This document summarizes current evidence and guidelines for treatment of hypertension. It finds that lifestyle modifications including weight loss, reduced sodium intake, increased potassium intake, adoption of a heart-healthy diet, regular physical activity, and moderation of alcohol consumption can lower blood pressure. When drug therapy is needed, first-line options include thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. While lifestyle changes and treatment can significantly lower risk of cardiovascular events, less than half of US adults with hypertension currently have their blood pressure controlled.
1) A 43-year-old male presented with chest pain and was diagnosed with an acute inferior STEMI while in normal sinus rhythm. His medical history included atherosclerosis.
2) Atherosclerosis is caused by plaque buildup in arteries and accounts for over 70% of cardiovascular deaths in the US. Elevated LDL cholesterol increases the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease.
3) Therapeutic lifestyle changes like diet and exercise can modestly lower LDL cholesterol by about 5% on average but response varies between individuals. High fat, low carb diets may improve glycemic control in diabetes without worsening lipids.
This document discusses combination drug therapy for treating hypertension. It notes that the majority of hypertensive patients require two or more drugs to control their blood pressure. Combination therapy is more effective than high doses of single drugs and has fewer side effects. Effective combinations include angiotensin receptor blockers or ACE inhibitors with diuretics or calcium channel blockers. Initial fixed-dose combination therapy improves medication adherence compared to free-drug combinations. Overall, rational combination therapy utilizing complementary drug classes is necessary to adequately control blood pressure for most hypertensive patients.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, can lead to damage of blood vessels and increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other conditions if left untreated. Treatment of hypertension involves lifestyle changes like healthy diet, exercise, reducing alcohol intake, as well as drug therapy. This paper argues that incorporating both lifestyle modifications and medical treatment is crucial for effective management of high blood pressure.
Hypertension is very common in patients with type 2 diabetes, affecting around half of patients at diagnosis. Strict control of blood pressure, with a target of below 130/80 mmHg, is important for reducing cardiovascular risks in diabetic patients. Several classes of antihypertensive drugs can be used effectively for this purpose, including diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers. Aggressive treatment of hypertension is recommended for diabetic patients, especially those with kidney disease, in order to prevent complications and disease progression.
This document discusses management of hypertension through lifestyle factors like nutrition and physical activity. It provides guidelines on dietary approaches such as limiting salt, alcohol and red meat intake while increasing consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish and unsaturated fats. Regular physical activity of at least 30 minutes per day is recommended. Diets high in quality carbohydrates and plant proteins like the DASH diet have been shown to lower blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular risk.
Hypertension frequently occurs with diabetes and amplifies cardiovascular risk. Aggressive blood pressure control below 130/80 mmHg prevents more cardiovascular events in diabetics. Treatment requires multiple drugs like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, thiazide diuretics, and calcium channel blockers to control blood pressure and protect organs. Lifestyle changes like weight loss, exercise, smoking cessation, and moderation of alcohol and sodium also help lower blood pressure.
Hypertension is highly prevalent in the elderly population. The risk of hypertension increases dramatically with age, with over 90% of people over 70 having hypertension. In the elderly, hypertension is characterized by an elevated systolic blood pressure with a normal or low diastolic blood pressure due to arterial stiffening caused by reduced elasticity of arteries with age. Multiple changes occur in the arteries with aging that result in increased systolic blood pressure and decreased diastolic blood pressure. Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Lifestyle modifications and medication are effective for treating hypertension in the elderly, with the goal of reducing blood pressure and cardiovascular risk.
1) A 43-year-old male presented with chest pain and was diagnosed with an acute inferior STEMI while in normal sinus rhythm. His medical history included atherosclerosis.
2) Atherosclerosis is caused by plaque buildup in arteries and accounts for over 70% of cardiovascular deaths in the US. Elevated LDL cholesterol increases the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease.
3) Therapeutic lifestyle changes like diet and exercise can modestly lower LDL cholesterol by about 5% on average but response varies between individuals. High fat, low carb diets may improve glycemic control in diabetes without worsening lipids.
This document discusses combination drug therapy for treating hypertension. It notes that the majority of hypertensive patients require two or more drugs to control their blood pressure. Combination therapy is more effective than high doses of single drugs and has fewer side effects. Effective combinations include angiotensin receptor blockers or ACE inhibitors with diuretics or calcium channel blockers. Initial fixed-dose combination therapy improves medication adherence compared to free-drug combinations. Overall, rational combination therapy utilizing complementary drug classes is necessary to adequately control blood pressure for most hypertensive patients.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, can lead to damage of blood vessels and increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other conditions if left untreated. Treatment of hypertension involves lifestyle changes like healthy diet, exercise, reducing alcohol intake, as well as drug therapy. This paper argues that incorporating both lifestyle modifications and medical treatment is crucial for effective management of high blood pressure.
Hypertension is very common in patients with type 2 diabetes, affecting around half of patients at diagnosis. Strict control of blood pressure, with a target of below 130/80 mmHg, is important for reducing cardiovascular risks in diabetic patients. Several classes of antihypertensive drugs can be used effectively for this purpose, including diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers. Aggressive treatment of hypertension is recommended for diabetic patients, especially those with kidney disease, in order to prevent complications and disease progression.
This document discusses management of hypertension through lifestyle factors like nutrition and physical activity. It provides guidelines on dietary approaches such as limiting salt, alcohol and red meat intake while increasing consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish and unsaturated fats. Regular physical activity of at least 30 minutes per day is recommended. Diets high in quality carbohydrates and plant proteins like the DASH diet have been shown to lower blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular risk.
Hypertension frequently occurs with diabetes and amplifies cardiovascular risk. Aggressive blood pressure control below 130/80 mmHg prevents more cardiovascular events in diabetics. Treatment requires multiple drugs like ACE inhibitors, ARBs, thiazide diuretics, and calcium channel blockers to control blood pressure and protect organs. Lifestyle changes like weight loss, exercise, smoking cessation, and moderation of alcohol and sodium also help lower blood pressure.
Hypertension is highly prevalent in the elderly population. The risk of hypertension increases dramatically with age, with over 90% of people over 70 having hypertension. In the elderly, hypertension is characterized by an elevated systolic blood pressure with a normal or low diastolic blood pressure due to arterial stiffening caused by reduced elasticity of arteries with age. Multiple changes occur in the arteries with aging that result in increased systolic blood pressure and decreased diastolic blood pressure. Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Lifestyle modifications and medication are effective for treating hypertension in the elderly, with the goal of reducing blood pressure and cardiovascular risk.
The document discusses hypertension, including its definition, classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Some key points:
- Hypertension is defined as persistent elevation of blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It becomes more prevalent with age.
- Risk factors for hypertension include genetics, obesity, sodium intake, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and sympathetic overactivity.
- Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like weight loss, diet changes, and exercise, as well as pharmacological therapy including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. Combination therapy is often used for more severe cases.
This document discusses hypertension guidelines and management. It covers the epidemiology of hypertension, guidelines for classification and treatment targets, detection of white coat and masked hypertension, and management of hypertension in patients with comorbidities like chronic kidney disease. Proper control of hypertension is important for reducing cardiovascular and renal risks. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and antihypertensive medications, with certain drugs offering additional organ protective effects. Management is more complex in patients on dialysis or after kidney transplantation.
This document discusses the relationship between obesity and hypertension. It defines obesity using body mass index (BMI) and notes that over 1 billion adults worldwide are overweight. Obesity is linked to increased risk of hypertension, as excess weight causes elevations in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance over time. Weight loss through diet and exercise can significantly lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients by an average of 6.3/3.4 mmHg. Resistance training may also help reduce blood pressure when performed at a moderate intensity. Stress management techniques like meditation and yoga have also shown limited efficacy in lowering blood pressure.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a global health problem that affects nearly 1 billion people worldwide. It is poorly controlled, with less than 25% of cases controlled in developed countries and less than 10% in developing countries. If left untreated, hypertension can lead to heart attacks, heart failure, strokes and kidney disease.
The goals of hypertension treatment are to reduce cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality by achieving blood pressure targets. Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, following a diet low in sodium and high in fruits/vegetables, engaging in physical activity, and quitting smoking can help lower blood pressure. When lifestyle changes are not enough, antihypertensive medications including diuretics, ACE inhibitors,
1. The document discusses guidelines and strategies for the prevention, treatment, and control of hypertension.
2. It outlines 4 stages of intervention for hypertension: preventive, primary, secondary, and resistant hypertension. Treatment approaches differ depending on the stage.
3. The challenges of controlling hypertension include special patient populations, factors influencing drug choice, and issues related to resistant hypertension when blood pressure remains high despite treatment with 3 drug classes.
Epidemiology , diagnosis and treatment of Hypertension Toufiqur Rahman
Hypertension, Blood pressure, Systolic Hypertension, Diastolic Hypertension, Epidemiology, Classification of hypertention, Type of hypertension, aetiology of hypertension, Clinical features, complications of hypertension, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, Resistant hypertension, anti hypertensives,
- Chronic diseases like heart disease, cancer and diabetes account for most deaths in the US and costs over $700 billion annually, yet less than 3% of healthcare spending goes to prevention.
- Adopting therapeutic lifestyle changes focusing on diet, exercise and avoiding tobacco has been shown to help patients achieve health goals without medication and reduce risk of chronic diseases.
- Studies have found that a low glycemic index diet combined with soy protein and phytosterols helped obese post-menopausal women significantly reduce weight, blood pressure, cholesterol and triglycerides.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. It is classified as primary (essential) hypertension, which is high blood pressure due to non-specific lifestyle and genetic factors, or secondary hypertension, which is caused by an identifiable underlying condition. Blood pressure is measured by the systolic and diastolic pressures. Normal blood pressure is below 130/80 mmHg while high blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or higher. Lifestyle changes and medications are used to lower blood pressure and reduce health risks from hypertension.
This document provides information on cardiovascular risk factors and interventions for prevention and treatment. It discusses modifiable risk factors like smoking, diabetes, diet, physical activity, and alcohol intake. It reviews evidence for nonpharmacological interventions like weight loss, dietary modifications, exercise, and moderation of alcohol. It also summarizes several clinical trials demonstrating the benefits of statin therapy in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events.
International Journal of Diabetology & Vascular Disease Research (IJDVR) ISSN:2328-353X is an Open Access and a comprehensive journal devoted to Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research. IJDVR, published by SciDoc, includes high quality papers, which cover all major areas of Diabetes, Vascular Diseases and its diagnosis.
International Journal of Diabetology & Vascular Disease Research (IJDVR) is a peer-reviewed and an Open Access journal. This journal mainly focuses on the advancements made in the field of Diabetes Research.
This document discusses hypertension and provides guidelines for its diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
1. Hypertension, defined as persistently elevated blood pressure, affects over 30% of Americans and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
2. The goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure-related health risks through lifestyle modifications and medication. Treatment goals are under 140/90 mmHg for most patients, or under 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or kidney disease.
3. First-line drug treatment typically involves thiazide diuretics. Other drug classes like ACE inhibitors or ARBs may be used for compelling indications or patient characteristics. Multiple drug combinations are often needed to control blood
1) Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease which accounts for a large portion of deaths worldwide.
2) The ALLHAT study was a large clinical trial that compared the effects of different antihypertensive medications on cardiovascular outcomes. It found that a diuretic (chlorthalidone) was more effective at reducing risks than a calcium channel blocker (amlodipine) or ACE inhibitor (lisinopril).
3) While mean blood pressures were similar between groups during the study, the diuretic was superior in reducing risks of heart attacks and heart disease, establishing diuretics as a first-line treatment for hypertension.
CholesLo shows clinical significance in
helping reduce plasma cholesterol and
homocysteine levels and therefore affects
favourably the risk of subsequent development
of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, our
findings suggest that the dose required to cause
such improvements in plasma lipid profile is
safe enough to be considered for use in general
population.
Cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes mellitusHany Ahmad
This document discusses cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes mellitus. It notes that diabetes is considered a coronary artery disease equivalent and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular events. Patients with diabetes have significantly higher risks of coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke and other vascular complications compared to those without diabetes. The document outlines the various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors that further increase cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and smoking. It summarizes the results of major clinical trials investigating the effects of intensive glycemic control on microvascular and macrovascular outcomes.
The document discusses the relationship between hypertension and diabetes, noting that they often occur together and worsen each other's effects on target organs like the vasculature. Both conditions should be treated to reduce cardiovascular risks, with a target blood pressure under 140/90 mmHg for diabetic hypertensives. Achieving this often requires two or more antihypertensive drugs, especially agents that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system like ACE inhibitors.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
The document discusses hypertension, including its definition, classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Some key points:
- Hypertension is defined as persistent elevation of blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. It becomes more prevalent with age.
- Risk factors for hypertension include genetics, obesity, sodium intake, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and sympathetic overactivity.
- Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like weight loss, diet changes, and exercise, as well as pharmacological therapy including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. Combination therapy is often used for more severe cases.
This document discusses hypertension guidelines and management. It covers the epidemiology of hypertension, guidelines for classification and treatment targets, detection of white coat and masked hypertension, and management of hypertension in patients with comorbidities like chronic kidney disease. Proper control of hypertension is important for reducing cardiovascular and renal risks. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and antihypertensive medications, with certain drugs offering additional organ protective effects. Management is more complex in patients on dialysis or after kidney transplantation.
This document discusses the relationship between obesity and hypertension. It defines obesity using body mass index (BMI) and notes that over 1 billion adults worldwide are overweight. Obesity is linked to increased risk of hypertension, as excess weight causes elevations in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance over time. Weight loss through diet and exercise can significantly lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients by an average of 6.3/3.4 mmHg. Resistance training may also help reduce blood pressure when performed at a moderate intensity. Stress management techniques like meditation and yoga have also shown limited efficacy in lowering blood pressure.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a global health problem that affects nearly 1 billion people worldwide. It is poorly controlled, with less than 25% of cases controlled in developed countries and less than 10% in developing countries. If left untreated, hypertension can lead to heart attacks, heart failure, strokes and kidney disease.
The goals of hypertension treatment are to reduce cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality by achieving blood pressure targets. Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, following a diet low in sodium and high in fruits/vegetables, engaging in physical activity, and quitting smoking can help lower blood pressure. When lifestyle changes are not enough, antihypertensive medications including diuretics, ACE inhibitors,
1. The document discusses guidelines and strategies for the prevention, treatment, and control of hypertension.
2. It outlines 4 stages of intervention for hypertension: preventive, primary, secondary, and resistant hypertension. Treatment approaches differ depending on the stage.
3. The challenges of controlling hypertension include special patient populations, factors influencing drug choice, and issues related to resistant hypertension when blood pressure remains high despite treatment with 3 drug classes.
Epidemiology , diagnosis and treatment of Hypertension Toufiqur Rahman
Hypertension, Blood pressure, Systolic Hypertension, Diastolic Hypertension, Epidemiology, Classification of hypertention, Type of hypertension, aetiology of hypertension, Clinical features, complications of hypertension, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, Resistant hypertension, anti hypertensives,
- Chronic diseases like heart disease, cancer and diabetes account for most deaths in the US and costs over $700 billion annually, yet less than 3% of healthcare spending goes to prevention.
- Adopting therapeutic lifestyle changes focusing on diet, exercise and avoiding tobacco has been shown to help patients achieve health goals without medication and reduce risk of chronic diseases.
- Studies have found that a low glycemic index diet combined with soy protein and phytosterols helped obese post-menopausal women significantly reduce weight, blood pressure, cholesterol and triglycerides.
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. It is classified as primary (essential) hypertension, which is high blood pressure due to non-specific lifestyle and genetic factors, or secondary hypertension, which is caused by an identifiable underlying condition. Blood pressure is measured by the systolic and diastolic pressures. Normal blood pressure is below 130/80 mmHg while high blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or higher. Lifestyle changes and medications are used to lower blood pressure and reduce health risks from hypertension.
This document provides information on cardiovascular risk factors and interventions for prevention and treatment. It discusses modifiable risk factors like smoking, diabetes, diet, physical activity, and alcohol intake. It reviews evidence for nonpharmacological interventions like weight loss, dietary modifications, exercise, and moderation of alcohol. It also summarizes several clinical trials demonstrating the benefits of statin therapy in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events.
International Journal of Diabetology & Vascular Disease Research (IJDVR) ISSN:2328-353X is an Open Access and a comprehensive journal devoted to Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research. IJDVR, published by SciDoc, includes high quality papers, which cover all major areas of Diabetes, Vascular Diseases and its diagnosis.
International Journal of Diabetology & Vascular Disease Research (IJDVR) is a peer-reviewed and an Open Access journal. This journal mainly focuses on the advancements made in the field of Diabetes Research.
This document discusses hypertension and provides guidelines for its diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
1. Hypertension, defined as persistently elevated blood pressure, affects over 30% of Americans and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
2. The goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure-related health risks through lifestyle modifications and medication. Treatment goals are under 140/90 mmHg for most patients, or under 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes or kidney disease.
3. First-line drug treatment typically involves thiazide diuretics. Other drug classes like ACE inhibitors or ARBs may be used for compelling indications or patient characteristics. Multiple drug combinations are often needed to control blood
1) Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease which accounts for a large portion of deaths worldwide.
2) The ALLHAT study was a large clinical trial that compared the effects of different antihypertensive medications on cardiovascular outcomes. It found that a diuretic (chlorthalidone) was more effective at reducing risks than a calcium channel blocker (amlodipine) or ACE inhibitor (lisinopril).
3) While mean blood pressures were similar between groups during the study, the diuretic was superior in reducing risks of heart attacks and heart disease, establishing diuretics as a first-line treatment for hypertension.
CholesLo shows clinical significance in
helping reduce plasma cholesterol and
homocysteine levels and therefore affects
favourably the risk of subsequent development
of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, our
findings suggest that the dose required to cause
such improvements in plasma lipid profile is
safe enough to be considered for use in general
population.
Cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes mellitusHany Ahmad
This document discusses cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes mellitus. It notes that diabetes is considered a coronary artery disease equivalent and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular events. Patients with diabetes have significantly higher risks of coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke and other vascular complications compared to those without diabetes. The document outlines the various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors that further increase cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and smoking. It summarizes the results of major clinical trials investigating the effects of intensive glycemic control on microvascular and macrovascular outcomes.
The document discusses the relationship between hypertension and diabetes, noting that they often occur together and worsen each other's effects on target organs like the vasculature. Both conditions should be treated to reduce cardiovascular risks, with a target blood pressure under 140/90 mmHg for diabetic hypertensives. Achieving this often requires two or more antihypertensive drugs, especially agents that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system like ACE inhibitors.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)MuskanShingari
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Receptor Discordance in Breast Carcinoma During the Course of Life
Definition:
Receptor discordance refers to changes in the status of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor ERα, progesterone receptor PgR, and HER2) in breast cancer tumors over time or between primary and metastatic sites.
Causes:
Tumor Evolution:
Genetic and epigenetic changes during tumor progression can lead to alterations in receptor status.
Treatment Effects:
Therapies, especially endocrine and targeted therapies, can selectively pressure tumor cells, causing shifts in receptor expression.
Heterogeneity:
Inherent heterogeneity within the tumor can result in subpopulations of cells with different receptor statuses.
Impact on Treatment:
Therapeutic Resistance:
Loss of ERα or PgR can lead to resistance to endocrine therapies.
HER2 discordance affects the efficacy of HER2-targeted treatments.
Treatment Adjustment:
Regular reassessment of receptor status may be necessary to adjust treatment strategies appropriately.
Clinical Implications:
Prognosis:
Receptor discordance is often associated with a poorer prognosis.
Biopsies:
Obtaining biopsies from metastatic sites is crucial for accurate receptor status assessment and effective treatment planning.
Monitoring:
Continuous monitoring of receptor status throughout the disease course can guide personalized therapy adjustments.
Understanding and managing receptor discordance is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving the prognosis for breast cancer patients.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF
Storyboard on Acne-Innovative Learning-M. pharm. (2nd sem.) CosmeticsMuskanShingari
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
- **Topical Treatments:** Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids to reduce bacteria and unclog pores.
- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
**Prevention and Management:**
- **Cleanse:** Regularly wash skin with a gentle cleanser.
- **Moisturize:** Use non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep skin hydrated without clogging pores.
- **Avoid Irritants:** Such as harsh cosmetics or excessive scrubbing.
- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
Acne treatment can take time, and consistency in skincare routines and treatments is crucial. Consulting a dermatologist can help tailor a treatment plan that suits individual needs and reduces the risk of scarring or long-term skin damage.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
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