Tumor markers-screening-for-cancer

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Tumor Markers
in Cancer Screening

◆ Is it necessary to detect tumor markers?
It is known that tumors are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental
factors. Their cells are characterized by unlimited proliferation. Usually, most tumors
are asymptomatic in the early and middle stages. When patients with clinical symptoms
come to the clinic, the tumor is too large to be removed, or it has entered the advanced
stage, losing the best treatment opportunity. Therefore, early detection, diagnosis, and
treatment of tumors are the key links in clinical cancer prevention and treatment. For
early detection and diagnosis of tumors, a series of more valuable tumor markers have
been used in clinical practice.
◆ What are tumor markers?
◆ How are tumor markers used in cancer care?
◆ Do different cancer types need to be detected by different tumor markers?
◆ Does the rise in tumor markers mean the presence of cancer?
◆ Can tumor markers be used in cancer screening?
◆ How to choose tumor markers？
Catalogue
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Tumor Markers
in Cancer Screening
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Tumor markers (TMs) refer to a class of substances that are directly produced by
tumor cells or other cells of the body in response to tumors during its development
and proliferation stages. Tumor markers essentially are proteins, hormones,
enzymes (isozymes), polyamines, and oncogene products, which presents in the
blood, body fluids, cells or tissues of patients. They can quantitatively and
qualitatively reveal the presence of tumors, which provides strong experimental
basis to estimate what the type of tumor is, what stage of the tumor has been
developed to, the therapeutic effect and prognosis.
1. Auxiliary diagnosis and identification of tumors;
2. Screening high-risk populations of tumors;
3. Monitoring tumor recurrence and metastasis;
4. Observing tumor treatment and efficacy.
◆ What are tumor markers?
◆ How are tumor markers used in cancer care?
Tumor Markers
in Cancer Screening

Many tumor-related markers have been found, and nearly 100 kinds of them are of
clinical value. Based on the chemical characteristics, they can be divided into the
following seven categories:
Embryonic antigen
tumor markers
Glycogen tumor
markers
Hormone tumor
markers
Receptor tumor
markers
Protein tumor
markers
Enzyme tumor
markers
Genomics
tumor markers
◆ Do different cancer types need to be detected by
different tumor markers?
Tumor Markers
in Cancer Screening

• Embryonic Antigen Tumor Markers
Many proteins are secreted only during the embryonic
stage, which stop producing after delivery. When a
tumor occurs, these proteins will re-synthesize and be
secreted, thereby being called embryonic antigen-like
tumor marker.
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)—liver cancer, spermatogonia.
Embryonic antigen (CEA)—colorectal cancer,
pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer.
• Glycogen Tumor Markers
When normal cells are transformed into malignant
cells, the glycoproteins on the cell surface will
mutate to a specific antigen, which can be detected
by monoclonal techniques. These antigenic
substances presenting on the surface of tumor cells
are called carbohydrate antigens (CA).
CA125—ovarian cancer.
CA15-3—breast cancer, ovarian cancer.
CA19-9—pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, and
gastrointestinal cancer.
CA72-4—gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer,
ovarian cancer.
Tumor Markers
in Cancer Screening

• Hormone Tumor Markers
When a cell with a secretory hormone function is
cancerous, it will secrete abnormal amount of
hormones. Cells that do not produce hormones begin
to produce hormones after canceration.
Calcitonin (CT)—thyroid tumor.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)—embryonal
carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, non-spermatocytic
carcinoma.
• Receptor Tumor Markers
Receptors are components existing on the cell
membrane or in the cells, which are responsible for
recognizing and binding to a biologically active
molecule. It can correctly amplify and transmit the
recognized and received signals to the interior of the
cell, thereby causing biological effects.
Estrogen Receptor (ER) and Progesterone Receptor
(PR)—breast cancer.
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGFR)—colorectal cancer,
non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck cancer,
breast cancer.
Tumor Markers
in Cancer Screening

2-2-microglobulin (β2-MG)—multiple myeloma, lymphoma,
leukemia.
Ferritin (SF)—liver cancer, lung cancer, leukemia, breast cancer.
Thyroglobulin-thyroid cancer.
Cytokeratin 19 fragment (Cyfra 21-1)—lung cancer, bladder
cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer,
pancreatic cancer.
Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA)—bladder cancer, breast
cancer, ovarian cancer, digestive tract tumors.
Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA)—cervical cancer, lung
cancer, head and neck cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer.
• Enzyme Tumor Markers
They are widely used for tumor treatment and prognosis monitoring because of their high
sensitivity and low specificity.
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)—liver cancer, bone cancer, leukemia, sarcoma.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)—liver cancer, lymphoma, leukemia, ovarian cancer.
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE)—small cell lung cancer, neuroblastoma, carcinoid, melanoma,
pancreatic cancer.
Prostate specific antigen (PSA)—prostate cancer.
α-L-fucosidase (AFU)—primary liver cancer.
• Protein Tumor Markers
Tumor Markers
in Cancer Screening

• Genomics tumor markers
Ras oncogene—pancreatic cancer, lung cancer,
colon cancer, ovarian cancer, thyroid cancer, liver
cancer, spermatogonia, kidney cancer.
Her-2/neu (erbB2) oncogene—breast cancer,
stomach cancer, ovarian cancer.
Rb tumor suppressor gene—familial
retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma, bladder cancer,
breast cancer, lung cancer.
P53 tumor suppressor gene—familial Li-Fraumen
I syndrome, colon cancer, bladder cancer,
stomach cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, etc.
Tumor Markers
in Cancer Screening

◆ Does the rise in tumor markers mean the
presence of cancer?
First of all, we must perform comprehensive
detections before confirming a diagnostic cancer,
through the methods of X-ray detection, CT detection,
B-ultrasound detection, and pathological diagnosis.
Since most tumor markers are not absolute specific
products of malignant tumors, it is possible that false
positives are in the detection of tumor markers.
Elevated tumor markers are not the same as detecting
cancer cells. Instead of indicating the presence of
cancer, their presence may be caused by certain
benign diseases or drugs.
Many factors might be the reasons for the rise of
tumor markers. For example, some benign
inflammatory diseases will increase the amount of
tumor markers.
CA125 may also be elevated in benign, borderline
tumors and endometriosis of the ovary.
Tumor Markers
in Cancer Screening

◆ Can tumor markers be used in cancer screening?
As some tumors do not secrete related proteins, and some tumor tissues have poor blood
circulation, the tumor markers produced by them cannot be secreted into peripheral
blood, which may lead to "false negatives" in tumor marker detection. If the tumor
marker is normal, the probability of suffering from a related malignancy is relatively low.
However, it needs to be reviewed regularly and diagnosed with other tests if the people
have related family history, precancerous lesions or symptoms. In short, reasonable
application and timely monitoring are the correct ways to clinically apply tumor markers.
◆ Is it necessary to detect tumor markers?
Although tumor markers are not accurate enough, they can help doctors with the
diagnosis, classification, prognosis, and treatment of tumors. It is not recommended to
do tumor marker testing screening for asymptomatic populations, but high-risk groups
should do screening once a year. Such as:
1. 45 years of age or older.
2. People with a genetic history of the tumor family, such as parents or grandparents in
a family who have had cancer.
3. People with long-term inflammatory diseases.
4. People engaged in certain special occupations, such as frequent exposure to
radioactive materials, toxic substances, or serious pollution in the working
environment.
5. People with long-term bad habits, such as smoking, drinking, long-term staying up
late or stressful.
Tumor Markers
in Cancer Screening

◆ How to choose tumor markers?
Most of single tumor markers cannot meet the clinical needs because of low sensitivity
or specificity. In order to improve the value of auxiliary diagnosis and therapeutic
monitoring of tumor markers, it is possible to select 2 or 3 complementary TMs for joint
detection after scientific analysis and strict screening.
Cancer Preferred indicators Auxiliary indicators
Colorectal cancer CEA, CA24-2 CA19-9
Pancreatic cancer CA19-9 CEA, CA24-2
Gastric cancer TCA72-4 CEA, CA19-9
Esophageal cancer CEA CA19-9, SCC
Liver cancer AFP AFU, CEA, CA19-9, HCG
Bile duct / gallbladder
carcinoma
CA19-9 CEA, CA24-2
Breast cancer HER2, CA15-3 CEA, CA125
Cervical cancer SCC CEA, CA125
Small Cell Lung Cancer NSE, ProGRP
Prostate cancer PSA
Bladder Cancer TPA, CEA, CA19-9 CYFRA21-1
Thyroid cancer Tg CEA
Malignant melanoma S100
Combined detection of tumor markers
Tumor Markers
in Cancer Screening

Tumor Markers
in Cancer Screening
Featured antibodies for tumor markers
Targets Clone Applications Species Reactivity Cat.
CEA 161 ELISA, IP, WB Human CBMAB-XB0225-YC
CA19-9 SPM588 FC, IHC-P, IF Human CBMAB-C1123-CQ
CA19-9 CA19.9/1390R FC, IF, IHC-P Human CBMAB-C0512-CQ
CA19-9 CBXC-2378 FC, IF, IHC-P Human CBMAB-C0012-CQ
KLK3 IHC654 IHC-P, ELISA, IHC Human CBMAB-MA133-YC
KLK3 D2A8 WB, IP, IF (ICC) Human CBMAB-CP2096-LY
AFP IHC510 IHC Human CBMAB-MA007-YC
AFP 4G2D2 ELISA, IHC Human CBMAB-R4290-CN
AFP CBYC-A407 ELISA, WB, IHC-P Human CBMAB-A1569-YC
S100 IHC100 IHC-P, ELISA, IHC Human CBMAB-MA214-YC
CYFRA21-1 CBCNC-543 ELISA, WB Human CBMAB-C3276-CN
CYFRA21-1 KS19.1 ELISA, WB Human CBMAB-C3275-CN
hCG IHC593 IHC Human CBMAB-MA113-YC
CGB NYRhCG ELISA Human CBMAB-C10939-LY
CGA HCG 205 ICC, IHC Human CBMAB-C3841-CQ
ERBB2 44E6 WB Human, Mouse, Rat CBMAB-CP0937-LY
ERBB2 D8F12 WB, IHC-P Human, Mouse, Rat CBMAB-CP0935-LY
ERBB2 4C10 WB, ELISA Human CBMAB-A2684-LY
MUC16 IHC125 IHC-P, ELISA, IHC Human CBMAB-MA173-YC
MUC16 OV185-1 ICC, IF, IHC-P Human CBMAB-C12102-LY
ENO2 D20H2 WB, IP
Human, Mouse, Rat,
Monkey
CBMAB-CP0592-LY
ENO2 1A3 WB, ELISA Human CBMAB-A2614-LY

Since 2004, Creative Biolabs has been working
on the development of tumor markers and the
production of antibodies against tumor markers.
At Creative Biolabs, we utilize advanced
antibody research tools, professional technical
support, and rapid global delivery to ensure
quality for scientific research workers and
customers in industry. We believe that to build
up a custom-service-centered business model is
crucial for optimizing the drug development
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gathering a team from various backgrounds to
conduct drug discovery projects in the future.
As a preferred supplier for global customers,
we are confident to provide you with first-class
services covering a full range of applications. If
you have any need for antibodies,
please contact us.
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Tumor Markers
in Cancer Screening

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Tumor markers-screening-for-cancer

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