The document provides an overview of the Tuareg people, including their ancestry, where they live, and their relationship with surrounding countries and groups like AQIM. Some key points:
- The Tuareg are a nomadic Berber group living in the Sahara region of North Africa, primarily in Mali, Niger and Algeria.
- They have a long history of rebellion against governments for discrimination and mistreatment of Berber peoples. Many Tuareg fought for Gaddafi in Libya.
- In 2012, Tuareg rebels in Mali declared independence but were soon pushed aside by better armed Islamist groups like Ansar Dine who sought to impose sharia law.
- There is
Este trabalho não foi objeto de qualquer correção!
Foi postado tal e qual como foi enviado por o(s) autor(es).
O mérito (se for caso disso) é exclusivo dele(s)!
O documento resume a civilização dos Incas, que se estabeleceu na região andina da América do Sul entre os séculos XV e XVI. Os Incas construíram um grande império com centro em Cusco, no Peru, até serem conquistados pelos espanhóis em 1532. Eles tinham uma sociedade hierarquizada e economia baseada na agricultura, com destaque para a técnica de cultivo em curvas de nível.
O documento resume a evolução humana a partir de 6 milhões de anos atrás, descrevendo os principais fósseis e espécies de hominídeos, como Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus e Homo sapiens. Também discute a saída dos ancestrais humanos da África e as descobertas da genética sobre as migrações e a diversidade genética entre populações humanas.
1) O documento descreve a economia colonial brasileira, dominada pelo sistema de plantations e produção para exportação sob o monopólio comercial da metrópole. 2) Inclui detalhes sobre a sociedade açucareira, a escravidão e as invasões holandesas no nordeste. 3) A expulsão dos holandeses levou à crise do açúcar com a concorrência das Antilhas.
Apresentação sobre a Grécia Antiga, que aborda principalmente temas como: Dados gerais, Cidade-Estado(Atenas e Esparta e Mitologia, espero que seja de grande ajuda! Forte Abraço Professor Alex.
O documento apresenta um planejamento de aula sobre a Crise do Feudalismo. O objetivo é estabelecer a relação entre a crise do feudalismo e o avanço do Estado-nação, comparando o poder dos reis ao declínio do papa e diferenciando a condição do servo e do nobre. O documento também discute características da Idade Média e mudanças como a Peste Negra.
A aula aborda a Primeira Guerra Mundial através da leitura de relatos de combatentes e exibição de fotografias para que os alunos entendam a realidade da guerra e como ela era diferente da forma como é retratada na mídia. O objetivo é discutir como a guerra afetou a vida desses soldados nos campos de batalha através de suas próprias palavras e imagens da época.
A Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-1918) marcou o século XX, pondo fim à Belle Époque. Fatores como o imperialismo, nacionalismos e alianças militares levaram as principais potências européias a um conflito em três frentes. O assassinato do arquiduque da Áustria pela Mão Negra sérvia foi o estopim imediato para o início da guerra.
Este trabalho não foi objeto de qualquer correção!
Foi postado tal e qual como foi enviado por o(s) autor(es).
O mérito (se for caso disso) é exclusivo dele(s)!
O documento resume a civilização dos Incas, que se estabeleceu na região andina da América do Sul entre os séculos XV e XVI. Os Incas construíram um grande império com centro em Cusco, no Peru, até serem conquistados pelos espanhóis em 1532. Eles tinham uma sociedade hierarquizada e economia baseada na agricultura, com destaque para a técnica de cultivo em curvas de nível.
O documento resume a evolução humana a partir de 6 milhões de anos atrás, descrevendo os principais fósseis e espécies de hominídeos, como Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus e Homo sapiens. Também discute a saída dos ancestrais humanos da África e as descobertas da genética sobre as migrações e a diversidade genética entre populações humanas.
1) O documento descreve a economia colonial brasileira, dominada pelo sistema de plantations e produção para exportação sob o monopólio comercial da metrópole. 2) Inclui detalhes sobre a sociedade açucareira, a escravidão e as invasões holandesas no nordeste. 3) A expulsão dos holandeses levou à crise do açúcar com a concorrência das Antilhas.
Apresentação sobre a Grécia Antiga, que aborda principalmente temas como: Dados gerais, Cidade-Estado(Atenas e Esparta e Mitologia, espero que seja de grande ajuda! Forte Abraço Professor Alex.
O documento apresenta um planejamento de aula sobre a Crise do Feudalismo. O objetivo é estabelecer a relação entre a crise do feudalismo e o avanço do Estado-nação, comparando o poder dos reis ao declínio do papa e diferenciando a condição do servo e do nobre. O documento também discute características da Idade Média e mudanças como a Peste Negra.
A aula aborda a Primeira Guerra Mundial através da leitura de relatos de combatentes e exibição de fotografias para que os alunos entendam a realidade da guerra e como ela era diferente da forma como é retratada na mídia. O objetivo é discutir como a guerra afetou a vida desses soldados nos campos de batalha através de suas próprias palavras e imagens da época.
A Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-1918) marcou o século XX, pondo fim à Belle Époque. Fatores como o imperialismo, nacionalismos e alianças militares levaram as principais potências européias a um conflito em três frentes. O assassinato do arquiduque da Áustria pela Mão Negra sérvia foi o estopim imediato para o início da guerra.
O documento contém 10 questões sobre história do Brasil, principalmente sobre a escravidão. As questões abordam tópicos como: características da sociedade escravista colonial, formas de escravidão, trabalho escravo no Brasil, características da escravidão no século XIX, números de pessoas em situação de escravidão contemporânea e rebeliões de escravos.
O documento descreve as primeiras civilizações que surgiram na Mesopotâmia, entre os rios Tigre e Eufrates, por volta de 5 mil anos atrás. Os agrupamentos humanos sedentarizaram e desenvolveram a agricultura e a domesticação de animais, formando sociedades complexas com estrutura política e religiosa. Destaca os povos sumérios, acádios, babilônicos e assírios que dominaram a região ao longo do tempo.
Este documento descreve a civilização grega no século V a.C., abordando temas como a sociedade ateniense, a democracia, a religião, a arte, a educação e a influência dos gregos no conhecimento.
O documento discute os povos bárbaros que invadiram o Império Romano, como os germânicos e os celtas. Os germânicos eram grupos nômades como os visigodos e os francos, enquanto os celtas habitavam a Europa Ocidental. Ambos os povos eventualmente contribuíram para o declínio do Império Romano através de invasões.
A Primeira Guerra Mundial foi um conflito entre 1914 e 1918 de proporções catastróficas, mas que foi acompanhada por um desenvolvimento técnico científico ... analiso as causas, o desenrolar do conflito e as consequências.
O documento descreve o antigo Império de Mali na África Ocidental, que floresceu entre os séculos XIII e XIV. O Império se expandiu sob o governo de Mansa Musa, que converteu Mali ao Islã e construiu grandes mesquitas. No entanto, Mali entrou em declínio a partir do século XV devido à pressão de outros impérios vizinhos e à perda de territórios.
A escravidão era uma parte importante da sociedade romana. Os escravos eram adquiridos principalmente através da guerra e da pirataria e trabalhavam em diversas áreas como agricultura, artesanato e mineração. Embora as condições fossem difíceis, alguns escravos conseguiam comprar sua liberdade ou recebiam alforria de seus senhores.
PPT - Imperialismo ou Neocolonialismo do Séc. XIXjosafaslima
O documento compara o colonialismo dos séculos XV e XVI com o neocolonialismo do século XIX, citando fatores como a necessidade de expandir mercados, o capitalismo monopolista, o poder militar e a busca por matérias-primas como responsáveis pelo imperialismo do século XIX. Também destaca os grandes impérios coloniais da Inglaterra e França e consequências como a partilha da África, a influência cultural européia e o subdesenvolvimento.
A Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-1918) foi um conflito global entre as potências aliadas da Tríplice Entente e as potências centrais da Tríplice Aliança. A guerra começou com o assassinato do arquiduque da Áustria-Hungria e caracterizou-se por batalhas sangrentas em trincheiras, o uso de novas tecnologias como tanques e o envolvimento de mais países, incluindo os Estados Unidos. Após quatro anos, a Alemanha assinou um armistício, encerrando o conflito
A Revolta dos Malês foi um levante de escravos muçulmanos em Salvador em 1835, liderado por africanos nagôs e haussás, que queriam acabar com o catolicismo obrigatório e a escravidão. A revolta foi reprimida pelas forças armadas, resultando em 70 rebeldes mortos e 200 presos.
O documento fornece um resumo histórico, étnico, social e cultural da África, com foco na África Atlântica. Apresenta as principais civilizações que se desenvolveram no continente africano ao longo da história, como o Antigo Egito, Reino de Kush, Axum e Cartago. Destaca também a grande diversidade cultural e linguística dos povos africanos, com mais de 1.200 línguas, e a importância do Império de Gana e Reino de Mali para a África Atlântic
Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland, located on the east coast at the mouth of the River Liffey. The River Liffey divides Dublin, with the Northside traditionally seen as working class and the Southside as middle to upper class. The map highlights several important landmarks in Dublin, including O'Connell Bridge, statues of Daniel O'Connell, O'Connell Street, Clery's department store, the Custom House, Four Courts, Smithfield Chimney, Christchurch Cathedral, Ha'penny Bridge, Temple Bar, Trinity College, Pearse Station, the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin Castle, Grafton Street, St. Stephen's Green, and the Georgian doors
O documento discute o Renascimento Urbano e Comercial na Idade Média, abordando: 1) A organização das cidades em torno das praças de comércio e corporações de ofício; 2) As atividades comerciais como alfaiates, ferreiros e armeiros; 3) A busca por maior autonomia comercial e fim dos pedágios entre feudos.
1) A pré-história abrange o período entre 4 milhões de anos atrás até 4000 a.C., quando surgiu a escrita nas primeiras civilizações.
2) Os primeiros hominídeos, como o australopiteco, adaptaram-se da floresta para a savana há cerca de 3 milhões de anos, tornando-se mais verticais e inteligentes.
3) O Homo sapiens surgiu há cerca de 300 mil anos e era totalmente bípede, inteligente e fabricava ferramentas sofisticadas
O documento discute as relações sociais no Mediterrâneo Antigo, incluindo a escravidão, outras formas de trabalho compulsório e as desigualdades de poder entre classes sociais. O documento também aborda como as transformações tecnológicas e militares levaram à formação de cidades-estados e diferentes modelos de governo nestas sociedades.
O documento resume as causas e eventos que levaram à independência das Treze Colônias inglesas na América do Norte, incluindo as tensões econômicas e políticas com a Grã-Bretanha, a influência das ideias iluministas, a Guerra dos Sete Anos, a imposição de novos impostos pelos britânicos, a Festa do Chá em Boston e as Leis Intoleráveis, culminando na Declaração de Independência em 1776 e na Revolução Americana.
O documento discute a evolução da historiografia ao longo dos séculos, desde os primeiros registros históricos na Grécia Antiga até as correntes pós-modernistas. Aborda importantes marcos como a cientifização da história no século 19, a Escola dos Annales que ampliou o escopo para além da política, e o marxismo inglês que enfatizou processos históricos e a história "de baixo para cima". Finalmente, discute os questionamentos pós-modernistas sobre a possibilidade da representação exata do
O plano de aula apresenta uma discussão sobre a vida cotidiana medieval e biografias de escritores medievais como Le Goff e Umberto Eco. Primeiro, os alunos aprenderão sobre vestimentas e moradias na Idade Média. Depois, serão apresentadas as biografias de Jacques Le Goff e Umberto Eco, incluindo suas obras importantes sobre fontes históricas medievais. O objetivo é melhor compreender a cultura medieval por meio desses influentes escritores.
Os muçulmanos conquistaram a Península Ibérica no século VIII após a expansão do Império Muçulmano a partir da Arábia. Eles influenciaram a agricultura, arquitetura, ciência e língua durante os oito séculos em que permaneceram, antes de serem gradualmente expulsos pela Reconquista Cristã.
História é o estudo dos acontecimentos da humanidade através de registros do passado. Historiadores pesquisam várias fontes como escritos, objetos, pinturas e entrevistas para interpretar e explicar eventos. É importante preservar o patrimônio cultural de um povo, incluindo bens materiais, imateriais e naturais.
The document provides information about the Tuareg people, including:
- They live in parts of Niger, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Senegal, and Mali.
- For thousands of years, their economy revolved around trans-Saharan trade routes, bringing goods from southern cities in Africa to northern Mediterranean coasts.
- While most Tuareg now practice Islam, they are not considered Arabic. Their practice of Islam is often nominal, following some rituals but not strictly adhering to requirements like fasting during Ramadan due to their nomadic lifestyle.
we sometime don't think about tribes but you could learn about african tribes in presentation and also please do put a comment of mistakes so i could correct it thank you
O documento contém 10 questões sobre história do Brasil, principalmente sobre a escravidão. As questões abordam tópicos como: características da sociedade escravista colonial, formas de escravidão, trabalho escravo no Brasil, características da escravidão no século XIX, números de pessoas em situação de escravidão contemporânea e rebeliões de escravos.
O documento descreve as primeiras civilizações que surgiram na Mesopotâmia, entre os rios Tigre e Eufrates, por volta de 5 mil anos atrás. Os agrupamentos humanos sedentarizaram e desenvolveram a agricultura e a domesticação de animais, formando sociedades complexas com estrutura política e religiosa. Destaca os povos sumérios, acádios, babilônicos e assírios que dominaram a região ao longo do tempo.
Este documento descreve a civilização grega no século V a.C., abordando temas como a sociedade ateniense, a democracia, a religião, a arte, a educação e a influência dos gregos no conhecimento.
O documento discute os povos bárbaros que invadiram o Império Romano, como os germânicos e os celtas. Os germânicos eram grupos nômades como os visigodos e os francos, enquanto os celtas habitavam a Europa Ocidental. Ambos os povos eventualmente contribuíram para o declínio do Império Romano através de invasões.
A Primeira Guerra Mundial foi um conflito entre 1914 e 1918 de proporções catastróficas, mas que foi acompanhada por um desenvolvimento técnico científico ... analiso as causas, o desenrolar do conflito e as consequências.
O documento descreve o antigo Império de Mali na África Ocidental, que floresceu entre os séculos XIII e XIV. O Império se expandiu sob o governo de Mansa Musa, que converteu Mali ao Islã e construiu grandes mesquitas. No entanto, Mali entrou em declínio a partir do século XV devido à pressão de outros impérios vizinhos e à perda de territórios.
A escravidão era uma parte importante da sociedade romana. Os escravos eram adquiridos principalmente através da guerra e da pirataria e trabalhavam em diversas áreas como agricultura, artesanato e mineração. Embora as condições fossem difíceis, alguns escravos conseguiam comprar sua liberdade ou recebiam alforria de seus senhores.
PPT - Imperialismo ou Neocolonialismo do Séc. XIXjosafaslima
O documento compara o colonialismo dos séculos XV e XVI com o neocolonialismo do século XIX, citando fatores como a necessidade de expandir mercados, o capitalismo monopolista, o poder militar e a busca por matérias-primas como responsáveis pelo imperialismo do século XIX. Também destaca os grandes impérios coloniais da Inglaterra e França e consequências como a partilha da África, a influência cultural européia e o subdesenvolvimento.
A Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-1918) foi um conflito global entre as potências aliadas da Tríplice Entente e as potências centrais da Tríplice Aliança. A guerra começou com o assassinato do arquiduque da Áustria-Hungria e caracterizou-se por batalhas sangrentas em trincheiras, o uso de novas tecnologias como tanques e o envolvimento de mais países, incluindo os Estados Unidos. Após quatro anos, a Alemanha assinou um armistício, encerrando o conflito
A Revolta dos Malês foi um levante de escravos muçulmanos em Salvador em 1835, liderado por africanos nagôs e haussás, que queriam acabar com o catolicismo obrigatório e a escravidão. A revolta foi reprimida pelas forças armadas, resultando em 70 rebeldes mortos e 200 presos.
O documento fornece um resumo histórico, étnico, social e cultural da África, com foco na África Atlântica. Apresenta as principais civilizações que se desenvolveram no continente africano ao longo da história, como o Antigo Egito, Reino de Kush, Axum e Cartago. Destaca também a grande diversidade cultural e linguística dos povos africanos, com mais de 1.200 línguas, e a importância do Império de Gana e Reino de Mali para a África Atlântic
Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland, located on the east coast at the mouth of the River Liffey. The River Liffey divides Dublin, with the Northside traditionally seen as working class and the Southside as middle to upper class. The map highlights several important landmarks in Dublin, including O'Connell Bridge, statues of Daniel O'Connell, O'Connell Street, Clery's department store, the Custom House, Four Courts, Smithfield Chimney, Christchurch Cathedral, Ha'penny Bridge, Temple Bar, Trinity College, Pearse Station, the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin Castle, Grafton Street, St. Stephen's Green, and the Georgian doors
O documento discute o Renascimento Urbano e Comercial na Idade Média, abordando: 1) A organização das cidades em torno das praças de comércio e corporações de ofício; 2) As atividades comerciais como alfaiates, ferreiros e armeiros; 3) A busca por maior autonomia comercial e fim dos pedágios entre feudos.
1) A pré-história abrange o período entre 4 milhões de anos atrás até 4000 a.C., quando surgiu a escrita nas primeiras civilizações.
2) Os primeiros hominídeos, como o australopiteco, adaptaram-se da floresta para a savana há cerca de 3 milhões de anos, tornando-se mais verticais e inteligentes.
3) O Homo sapiens surgiu há cerca de 300 mil anos e era totalmente bípede, inteligente e fabricava ferramentas sofisticadas
O documento discute as relações sociais no Mediterrâneo Antigo, incluindo a escravidão, outras formas de trabalho compulsório e as desigualdades de poder entre classes sociais. O documento também aborda como as transformações tecnológicas e militares levaram à formação de cidades-estados e diferentes modelos de governo nestas sociedades.
O documento resume as causas e eventos que levaram à independência das Treze Colônias inglesas na América do Norte, incluindo as tensões econômicas e políticas com a Grã-Bretanha, a influência das ideias iluministas, a Guerra dos Sete Anos, a imposição de novos impostos pelos britânicos, a Festa do Chá em Boston e as Leis Intoleráveis, culminando na Declaração de Independência em 1776 e na Revolução Americana.
O documento discute a evolução da historiografia ao longo dos séculos, desde os primeiros registros históricos na Grécia Antiga até as correntes pós-modernistas. Aborda importantes marcos como a cientifização da história no século 19, a Escola dos Annales que ampliou o escopo para além da política, e o marxismo inglês que enfatizou processos históricos e a história "de baixo para cima". Finalmente, discute os questionamentos pós-modernistas sobre a possibilidade da representação exata do
O plano de aula apresenta uma discussão sobre a vida cotidiana medieval e biografias de escritores medievais como Le Goff e Umberto Eco. Primeiro, os alunos aprenderão sobre vestimentas e moradias na Idade Média. Depois, serão apresentadas as biografias de Jacques Le Goff e Umberto Eco, incluindo suas obras importantes sobre fontes históricas medievais. O objetivo é melhor compreender a cultura medieval por meio desses influentes escritores.
Os muçulmanos conquistaram a Península Ibérica no século VIII após a expansão do Império Muçulmano a partir da Arábia. Eles influenciaram a agricultura, arquitetura, ciência e língua durante os oito séculos em que permaneceram, antes de serem gradualmente expulsos pela Reconquista Cristã.
História é o estudo dos acontecimentos da humanidade através de registros do passado. Historiadores pesquisam várias fontes como escritos, objetos, pinturas e entrevistas para interpretar e explicar eventos. É importante preservar o patrimônio cultural de um povo, incluindo bens materiais, imateriais e naturais.
The document provides information about the Tuareg people, including:
- They live in parts of Niger, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Senegal, and Mali.
- For thousands of years, their economy revolved around trans-Saharan trade routes, bringing goods from southern cities in Africa to northern Mediterranean coasts.
- While most Tuareg now practice Islam, they are not considered Arabic. Their practice of Islam is often nominal, following some rituals but not strictly adhering to requirements like fasting during Ramadan due to their nomadic lifestyle.
we sometime don't think about tribes but you could learn about african tribes in presentation and also please do put a comment of mistakes so i could correct it thank you
Introduction to african history, culture and societyglyvive
This document provides an overview of the history, politics, economics, and cultures of Africa from ancient times to the present. It discusses the rise and fall of major West African empires from Ghana to Mali. It also describes the Bantu migration, the establishment of southern African kingdoms like Great Zimbabwe, and European colonialism from the 15th century onward. The document summarizes traditional African religions, the influence of Christianity and Islam, and the religious diversity of modern South Africa. It profiles several indigenous tribes such as the Maasai, Himba, and San Bushmen.
The tuareg are the indigenous people of the sahara desertvanstocher
The Tuareg are the indigenous people of the Sahara desert who have faced immense poverty and isolation. For decades, many Tuareg men left their homes in the Sahara to work in Libya, but after the death of Gaddafi, thousands returned to Niger and Mali with few resources as their sole source of livelihood was now gone. Struggling to feed their families amidst drought and neglect, the men launched a rebellion to establish their own independent state called Azawad. However, Al-Qaeda was also preparing to fight after emerging from Libya equipped with weapons.
The document provides an overview of Africa, beginning with how Europeans originally viewed it as the "Dark Continent" due to lack of knowledge about sub-Saharan regions. It describes Africa's geography including deserts, rivers, mountains and climate zones. Early civilizations and empires are mentioned. The document also discusses European colonization of Africa starting in the late 15th century and the impact of the Atlantic slave trade. Natural resources, current conflicts, and tourism potential in South Africa are briefly covered.
The document provides an overview of African civilization, geography, history, and traditional society. It discusses:
- Africa's geography including the Sahara and Kalahari deserts and climate zones.
- Early settlements in Egypt and the discovery of "Lucy".
- Traditional village governments focused on community over individuals and animist religious beliefs.
- The rise of early communities like the Nok and Bantu people who spread across the continent.
- Ancient kingdoms including Kush, Aksum, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai that developed trade networks and converted to Christianity or Islam.
- Contributions of African art, literature, and education traditions.
Africa is home to over 1.1 billion people and 54 countries. It is the birthplace of humanity, with early human fossils found in South Africa dating back 5-10 million years ago. Throughout history, powerful kingdoms rose and fell on the continent. Europeans colonized much of Africa between the 15th-20th centuries, leaving their linguistic and cultural influences today. Africa is far larger than most people realize, larger than China, India, the US or Europe combined. It is extremely biodiverse, home to elephants, giraffes, cheetahs and other iconic species. Major cities include Lagos, Cairo, and Johannesburg. Christianity and Islam are the most widely practiced religions. Popular tourist destinations include Cape
This document provides an overview of the geography, climate, culture, and peoples of Central and Western Africa. Some key points include:
- The region has a tropical climate with wet and dry seasons depending on proximity to the equator.
- Villages form the basis of society and culture, with strong tribal identities and traditional religious beliefs like animism.
- The region struggles with poverty, disease, and political instability, though decolonization in the 1960s granted independence to many nations. Diseases like HIV/AIDS, yellow fever, and sleeping sickness impact the region.
This document provides an overview of the ethnic groups that make up the population of Morocco throughout history. It discusses several indigenous Berber groups like the Masmuda, Zenata, and Sanhaja tribes that settled across Morocco. It also mentions Arab groups that migrated to Morocco like the Doui-Menia and Banu Hilal. The document outlines the history of Morocco from the 8th century onwards and the various dynasties that ruled the country and influenced its ethnic composition. It provides details on current Berber tribes located in different regions of Morocco like the Ait Atta, Ait Waryaghar, Ait Seghrouchen, Ait Yafelman, Chiadma
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This document provides historical facts about Africa and its colonization. It notes that South Africa has the largest economy in Africa. It discusses geographic features like the Nile River and Victoria Falls. It then explains that Europeans initially did not colonize Africa due to diseases and military disadvantages, but became able to in the 19th century after advances in medicine, technology, and weaponry. Europeans sought Africa for its natural resources and viewed themselves as civilizing other parts of the world. They divided Africa at the Berlin Conference with little regard for cultural groups. Most African nations achieved independence after World War II.
Africa is the second largest continent, with diverse geography, climate and people. It has experienced a long history including ancient civilizations, colonization by European powers and the growth of new nations. Today, Africa faces challenges such as poverty, corruption, disease and conflict, but also shows signs of economic development and cooperation through organizations like the African Union. Key facts are its location surrounding the equator, the Sahara and other deserts, diverse ethnic groups and languages, and important rivers like the Nile.
The document discusses geography, society, and trade in Africa between 500-1500 CE. It describes the key geographic features of Africa, including the Sahara desert, Nile River, and distinct climate zones. It then explains that most Africans lived in small villages organized into lineage groups and family units. Their identity was tied to their extended family. The document also summarizes several early African kingdoms, including Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, and how geography influenced trade, politics, and culture in each kingdom.
1. West Africa's isolation from global trade routes ended in the 700s CE with the rise of trans-Saharan trade between West Africa and the Islamic world. Arab traders established routes across the Sahara Desert, exchanging salt and finished goods from North Africa for gold, ivory, and slaves from West African kingdoms.
2. The spread of Islam and cultural diffusion that accompanied trans-Saharan trade led to the rise of powerful empires in West Africa like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai along the Niger River. These kingdoms adopted many cultural and political aspects of Islamic civilization, including literacy, architecture, and forms of governance.
3. At its peak between 1250-1460,
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in Chapter 24 of the World Geography textbook, which introduces the continent of Africa. The chapter sections will cover the historic overview of Africa, the physical characteristics of the continent including its climate and ecosystems, the diverse peoples and cultures of Africa, the economic activities and environment of the continent, and conclude with a database providing population statistics for several African countries.
1. The document provides historical context on Rwanda and pre-colonial Africa, describing the geography, ethnic groups, languages, and early civilizations that existed. 2. When European missionaries and colonizers arrived, they imposed new borders and systems of indirect rule that disrupted traditional African societies and power structures. 3. Over time, the Belgian colonizers in Rwanda specifically manipulated and exacerbated divisions between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups for purposes of governance, laying the groundwork for future conflict.
Somalia is located in the Horn of Africa and has a population of over 16 million people. The capital and largest city is Mogadishu. Somalia has a long coastline along the Indian Ocean and varied terrain that includes mountains, plains, and plateaus. The climate is generally hot and dry. Over 99% of Somalis are Sunni Muslim and speak Somali. Traditional Somali clothing includes colorful wraps and robes for men and conservative dresses for women. The culture is influenced by interactions with neighboring regions and features dances like dhaanto. Common foods include breads like anjero along with samosas and halwa sweets.
Here are my thoughts on your questions:
1. A separatist rebellion is when a group tries to break away from a country and form their own independent state or region.
2. Saying a rebellion was "hijacked" means it was taken over or controlled by another group with different goals than the original rebels.
3. South Africa likely paid for the library to help preserve and share the cultural heritage found in the manuscripts, as well as to promote education and learning.
4. The manuscripts that disappeared may have been stolen or hidden away for safekeeping by locals trying to protect them from being destroyed. Their long-term fate is uncertain.
5. The burnings are seen as a terrible
Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
12062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Federal authorities have advised the public to remain vigilant but calm in response to the ongoing bird flu outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu.
Slide deck with charts from our Digital News Report 2024, the most comprehensive exploration of news consumption habits around the world, based on survey data from more than 95,000 respondents across 47 countries.
लालू यादव की जीवनी LALU PRASAD YADAV BIOGRAPHYVoterMood
Discover the life and times of Lalu Prasad Yadav with a comprehensive biography in Hindi. Learn about his early days, rise in politics, controversies, and contribution.
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ग्रेटर मुंबई के नगर आयुक्त को एक खुले पत्र में याचिका दायर कर 540 से अधिक मुंबईकरों ने सभी अवैध और अस्थिर होर्डिंग्स, साइनबोर्ड और इलेक्ट्रिक साइनेज को तत्काल हटाने और 13 मई, 2024 की शाम को घाटकोपर में अवैध होर्डिंग के गिरने की विनाशकारी घटना के बाद अपराधियों के खिलाफ सख्त कार्रवाई की मांग की है, जिसमें 17 लोगों की जान चली गई और कई निर्दोष लोग गंभीर रूप से घायल हो गए।
#WenguiGuo#WashingtonFarm Guo Wengui Wolf son ambition exposed to open a far...rittaajmal71
Since fleeing to the United States in 2014, Guo Wengui has founded a number of projects in the United States, such as GTV Media Group, GTV private equity, farm loan project, G Club Operations Co., LTD., and Himalaya Exchange.
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
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केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
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projet de traité négocié à Istanbul (anglais).pdfEdouardHusson
Ceci est le projet de traité qui avait été négocié entre Russes et Ukrainiens à Istanbul en mars 2022, avant que les Etats-Unis et la Grande-Bretagne ne détournent Kiev de signer.
2. Agenda
•
•
•
•
•
Why Africa Matters to us
• Resources / Access / Allies
Geographic Overview
• The Magreb
• The Sahel
• Sub-Saharan Africa
The Berbers
• Ancestry
• Islamization / Discrimination
The Tuaregs
• Ancestry / How they live
• Their influence on the region
• Tuareg & AQIM
• Rebellion and Independence
WIIFM?: How all this affects our Operations
• OIF & OEF Afghanistan to OEF-TS
• Partnerships / Mil2Mil / Theater Security Cooperation
• Exercises
• Who gets future missions?
2
3. Why Africa Matters
•
•
•
•
•
It’s HUGE!!
• 53 Countries! N/S >5000mi; E/W >4600mi
• Resources / Access / Allies
Resources
• Petroleum
• Minerals
• Rare elements (uranium etc.)
Foreign Competition
• China
• Europe (former colonial powers)
• Iran
US Needs Allies
• Friends don’t host terrorists
• Reducing illicit trafficking (drugs/humans)
US Needs Access
• Ports and Airfields
• Corporate Access
3
3
4. The Maghreb
1.
2.
3.
The Maghreb is usually defined as
much or most of the region of
Northwest Africa, west of Egypt.
The term “maghrib” is in origin an
Arabic word for "west, occident",
denoting the westernmost territories
that fell to the Islamic conquests of the
7th century.
Maghrebis are largely composed of
Berber and Arab descent with
European and Sub-Saharan elements
– Mostly Africans as traders or slaves
coming from the Sahel region.
Interesting Facts:
- The Maghreb was inhabited and ruled by the Phoenicians, then the
Carthaginians, then the Romans, then the Vandals, then the Byzantine, then
the Berbers, and finally the Arabs, who finally secured control over the entire
region by 700 AD.
- Morocco was the first country to recognize the US
4
5. The Sahel
1.
2.
Interesting Fact:
- The Sahel states were limited from
expanding south into the forest
zone of the Ashanti and Yoruba as
mounted warriors were all but
3.
useless in the forests and the
horses and camels could not
survive the heat and diseases of
the region
The Sahel is the transitional zone
between the Sahara and the tropical
savanna (the Sudan region) and
forest-savanna mosaic to the south,
having a semi-arid climate.
The Sahelian kingdoms were a series
of monarchies centered in the Sahel,
between the 9th and 18th centuries.
Their wealth of the states came
from controlling the Trans-Saharan
trade routes across the desert,
especially the slave trade with the
Islamic world.
Their power came from having large
pack animals like camels and horses
that were fast enough to keep a
large empire under central control
and were also useful in battle.
5
6. Sub-Saharan Africa
1.
2.
Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area
of the continent of Africa that lies south of the
Sahara. Politically, it consists of all African
countries that are fully or partially located south
of the Sahara (excluding Sudan). It contrasts
with North Africa, which is considered a part
of the Arab world.
Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are
geographically part of Sub-Saharan Africa, but
also part of the Arab world.
Interesting Facts:
•
•
•
•
•
Youth make up 36.9% of the working-age population, but 59.5% of the total unemployed, which is much higher than
the world‟s average for 2005 (43.7%).
For the period 2000–06, Seychelles had the highest adult literacy rate (92%); Mali and Burkina Faso had the lowest
(24%).
South Africa has 84 mobile phones per 100 people; Ethiopia has 1 per 100 people.
In Liberia, almost no one has internet access (0.03 per 100); there are 34 in every 100 people in Seychelles.
In Sierra Leone nearly three children in ten die before the age of five (270 per 1,000 live births); in the Seychelles, the
rate is 13 per 1,000. (MDG 4, IDA 2).
6
7. North African Resources
Interesting Fact:
• Although most of the
desert's inhabitants
are poor, there are
rich natural resources
to be found under the
sands.
• Algeria has abundant
oil and gas reserves
• Niger has one of the
world's largest
uranium reserves,
which power France's
nuclear plants.
• Mali is Africa's third
biggest gold
producer.
7
8. The Berber People
Who are the Berbers?
1.
2.
3.
The Berber identity is usually wider than language and
ethnicity, and encompasses the entire history and
geography of North Africa.
Berbers are not a homogeneous ethnic group and they
encompass a range of phenotypes, cultures and
ancestries.
The unifying forces for the Berber people could be their
Berber language, belonging to the Berber homeland, or a
collective identification with the Berber heritage and history.
4. The Berber-speakers established their own cities in the Sahara, and named
nearly every landmark in it. Though stereotyped in the West as nomads, most
Berbers were in fact traditionally farmers, living in mountains relatively close to the
Mediterranean coast, or oasis dwellers; but some, such as the Tuareg and
Zenaga of the southern Sahara were almost wholly nomadic.
8
9. The Berber People
Islamization
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The first Arab military expeditions into the Maghreb, between 642 and
669, resulted in the spread of Islam
Unlike the conquests of previous religions and cultures, the coming of
Islam, was to have pervasive and long-lasting effects on the
Maghreb. The new faith, in its various forms, would penetrate nearly all
segments of Berber society.
Nonetheless, the Islamization and Arabization of the region was a
complicated and lengthy process. Whereas nomadic Berbers were
quick to convert and assist the Arab conquerors, it was not until the
12th century, under the Almohad Dynasty, that the Christian, Jewish, and
animist communities of the Maghreb became marginalized.
The spread of Islam among the Berbers did not guarantee their
support for the Arab-dominated caliphate due to the discriminatory
attitude of the Arabs. The ruling Arabs alienated the Berbers by taxing
them heavily; treating converts as second-class Muslims; and, worst of
all, by enslaving them.
Berbers are Muslim, but many of them generally consider their Berber
identity as important or greater than their Islamic identity.
9
10. The Berber People
Discrimination
1.
2.
3.
“He never allowed us to speak
our language, he never allowed
us to speak freely in the media
or anywhere. He doesn’t allow
us to give our children Berber
names.”
“Only a democratic regime
would secure the rights of the
estimated half million Berbers
living in the Nefusa mountains.”
- Sifao, Lybian Berber quoted
during the rebellion in Apr 2011
4.
5.
Berbers have been discriminated against heavily by
Arabs.
In Morocco, the Amazigh, commonly known as
Berbers, were Morocco's first inhabitants and still
account for about 60% of the country's nearly 32
million citizens. But Amazigh activists say they are
treated like a minority by members of the
dominant Arab culture.
In Libya, the regime of Muammar Gaddafi banned
the teaching of Berber languages, and the dictator
warned Berber leaders "You can call yourselves
whatever you want inside your homes – Berbers,
Children of Satan, whatever – but you are only
Libyans when you leave your homes.“
As a result of the persecution suffered under
Gaddafi's rule, many Berbers joined the Libyan
opposition in the 2011 Libyan civil war.
Unfortunately, the Berbers will likely continue to suffer
under North African regimes practicing Sharia law. 10
11. Tuareg Overview
Ancestry
1.
Tuaregs are a subculture of the Berbers and like other
Saharan peoples, including the indigenous African peoples who
formed the basis of ancient Egyptian society, describe
themselves as "the red people," in contrast to other Africans
who are "white" or "black."
2.
They are known as the "Blue Men," for their indigo-dyed
garments which leave dark blue pigment on their skins, and as
the "Knights of the Sahara" for their generosity, desert
hospitality and respect for women. (according to themselves)
3. The ancient ancestors of the Tuaregs lived west of the Nile Delta; they traded with
the Egyptians, and several of their leaders ruled pharaonic Egypt for over 200
years.
4. The Tuareg homeland today is in the Central Sahara, where they have lived for
several thousand years since their ancestors began migrating from the northern
Sahara following colonization of coastal North Africa by the Phoenicians,
Greeks, Romans, Byzantines and Arabs.
5. About 100 years ago, the Tuareg people were divided up into separate
countries, under separate administrative governments and artificial national
11
boundaries established by French colonizers.
12. Tuareg Overview
Where and How They Live Now
1. The Tuaregs are currently the principal inhabitants of the
Saharan interior of North Africa.
2. Most Tuaregs live in the Saharan parts of Niger, Mali, and
Algeria. Being nomadic, they move constantly across
national borders, and small groups of Tuareg are also found
in southeastern Algeria, southwestern Libya and northern
Burkina Faso, and a small community in northern Nigeria.
3. Tuaregs occupy the largest non administered area of the world – so they
almost pass as a form of government in this inhospitable area.
4. Historically, the Tuaregs have been fierce fighters with an unmatched
knowledge of the Sahara and how to wage war within it.
5. These traits make them desirable to co-opt by regimes and organizations who
need fighters to control territories or spread influence.
6. For example, the same Muammar Gaddafi who discriminated against Berbers in
general recognized the Tuaregs as determined and resourceful fighters. He
promoted thousands of them in the Libyan army and encouraged them to be
loyal to him.
12
13. Tuareg Territory
Libya
1. For decades Qaddafi recruited the Tuareg
to serve in his military. In the early 1980s he
called them to join his Islamic Legion, which
he styled as the military cornerstone for his
dream of building a united Muslim state in
North Africa.
2. After ill-fated military adventures in Lebanon, Chad, and Sudan, he disbanded the
legion and invited the Tuareg to join special brigades within the Libyan army.
3. In recent decades, various Tuareg rebel groups, many of them trained in these
Libyan units, have fought in neighboring Mali and Niger. After each of these
conflicts was settled, Qaddafi provided aid and shelter to the rebel leaders and
many of their former combatants.
4. Many Tuareg fought on the Gaddafi side in the civil war in Libya last year.
Fighters were offered up to $1000 per day and those who didn’t want to fight were
pressed into service.
5. For all the mention of the “peaceful / patient” lifestyle from their supporters, the
truth is that the Tuareg fought alongside (and in come cases participated) Arab
Islamists in the wholesale slaughtering of Libyan civilian protesters.
13
14. Tuareg Territory
Mali
1. The Tuaregs have been long-time
opponents of Mali President Amadou
Toumani Toure’s government, complaining
that the central government located in
the southern capital city of Bamako has
ignored the Tuareg in the country’s
impoverished north.
2. As thousands of Tuareg people
returned to Mali and Niger after
Gaddafi‟s death, well armed but empty
4. From January through April, MNLA
handed, coupled with the expedient timing
seized military control of the three
of internal Tuareg politics, it was an
regions of Gao, Kidal and Timbuktu,
opportune time to launch a new
with intentions to form an
campaign to assert the autonomy of the
independent state for the Azawad.
Tuareg people.
5. Allegations were made by the Mali
3. In January 2012, the Tuareg rebel group,
government that the MLNA had allied
the National Movement for the
with Ansar Dine and AQIM – who want Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) began a
to spread Sharia rule.
rebellion against Toure’s government. 14
15. The Tuareg and AQIM
Islamist Efforts to Co-Opt
3.
4.
5.
6.
1. Most Tuaregs are Muslim by convenience, but do not
subscribe to true Sharia law. However, because they live
unfettered by North African states and in an ungoverned
land, they are an attractive target to be co-opted by
Islamists, namely Al Queda in the Islamic Magreb (AQIM).
2. Over the past year there has been much concern that
AQIM would ally with the Tuareg and strengthen their
influence throughout the Magreb and create a sanctuary
for terrorist activity and violent spread of Sharia.
Mistreatment of the Tuareg by the Malian Govt and military initially led to some
Tuaregs aligning with the Islamists they fought alongside in Libya.
In February 2012 a Mali Government commission reported the killing of
government soldiers by AQIM combatants collaborating with MNLA. The report is
strongly denied by MNLA.
In March 2012 rebels gained control of Kidal, capital of Mali’s northernmost region
and witnesses confirmed presence of both MNLA and Ansar Dine.
In April 2012, the MLNA declared a cease fire, but was about to be pushed
aside by better-armed Islamist groups, ceding Timbuktu to Ansar Dine which has
different objectives from the MNLA and seeks to impose Sharia law in Mali. 15
16. The Tuareg Rebellion
The last 10 months
•
•
•
•
May 2012 - The Tuareg MNLA and Islamist Ansar
Dine rebel groups declare northern Mali to be an
Islamic state. Ansar Dine begins to impose Islamic law
in Timbuktu. Al-Qaeda in North Africa endorses the
deal.
• June - July 2012 - Ansar Dine and its Al-Qaeda allies
turn on the MNLA and capture the main northern cities
of Timbuktu, Kidal and Gao. They begin to destroy
many Muslim shrines that offend their puritan views.
Autumn-Winter 2012 - Northern Islamist rebels consolidate their hold on the north
and move into central Mali and closer to the government-held south-west.
November 2012 - The West African regional grouping ECOWAS agrees to a
coordinated military expedition to recapture the north, with UN and African Union
backing. Preparations are expected to take several months.
January 2013 - Islamist fighters capture the central town of Konna and plan to
march on the capital. President Traore asks France for help. French troops
rapidly capture Gao and Timbuktu and at the end of the month enter Kidal, the
last major rebel-held town. European countries pledge to help retrain the
Malian army.
16
17. The Tuareg, Mali & France
1. The MNLA, re-aligned with the Malian and
French military, regained control of its northern
stronghold of Kidal in spring 2012 when Islamist
fighters fled French air strikes into hideouts in
the nearby desert and rugged Adrar des Ifoghas
mountains.
2. Residents of the ancient caravan town of Timbuktu were thankful for their
liberation from Islamists, who had handed down punishments including
whipping and amputation for breaking sharia. Islamists also smashed sacred Sufi
mausoleums and destroyed or stole some 2,000 ancient manuscripts at the South
African-sponsored Baba Ahmed Institute, causing international outcry.
3. Many secular Tuaregs have stated they are willing to help the French-led
mission by hunting down Islamists and have offered to hold peace talks
with the government in a bid to heal wounds between Mali's restive Saharan
north and the black African-dominated south.
4. By March 2012 France says military intervention will be scaled down in April
after apparent deaths of main Islamist commanders.
17
18. The Tuareg, Mali & the US
1. As the West wrestles with what to do next in Mali, a potential militant base for
launching terror strikes across the region and possibly beyond, some experts
say the U.S. needs to change course by putting less emphasis on a strategy that
relies on the Malian army to do the heavy lifting.
2. Instead, more should be done to bolster the standing of secular Tuaregs in the
north, the key stakeholder in a region now dominated by Islamic militants such as
al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb.
3. In January 2013, Rudolph Atallah,
former Africa counterterrorism director for
the Defense Intelligence Agency, said :
“The Malian army, which sees the
Tuaregs as its primary enemy, should be
kept out of the north entirely” … “the army’s
history of heavy-handedness in dealing with
ethnic groups in the north could drive
potential allies into enemy hands.”
18
19. Tuareg Independence?
1. More than a year ago, in February 2012, Tuareg leader Ibrahim Ag Bahanga
Mahmoud Ag Agali conducted an interview published in an Algerian newspaper
“Echourouk” titled: “The Asawad Movement: „Grant us independence and we
will destroy Al-Qa‟idah in Mali.‟”
2. In this interview the leader stated, “I assure you that we have nothing to do
with Al-Qa‟idah, we are not drug smugglers and we are not gangsters.”
“Give us independence and you will see the end of Al-Qa’idah, the abduction of
Westerners and the smuggling of drugs in Mali.”
3. Although they’ve been fighting for it for decades, the Tuareg‟s current bid for
independence may receive more international support because of the desire
of nations involved in counter terrorism to recognize the opportunity to use this
support for Azawad independence as another means of limiting Islamist influence
in the region.
4. The government of Mali may also be more willing to negotiate
independence for the Tuaregs because it clearly is unable to defend against a
combined Azawad / Islamist rebellion.
5. For US DOS and DOD planners, the question remains – how do you keep the
alliance of the government of Mali while engaging and supporting the
Azawad movement?
19
20. OEF to OEF-TS
How does this affect our operations?
1. Not only does USDOD policy
forecast a drawdown in
operations in Afghanistan, but AQ
has actively migrated west in a
way that makes Northern Africa
another future battleground.
2. With the area of AQIM influence
roughly reflecting the same
borders as the Tuareg population,
one can quickly deduce the
importance of the Tuareg in any
future conflict against AQIM.
3. With the above map being
generated by ICTS in January
2012, it is a more optimistic
depiction of the AO than the
current reality, with Libya, Egypt,
and Syria in the midst of Islamist
dominance.
20
21. OEF-TS
So what are we doing?
What kind of M2M / TSC?
Partnerships / M2M
1. APS-13 (30+ countries)
2. Contingency Operations
3. FAST
4. HOA
5. Operation Onward Liberty
6. Pilot
7. SPMAGTF-13
8. SPMAGTF-CR
9. TSC – M2M – Q1 – 3
10. TSC – M2M – Q2 – 8
11. TSC – M2M – Q3 – 15
12. TSC – M2M – Q4 – 18
-
-
CT / CNT
NLW Training
Combat Engineer
Training
Sapper Training
VBSS Familiarization Small Boat
Maintenance
Logistics Training
NCO / Officer
Leadership Dev
Maritime Security
Force Assistance
Riverine Littoral
Operations
CI / HUMINT
Training
Humanitarian Mine
Assistance
CAS
Aircraft pilot training /
AC maintenance
Tactical UAV
Operations
Fundamentals of
Diving
COC Operations
Maritime Navigation
Infrastructure
Protection
Vehicle Maintenance
Advanced Armor
Familiarization
21
22. OEF-TS
Exercises
2013
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Africa Endeavor (AE 12)
African Lion (AL 12)
Atlas Accord (AA 12)
Eastern Accord (EA 12)
Flintlock 12
Southern Accord (SA 12)
Western Accord (WA 12)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Western Accord (WA 13)
Africa Endeavor (AE 13)
African Lion (AL 13)
Judicious Response 13-1
Judicious Response 13-2
Southern Accord (SA 13)
ARMY
2013
2012
USMC
100 Exercises
in more than
35 countries in
2013
22
23. Who gets to play?
Because everyone needs a SASR poster!
Seriously, though…what affects who gets the missions?
-
Proximity
-
-
What’s his preference?
What units does he have to
choose from?
-
-
-
Active vs. Reserve!!
-
Who has a proven record in
Africa?
What affects operational
reputation?
Alignment of capabilities
-
USMC is the smallest!!
Component Budgets
Track record
-
Service Budgets
-
-
Who is closest when needed?
Theater Commander
-
-
-
What type of mission?
What does the HN need?
Who is the best to provide it?
Force availability
-
Afghanistan drawdown!
-
Knowledge of the AO
-
-
-
Long War concept & regional
focus for language and
culture…is it getting enough
attention?
MARSOC model =
CENTCOM, PACOM,
AFRICOM
How does the Reserve
Component stay relevant?
- PME, like this!!
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