Tro3 lecture 01[1]
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Chemistry seeks to understand the relationships between the particle structure of matter and its observable properties by studying atoms and molecules. The scientific method involves making observations, formulating hypotheses and experiments to test ideas, and developing laws and theories. Hypotheses are tentative explanations that can be tested and falsified through experimentation, which validates or invalidates the hypotheses. Laws summarize past observations into general predictive statements that can also be tested experimentally.
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My Lecture Tro Chapter 01
1) Chemistry is the science that seeks to understand what matter does by studying atoms and molecules.
2) Chemists use the scientific method which includes making observations, formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, and developing laws and theories.
3) The key difference between a hypothesis and a theory is that a hypothesis explains a small number of observations while a theory explains broader underlying causes for natural phenomena.
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The document discusses key concepts in chemistry and the scientific method. It explains that chemistry seeks to understand the relationships between the particle structure of matter and its observable properties. The scientific method involves making observations, formulating hypotheses and theories, conducting experiments, and developing laws. Hypotheses attempt to explain observations, experiments test hypotheses, laws summarize all observations into general statements, and theories provide broader explanations for natural phenomena and can be tested.
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1) Chemistry is the science that seeks to understand what matter does by studying atoms and molecules.
2) Chemists use the scientific method which includes making observations, formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, and developing laws and theories.
3) The key difference between a hypothesis and a theory is that a hypothesis explains a small number of observations while a theory explains broader underlying causes for natural phenomena.
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The document discusses key concepts in chemistry and the scientific method. It explains that chemistry seeks to understand the relationships between the particle structure of matter and its observable properties. The scientific method involves making observations, formulating hypotheses and theories, conducting experiments, and developing laws. Hypotheses attempt to explain observations, experiments test hypotheses, laws summarize all observations into general statements, and theories provide broader explanations for natural phenomena and can be tested.
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Assignment 1BackgroundWhen you look around at the world, you .docx
Assignment 1:
Background
When you look around at the world, you can see many examples that demonstrate how an object's or a system's structure relates to its function. The structure of a highway system, for example, can affect traffic flow. You can, no doubt, think of many other examples.
In this Discussion Board assignment, you will look at the structure of the most basic unit of life, the living cell. You will also investigate how the structures of cells are directly related to the functions that are important to life.
Part 1
Your text describes the difference between the organelles in a eukaryotic cell and the more simple structure of a prokaryotic cell as an analogy between the chief executive officer's (CEO's) corner office and a cubicle. Organelles are like appliances or pieces of furniture that perform specific functions. Choose 1 organelle, and use an analogy to explain its function. For example, explain how a chloroplast is like a solar panel, or how a mitochondrion is like a furnace. Try to think of original analogies for other organelles or cell structures such as golgi, lysosome, cell wall, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, nucleus, and so on. Include how your analogy may be less than perfect. Compare your analogy with those of your classmates’.
Part 2
You will read that only plants, algae, and some bacteria are photosynthetic. There is an exception to this, though. One species of sea slug has found a way to steal chloroplasts, store them in cells lining its digestive tract, and live on the sugar that is produced (Milius, 2010). What benefit would there be for animal cells (including those of humans) to make their own food? Could cell, tissue, or genetic engineering allow humans to use chloroplasts this way? Describe 1 or 2 factors that would need to be considered for chloroplasts to function in an animal or a human.
Reference
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Disaccharides: Two linked sugar units (e.g., sucrose, lactose).
Polysaccharides: Long chains of sugar units (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose).
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase breaking down starch into smaller sugars. In the small intestine, pancreatic enzymes further digest carbohydrates. Absorbed sugars enter the bloodstream, regulating blood glucose levels. Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. Dietary fiber, a non-digestible polysaccharide, promotes digestive health.Carbohydrates are organic compounds comprising carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve as a primary energy source for the body. There are three main types:
Monosaccharides: Single sugar units (e.g., glucose, fructose).
Disaccharides: Two linked sugar units (e.g., sucrose, lactose).
Polysaccharides: Long chains of sugar units (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose).
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase breaking down starch into smaller sugars. In the small intestine, pancreatic enzymes further digest carbohydrates. Absorbed sugars enter the bloodstream, regulating blood glucose levels. Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. Dietary fiber, a non-digestible polysaccharide, promotes digestive health.
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INTRODUCTION
‘Cell’ means a small room or chamber, cells are the
structural and functional units of all living organisms. The
major parts of a cell are the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
The electron microscope allowed classification of cells
into two major groups, prokaryotes and eukaryotes,
based on the presence and absence of the true nucleus.
Eukaryotes
ï Eukaryotes have nucleus which is covered by
nuclear membrane. (Greek: Eue = true, karyon =
nucleus). Animals, plants and fungi belong to the
eukaryotes.
ï Eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotes.
ï Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have a variety of
other membrane-bound organelles (subcellular
elements) in their cytoplasm, including:
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Polysaccharides (Greek: Poly = many) or Glycans
Polysaccharides are polymers consisting of hundreds or
thousands of monosaccharide units. They are also called
glycans or complex carbohydrates. They may be either
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Tro3 lecture 03[1]
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It is composed of tiny particles called atoms and molecules. Matter exists in three physical states - solid, liquid, and gas - which are distinguished by their properties of shape, volume, compressibility, and flow. The composition and structure of matter can be further classified as pure substances or mixtures based on whether the matter's makeup is uniform or variable. Chemical and physical changes in matter are distinguished by whether they alter the substance's composition.
Tro3 lecture 02[1]
1) 0.987 + 125.1 - 1.22
2) 0.987 has 3 significant figures, 125.1 has 3 significant figures, 1.22 has 3 significant figures
3) The calculation should have 3 significant figures
4) 0.987 + 125.1 - 1.22 = 124.967
5) Rounded to 3 significant figures is 125
The final answer is 125
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Assignment 1BackgroundWhen you look around at the world, you .docx
Assignment 1:
Background
When you look around at the world, you can see many examples that demonstrate how an object's or a system's structure relates to its function. The structure of a highway system, for example, can affect traffic flow. You can, no doubt, think of many other examples.
In this Discussion Board assignment, you will look at the structure of the most basic unit of life, the living cell. You will also investigate how the structures of cells are directly related to the functions that are important to life.
Part 1
Your text describes the difference between the organelles in a eukaryotic cell and the more simple structure of a prokaryotic cell as an analogy between the chief executive officer's (CEO's) corner office and a cubicle. Organelles are like appliances or pieces of furniture that perform specific functions. Choose 1 organelle, and use an analogy to explain its function. For example, explain how a chloroplast is like a solar panel, or how a mitochondrion is like a furnace. Try to think of original analogies for other organelles or cell structures such as golgi, lysosome, cell wall, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, nucleus, and so on. Include how your analogy may be less than perfect. Compare your analogy with those of your classmates’.
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You will read that only plants, algae, and some bacteria are photosynthetic. There is an exception to this, though. One species of sea slug has found a way to steal chloroplasts, store them in cells lining its digestive tract, and live on the sugar that is produced (Milius, 2010). What benefit would there be for animal cells (including those of humans) to make their own food? Could cell, tissue, or genetic engineering allow humans to use chloroplasts this way? Describe 1 or 2 factors that would need to be considered for chloroplasts to function in an animal or a human.
Reference
Milius, S. (2010). Green sea slug is part animal, part plant. Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/01/green-sea-slug/
Assignment 2:
Scientific inquiry in biology starts by observing the living species around you. What separates science from the other methods of seeking truth is that it is testable (e.g., one can devise experiments to test the validity of an idea); it is falsifiable (e.g., an experiment can reveal if an idea is false); and it involves natural causality (e.g., the method involves and depends upon the natural laws of the universe which cause things to happen in a predictable and repeatable manner).
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Question: Following an observation, a question arises in your mind. It may be something like "I wonder what?" or, "I wonder how? or, "I wonder why?"
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In this assignment, you will take a look at the scientific method. You will design a (fictional) scientific study to answer a specific question based upon an observation.
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2. Exploring the properties of matter including mass, volume, density, and states of matter.
3. Examining gas laws and how scientists classify different types of matter.
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ï Endoplasmic reticulum forms the link between
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This document provides an introduction to chemistry and covers several key topics:
1) It outlines the steps in the scientific method and distinguishes between scientific theories and laws.
2) Key figures in the history of chemistry are discussed, including alchemists, Antoine Lavoisier, and Linus Pauling.
3) The five traditional areas of chemistry are defined as analytical, biochemical, inorganic, organic, and physical.
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1) Chemistry is the study of matter and its composition and properties. It examines the types, numbers, and structures of atoms and molecules that make up all substances.
2) The scientific method involves making observations, formulating hypotheses to explain those observations, experimentally testing hypotheses, and using results to build scientific laws and theories.
3) A theory provides a broad explanation for why something occurs in nature, while a law simply states what will happen (often mathematically). Theories can be used to make testable predictions.
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This slide is for freshman students its talking about the introduction of the science and what is biology and it gives you the all information you need to good start
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Carbohydrates are organic compounds comprising carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve as a primary energy source for the body. There are three main types:
Monosaccharides: Single sugar units (e.g., glucose, fructose).
Disaccharides: Two linked sugar units (e.g., sucrose, lactose).
Polysaccharides: Long chains of sugar units (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose).
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase breaking down starch into smaller sugars. In the small intestine, pancreatic enzymes further digest carbohydrates. Absorbed sugars enter the bloodstream, regulating blood glucose levels. Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. Dietary fiber, a non-digestible polysaccharide, promotes digestive health.Carbohydrates are organic compounds comprising carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve as a primary energy source for the body. There are three main types:
Monosaccharides: Single sugar units (e.g., glucose, fructose).
Disaccharides: Two linked sugar units (e.g., sucrose, lactose).
Polysaccharides: Long chains of sugar units (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose).
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase breaking down starch into smaller sugars. In the small intestine, pancreatic enzymes further digest carbohydrates. Absorbed sugars enter the bloodstream, regulating blood glucose levels. Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. Dietary fiber, a non-digestible polysaccharide, promotes digestive health.
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Science is a way of learning about the natural world through observation and questioning. It uses theories and laws to explain patterns seen in nature. Theories can change as new evidence is discovered, while laws simply describe patterns that never fail. Science is divided into life science, earth science, and physical science, each studying different natural systems and their interactions. Technology applies scientific knowledge for practical uses.
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INTRODUCTION
‘Cell’ means a small room or chamber, cells are the
structural and functional units of all living organisms. The
major parts of a cell are the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
The electron microscope allowed classification of cells
into two major groups, prokaryotes and eukaryotes,
based on the presence and absence of the true nucleus.
Eukaryotes
ï Eukaryotes have nucleus which is covered by
nuclear membrane. (Greek: Eue = true, karyon =
nucleus). Animals, plants and fungi belong to the
eukaryotes.
ï Eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotes.
ï Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have a variety of
other membrane-bound organelles (subcellular
elements) in their cytoplasm, including:
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
Polysaccharides (Greek: Poly = many) or Glycans
Polysaccharides are polymers consisting of hundreds or
thousands of monosaccharide units. They are also called
glycans or complex carbohydrates. They may be either
linear, (e.g. cellulose) or branched, (e.g. glycogen) in
structure.
AS Sociology: Experiments
Lab experiments are rarely used in sociology due to various limitations. While they can establish cause-and-effect relationships and be highly reliable, societal variables are too complex to control and natural human behaviors may not be observed. Ethical issues can also arise from manipulating human subjects without their full consent.
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single drop of chemistry module for grade 9-12 student reference:by shemelis ...
single drop of chemistry module for grade 9-12 student reference:by shemelis ...
Assignment 1BackgroundWhen you look around at the world, you .docx
Assignment 1BackgroundWhen you look around at the world, you .docx
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Tro3 lecture 03[1]
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It is composed of tiny particles called atoms and molecules. Matter exists in three physical states - solid, liquid, and gas - which are distinguished by their properties of shape, volume, compressibility, and flow. The composition and structure of matter can be further classified as pure substances or mixtures based on whether the matter's makeup is uniform or variable. Chemical and physical changes in matter are distinguished by whether they alter the substance's composition.
Tro3 lecture 02[1]
1) 0.987 + 125.1 - 1.22
2) 0.987 has 3 significant figures, 125.1 has 3 significant figures, 1.22 has 3 significant figures
3) The calculation should have 3 significant figures
4) 0.987 + 125.1 - 1.22 = 124.967
5) Rounded to 3 significant figures is 125
The final answer is 125
Tro3 lecture 07
The document discusses chemical reactions and equations. It provides examples of writing balanced chemical equations, including combustion reactions. Key steps in writing equations are identifying reactants and products, determining the chemical formulas, counting atoms on each side, and adding coefficients to balance the equation. Examples show balancing equations for reactions of metals with oxygen and other common reactions like burning of fuels.
Tro3 lecture 06
1) A mole is defined as 6.022x10^23 atoms or molecules and can be used to convert between the number of particles and mass of a sample.
2) The molar mass of an element or compound allows conversion between moles and grams. For elements, molar mass equals atomic mass in grams.
3) Chemical formulas indicate the number of moles of each element in a mole of compound using subscripts. This allows calculation of mass or number of atoms of one constituent from the formula unit.
Tro3 lecture 05
The document discusses the concepts of constant composition of pure substances and the molecular basis for this observation. It specifically addresses:
- Pure substances have a constant ratio of elements regardless of sample size due to their molecular makeup.
- Compounds are made of molecules with specific numbers and types of atoms, so every sample contains identical molecules.
- The document provides examples of using formulas to represent compounds and determining the number of atoms present. It also discusses classifying different types of elements and compounds.
Tro3 lecture 04
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 of Nivaldo Tro's "Introductory Chemistry" textbook, including:
1) John Dalton proposed atoms as tiny, indivisible particles that combine in whole number ratios to form compounds.
2) Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with protons and electrons determining an element's identity and charge.
3) Elements are arranged on the periodic table based on their atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nucleus.
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Tro3 lecture 01[1]
- 1. Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 1 1 What Is Chemistry? What chemists try to do is discover the relationships between the particle structure of matter and the properties of matter we observe. Chemistry is the science that seeks to understand what matter does by studying what atoms and molecules do.
- 2. Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 1 2 The Scientific Method A process for trying to understand nature by observing nature and the way it behaves, and by conducting experiments to test our ideas. Key characteristics of the scientific method include Observation, formulation of Hypotheses, Experimentation, and formulation of Laws and Theories.
- 3. Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 1 3 Hypothesis A tentative interpretation or explanation of your observations. “The sweet taste of soda pop is due to the presence of sugar.” A good hypothesis is one that can be tested to be proven wrong. Falsifiable. One test may invalidate your hypothesis.
- 4. Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 1 4 Experiments Tests of hypotheses, laws, or theories. Can you think of a way to test whether the sweet taste of soda pop is due to the presence of sugar? Results either validate (confirm) or invalidate (deny) your ideas. Invalidate = Discard or Modify Many times experiments invalidate only parts of the hypothesis or theory, in which case the idea is modified. Validate ≠ Proof your idea will always hold
- 5. Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 1 5 Laws Summary of observations that combines all past observations into one general statement. Law of Conservation of Mass— “In a chemical reaction matter is neither created nor destroyed.” Allows you to predict future observations. So you can test the law with experiments. Unlike state laws, you cannot choose to violate a scientific law.