of us, even if we are technicians in the sector.
New emerging problems linked to sustainability and innovation are the development of a new concept of underground excavation, developed in the last 30 years, with particular mechanized cutters to create very versatile tunnels, with different types of configurations. The 3 types of excavation machines most used and known today, for the type of soil on which they must operate, are illustrated below, in figure 01) [Silt & Clay, Sand, Gravel and Rock]Some brief considerations on the machanized evolution of metropolitan tunnel ...
Some brief considerations on the machanized evolution of metropolitan tunnel ...FONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
As a technician I try to illustrate my geopolitical vision on why there is a lack of raw materials worldwide, recalling that today the technologies used in the mining sector are very advanced compared to yesterday despite the fact that mining companies lack a unified vision and often struggle to use the scarce resources made available on digital investments.
However, despite the mistrust of many mining companies, I would like to point out that it is still possible, especially in this world scenario, to complete any process of technological innovation that is constantly evolving, as is digitization, which is now possible even in 6G mode [where, compared to 5G, speeds of about 206.25 gigabits per second can be reached] as well as artificial intelligence, on which I urge you to pay your attention, because these are the technologies that will help us change many things quickly to get more efficient mines.
In fact, by integrating more access technologies, covering a larger physical space, it is by providing the best basic capacity, such as communication, to be able to go up to the great depths of the subsoil and the sea, with modern equipment that will be increasingly mechanized, in robotic mode, supporting multiple services, not only necessary for excavation, but all this also contributes to greater operator safety and all in "Green" mode.
This is where the policy must be concentrated, towards the company, helping it, with new targeted investments and new regulations, to evolve its organizational characteristics over time and therefore its ability to manage innovation processes, through the modification of new proposals of law to help us coordinate research and innovation on a global level and not for the conquest of new territories, through absurd wars.
The earth's subsoil and the seabed are the resources of all of us and, starting with the creation of a virtual union, worldwide, in which we will all be interconnected and, if we can manage the flow of data in reproducing any object, created to support the reproduction of mixed mining environments between real and virtual, with human-machine interaction in real time, we can really have a significant reduction in costs and very reduced times, in a controlled way, in search of all those minerals that we need, including the "Rare Earths", even without the use of manpower and with the use of fewer and fewer components.
However, my intent is only to begin to do some clarity with you, to make environmental friends better understand and not only that the ways in which environmental issues are addressed today are currently only instrumental, borrowed from some politicians and from politics, because, these gentlemen still have not realized what we are talking about and discussing.
Geopolitics and the difficulty of procuring raw materials
Geopolitics and the difficulty of procuring raw materialsFONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
During the excavation of underground tunnels with TBM of the EPB type (Earth Pressure Balance), with the possibility of being convertible into a Slurry TBM (for use with bentonite mud) to be used for excavation in rock, it is one of the largest problems for the conditioning of the soil, along its entire route, in particular in front of the rotating excavation head, especially when one is in the presence of mixed alluvial soils of the sandy-gravelly type and many times, under the aquifer.
Alluvial soils are composed of a variously assorted mixture of clay, silt or silt, sand and gravel.
These types of soils are very present in river valleys, alluvial plains and in the areas of the mouth of rivers. These are formed thanks to the deposition, during episodes of flooding, of the sediments transported by the flooded watercourses outside their riverbed.
In general, EPB-type TBMs are suitable for making tunnels in the presence of low-permeability soils and with a content of fine particles (diameter <0.075 mm) of at least 15-20%, which require an equilibrium pressure of less than 5 -6 bar. In addition, the EPB-type mechanized milling cutter is more suitable than the bentonite mud [slurry] face counter-pressure machine in the event that numerous inspections in the excavation chamber are required, as the emptying of the excavation chamber takes place through the screw conveyor takes place, in a much faster time.2022_TEST INVESTIGATE SOIL CONDITIONING FOR EPB-compressed (1).pdf
2022_TEST INVESTIGATE SOIL CONDITIONING FOR EPB-compressed (1).pdfFONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
Usually the lining, for this type of excavation, using TBM-EPB, is made with prefabricated concrete segments, and through this memory, I would like to suggest a new technology and related methodology using, instead of the "Pel-Gravel", of the lightweight cellular concrete / concrete CLC [Reported by ACI Committee 523].
What is very important is that even this type of proposed material must also be able to influence the interaction between the support [which is the rock] and the excavation behavior along the tunnel layout.New technology for filling and clogging the void that is created in the back ...
New technology for filling and clogging the void that is created in the back ...FONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
Let's start this article with the problems of water infiltration through cracks that occur in prefabricated segments after the assembly phase in a new tunnel under construction.
As illustrated several times, in tunnels, especially in metropolitan areas, it very often happens that excavation works must be carried out below the aquifer level, sometimes at quite high pressures. This is a problem that requires a lot of attention on the part of the designer and the executors, since due to the presence of a pitch, the following can occur:
- problems during the excavation phase;
- problems related to alteration of the aquifer;
- problems with infiltration through the joints and / or cracks that occur in the prefabricated segments due to poor execution of the same or for other reasons.2020_Esempi di intasamento a tergo dei conci in cls prefabbricato-compresso (...
2020_Esempi di intasamento a tergo dei conci in cls prefabbricato-compresso (...FONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
According to Japanese researchers from the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology there are between 80 and 100 billion tons of rare earths at a depth of between 3,500 and 6,000 meters below the botton of the Pacific Ocean in an area that lies beneath the jurisdiction of Hawaii, east of Tahiti in an area under the jurisdiction of French Polynesia and in the Japanese seabed.
At this depth, between 4 and 6 thousand meters, in addition to the presence of rare earths, there are expanses of polymetallic nodules [1], which are chemical sedimentary rocks, siliceous-metalliferous, spherical or lenticular, characterized from a dark crust of black, bluish or brown color, and from an average diameter of 5 cm and which may contain different percentages of minerals depending on the magma from which the degassing originates (they continuously form where clack-smokers are present) .
I would like to point out that in the vicinity of these black-smokers, typical of the oceanic ridge areas, the temperature goes from 400° C up to 1,000° C and the acidity of the sea water is so low that it touches a pH of 2, 8.2021_ENG_Extraction of rare earths from the seabed
2021_ENG_Extraction of rare earths from the seabedFONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
Según investigadores japoneses de la Agencia Japonesa de Ciencia y Tecnología Marina-Terrestre, hay entre 80 y 100 mil millones de toneladas de tierras raras a una profundidad de entre 3,500 y 6,000 metros por debajo del fondo del Océano Pacífico en un área que se encuentra debajo de la jurisdicción. de Hawai, al este de Tahití en un área bajo la jurisdicción de la Polinesia Francesa y en el fondo marino japonés.
A esta profundidad, entre 4 y 6 mil metros, además de la presencia de tierras raras, existen extensiones de nódulos polimetálicos [1], que son rocas sedimentarias químicas, silíceo-metalíferas, esféricas o lenticulares, caracterizadas por una corteza oscura de De color negro, azulado o marrón, y de un diámetro medio de 5 cm y que pueden contener diferentes porcentajes de minerales en función del magma del que se origina la desgasificación (se forman de forma continua donde hay clac-fumadores).
Me gustaría señalar que en las cercanías de estos fumadores negros, típicos de las zonas de cordilleras oceánicas, la temperatura va desde los 400 ° C hasta los 1.000 ° C y la acidez del agua de mar es tan baja que toca un pH de 2, 8.2021_ES_Extracción de tierras raras del fondo marino
2021_ES_Extracción de tierras raras del fondo marinoFONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
Before moving on to the repair techniques and materials to be used for the reinforcement of the "cortical layer" of concrete, inside a railway tunnel, it is necessary to make a premise premising that, although many repair techniques are known, they are very different from each other when you are in the presence of a road tunnel, made of traditional or fiber-reinforced concrete, and a hydraulic or railway tunnel, made of prefabricated self-supporting ashlars or traditional reinforced concrete, where, overall, in particular, the concept of durability is enormously different.2020_Repair and reinforcement of the cortical layer of concrete inside a rail...
2020_Repair and reinforcement of the cortical layer of concrete inside a rail...FONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
PUBLICATION IN ITALIAN AND ENGLISH
In the construction and design of a tunnel, the preliminary study of the rock mass along its route cannot be ignored because it is necessary, first of all, even in the first phase of the design, to consider the various aspects: functional, environmental, social, economic, etc. .
However, the fundamental part is given by the behavior of the geological formations, also in relation to water, which must be studied and analyzed both from a geological and geotechnical point of view. These are the most important factors to consider both in the design and construction phase of a tunnel. In particular:
- crossing of faults and milonitized areas with the presence of fluid-plastic soil;
- strong floods of water;
- gas inflows.2020_Ground stabilization treatments in front of the excavation face of a tun...
2020_Ground stabilization treatments in front of the excavation face of a tun...FONDAZIONE INT.LE CENTRO STUDI E RICERCHE-ONLUS (NGO)
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TUNNELING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING
- 1. TUNNELLING, MINING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING ТУННЕЛИРОВАНИЕ, МИНЫ И СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО Lamanna Luigi Franco Independent Technical Consultant 132, via dei Serpenti – 00184 ROMA – ITALY – U.E. e-‐mail: lamannaluigifranco @ gmail.com
- 18. ITALIAN INDUSTRIAL FACTORY: GLOBALCHIMICA srl 16-‐18, via del Boschetto 10040 LOMBARDORE (TORINO) – ITALY -‐ U.E. e-‐mail: info @ globalchimica.com TECHNICAL AND COMMERCIAL DEPARTMENT: DIVISIONS: -‐ TUNNELLING -‐ MINING -‐ OIL -‐ CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERGROUND ENG. -‐ TBM-‐EPB (GREASE-‐SEALANTS, SOIL CONDITIONING FOAMS AND POLIMERS) LAMANNA LUIGI FRANCO 132, via dei Serpenti – 00184 ROME – ITALY -‐ U.E. E-‐mail: lamannaluigifranco @ gmail.com epc.consulting.italia @ gmail.com
- 19. Luigi Franco, LAMANNA 132, via dei Serpenti – 00184 ROME, ITALY, U.E. INDIPENDENT TECHNICAL CONSULTANT Mining and Tunnelling Consultant Specialized in Mechanized Tunnelling with Hard Rock TBM and Soft Soil EPB Shields Expert and Consultant in structural reinforcement E-‐mail: lamannaluigifranco @ gmail.com -‐ epc.consulting.italia @ gmail.com
- 20. EXPOSURE OF OUR PRODUCTS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE FAIRS