During the formative years of contemporary psychiatry, much attention was paid to the continuing role of past traumatic experiences on the current lives of people.
Relational Strategies Working with Borderline Clients (Brief Version)Daryush Parvinbenam
By: Daryush Parvinbenam
Core Issues: Dawson (1993) suggests, chronic patterns of abuse/neglect experiences must have imposed an enduring sense of lack of control, incompetence, and power in the client' psyche.
Relational Complexities Working with Women with History of Childhood Sexual A...Daryush Parvinbenam
By: Daryush Parvinbenam, M.A., M.Ed., LPCC, LICDC
Core Issues: "Translated to emotional and psychological trauma and pain. Therefore control, power, and competence must be maintained in order to prevent future traumas or re-experiencing past in borderlines' experience being vulnerable and lacking control and power, has historically traumatic emotional memories."
Effective Approaches to Helping Clients Who Hurt Themselves and Sabotage Coun...Daryush Parvinbenam
By: Daryush Parvinbenam M.A., M.Ed., LPCC-S, LICDC
Etiology: "There could be many reasons for the intensification of clients' symptoms, relationship issues are only one of them. This is the focus of this presentation.
Presented by The Royal's Dr. Fotini Zachariades at our annual Women in Mind Conference.
She is a Clinical, Health, and
Rehabilitation Psychologist currently at the Women’s
Mental Health Program at The Royal
Relational Strategies Working with Borderline Clients (Brief Version)Daryush Parvinbenam
By: Daryush Parvinbenam
Core Issues: Dawson (1993) suggests, chronic patterns of abuse/neglect experiences must have imposed an enduring sense of lack of control, incompetence, and power in the client' psyche.
Relational Complexities Working with Women with History of Childhood Sexual A...Daryush Parvinbenam
By: Daryush Parvinbenam, M.A., M.Ed., LPCC, LICDC
Core Issues: "Translated to emotional and psychological trauma and pain. Therefore control, power, and competence must be maintained in order to prevent future traumas or re-experiencing past in borderlines' experience being vulnerable and lacking control and power, has historically traumatic emotional memories."
Effective Approaches to Helping Clients Who Hurt Themselves and Sabotage Coun...Daryush Parvinbenam
By: Daryush Parvinbenam M.A., M.Ed., LPCC-S, LICDC
Etiology: "There could be many reasons for the intensification of clients' symptoms, relationship issues are only one of them. This is the focus of this presentation.
Presented by The Royal's Dr. Fotini Zachariades at our annual Women in Mind Conference.
She is a Clinical, Health, and
Rehabilitation Psychologist currently at the Women’s
Mental Health Program at The Royal
Personality Disorders-Dramatic, Emotional, and Erratic BehaviorsJennifer Cook
Personality disorders are incapacitating for some clients and render them unable to function normally in society. Young people and older people alike are affected by these disorders. Often leading to criminal behaviors, clients end up in jail and prison because of their mental illnesses where they will end up not getting the treatment so desperately needed. Plagued by dramatic, emotional, and erratic behaviors, a client, all too often contemplates suicide as an escape. These clients present with numerous other odd behaviors not understood by most making them inherently social outcasts. Although finding the right treatment is sometimes difficult, nurses have a duty to delve into the behaviors exhibited by these clients and assist in directing them to the appropriate treatment.
Here, the client substitutes the psychotherapist for the original parent. She now sees the psychotherapist as fulfilling a role in her script. But she experiences him as doing so in a more benign way than the actual parent did.
The client may experience considerable relief from child fears and anxieties now that she has this more benevolent parent to relate to.
Based on TIP 57: Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services|SAMHSA A single counseling CEU course is available at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/product/id/392/c/ or the complete Trauma Informed Care Training Certificate are available at https://www.allceus.com/member
Abuse:
The maltreatment of one person by another.
Battering:
A pattern of coercive control founded on and supported by physical and/or sexual violence or threat of violence of an intimate partner.
Neglect:
Physical neglect of a child includes refusal of or delay in seeking health care, abandonment, expulsion from
the home or refusal to allow a runaway to return home, and inadequate supervision.
Emotional neglect refers to a chronic failure by the parent or caretaker to provide the child with the hope, love, and support necessary for the development of a sound, healthy personality.
Incest:
The occurrence of sexual contacts or interaction between, or sexual exploitation of, close relatives, or between participants who are related to each other by a kinship bond that is regarded as a prohibition to sexual relations (e.g., caretakers, stepparents, stepsiblings) (Sadock & Sadock, 2007).
Rape:
The expression of power and dominance by means of sexual violence, most commonly by men over women, although men may also be rape victims.
Personality Disorders-Dramatic, Emotional, and Erratic BehaviorsJennifer Cook
Personality disorders are incapacitating for some clients and render them unable to function normally in society. Young people and older people alike are affected by these disorders. Often leading to criminal behaviors, clients end up in jail and prison because of their mental illnesses where they will end up not getting the treatment so desperately needed. Plagued by dramatic, emotional, and erratic behaviors, a client, all too often contemplates suicide as an escape. These clients present with numerous other odd behaviors not understood by most making them inherently social outcasts. Although finding the right treatment is sometimes difficult, nurses have a duty to delve into the behaviors exhibited by these clients and assist in directing them to the appropriate treatment.
Here, the client substitutes the psychotherapist for the original parent. She now sees the psychotherapist as fulfilling a role in her script. But she experiences him as doing so in a more benign way than the actual parent did.
The client may experience considerable relief from child fears and anxieties now that she has this more benevolent parent to relate to.
Based on TIP 57: Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services|SAMHSA A single counseling CEU course is available at https://www.allceus.com/member/cart/index/product/id/392/c/ or the complete Trauma Informed Care Training Certificate are available at https://www.allceus.com/member
Abuse:
The maltreatment of one person by another.
Battering:
A pattern of coercive control founded on and supported by physical and/or sexual violence or threat of violence of an intimate partner.
Neglect:
Physical neglect of a child includes refusal of or delay in seeking health care, abandonment, expulsion from
the home or refusal to allow a runaway to return home, and inadequate supervision.
Emotional neglect refers to a chronic failure by the parent or caretaker to provide the child with the hope, love, and support necessary for the development of a sound, healthy personality.
Incest:
The occurrence of sexual contacts or interaction between, or sexual exploitation of, close relatives, or between participants who are related to each other by a kinship bond that is regarded as a prohibition to sexual relations (e.g., caretakers, stepparents, stepsiblings) (Sadock & Sadock, 2007).
Rape:
The expression of power and dominance by means of sexual violence, most commonly by men over women, although men may also be rape victims.
What is Sexual Addiction? Sex Addiction is a pathological relationship with a mood-altering experience. This presentation will cover the types of sex addiction, the levels and many other aspects.
1
2
In earlier times, family violence was largely invisible. In recent In earlier times, family violence was largely invisible. In recent
decades there has been more recognition of the problems and study
of the causes and consequences. Nevertheless, family violence
remains hidden much of the time. The fact that it is hidden reflects the
fact that vulnerable populations do not have the ability to expose the
perpetrator or access effective help from the larger society.
3
As a form of direct violence, family violence involves deliberate injury to the
4
integrity of human life. This injury can be physical and/or psychological.
•Family violence can include restrictions on the activities, and even the
thoughts, of the victims, and actual physical constraints.
•Brutality includes battering and other forms of maltreatment, torture, rape,
etc.
•Homicide involve the illegal taking of a life.
•American society and other industrialized societies are patriarchal. In fact
patriarchy has been the norm for most societies. In earlier societies, the
patriarchal head of the household had tremendous power over the other
members of the family. For example, in British Common Law and in the
American colonies there was a “rule of thumb” which stated that a man could
not beat his wife with a stick whose circumference was larger than that of his
thumb. In fact, homicide was often an option and/or a reality. The
persistence of such practices as “honor killings” and female genital
mutilation reflect the persistence of this level of patriarchy in some societies
and families.
•Power implies inequality. To the extent that power and control form a part
of the self-concept of the head of the household or the breadwinner, we see
a tendency for that power to be abused, especially when the abuser feels
inadequate or when their power is threatened.
•Unequal power relationships reflect the norms and values of a society.
Ideas about the appropriate roles to play and the behaviors associated with
these roles result in the creation and perpetuation of relative powerlessness
in certain categories of the population. In addition, the victimization of such
categories tends to be invisible because they have little or not recourse
against the abusive behavior of the dominant member(s) of the family.
5
This abuse of power and control and the invisibility associated with it create
several particularly vulnerable populations, categories of people. Children several particularly vulnerable populations, categories of people. Children
are, of course, the most vulnerable. Human beings remain dependent upon
their caretakers for many years after their birth. They must have their
physical needs met and learn the skills necessary to function in human
society. They rely upon their caretakers to teach them the skills necessary
to form an identity and to define and explain the world around them. Social
s.
The National Institute of Mental Health (USA) defines childhood trauma as; “The experience of an event by a child that is emotionally painful or distressful, which often results in lasting mental and physical effects.” However with the right support it is possible to recover even from extreme early trauma.
This phenomenon has little content in professional literature and on the internet, especially bullying by the female spouse. Domestic bullying occurs when a spouse engages in frequent criticism, threats, insults, emotional manipulation, demeaning language or bouts of anger, and is a major problem resulting in family and marriage breakdown, depression, homicide, suicide, addiction, homelessness, criminality and mental distress leading to cycles of abuse for the adult children of family bullying.
iCAAD London 2019 - Dr Stefanie Carnes - COMPLEX TRAUMA IN WOMEN WITH COMPULS...iCAADEvents
Complex Trauma in Women with Compulsive and Addictive Sexual Behaviour Often compulsive and addictive behaviour is thought of as a male problem, however, more and more women are coming forward struggling with the behaviour.
Complex PTSD and Moral Injury - Lane Cook and Herb Piercy.pptxLaneCook2
Presented at the 25th annual Fall Psychiatric Symposium, Knoxville, TN - review of C-PTSD and Moral Injury, overlap. Reviews history, references, psychotherapy, medications. For therapists, psychiatrists and people working with veterans.
Child abuse is estimated to affect one in four homes. Due to cultural
stigmas, many do not get reported, yet the effect of child sex abuse to
victims and survivors is so devastating, they kept it to themselves and
many times they bring to their grave without being healed or being
whole in their lifetime. This presentation intends to answer key
questions related to child sex abuse, and its consequence prevention
and treatment. It also intends to take a look at the child sex abuser and
the occasional presence of co-dependents, who make perpetrators
bolder in their acts.
Neuropsychotherapy: Toward Developing an Unified Transtheoretical Model of Ch...Daryush Parvinbenam
By: Daryush Parvinbenam, M.Ed., M.A., LPCC/S
Roots of Resiliency and Emotional Wellness - "Emotional wellness is rooted in different layers of connection and integration. These layers are interactive and multi-directional in adults. These connections occur on Neurobiological system, Intrapersonal/personality system, Interpersonal/relational system, Spiritual/system of meaning."
Treatment Issues and Relational Strategies for Working with Complex PTSD and ...Daryush Parvinbenam
By: Daryush Parvinbenam M.A., M.Ed., LPCC-S, LICDC
Prevalence of Childhood Trauma: "50-60% of women seeking health services have experienced childhood sexual abuse. Up to 75% of women seeking mental health services has experienced childhood sexual abuse. Children of mothers who were sexually abused are twice as likely to experience childhood sexual abuse."
By: Daryush Parvinbenam M.A., M.Ed., LPCC-S, LICDC
Core of Trauma: "Despite the human capacity to survive and adapt, traumatic experiences can alter people's psychological, biological, and social equilibrium to such a degree that the memory of one particular event comes to taint all other experiences, spoiling appreciation of the present."
Experience Affects Brain Development
- Childhood is a time for learning (languages, music, motor skills most easily acquired)
- Number of synapses increases dramatically after birth
- Environment stimulated neuronal activity is critical for the elaboration of synaptic territories and "proper" connections
Alternative Therapies of Trauma By: Daryush Parvinbenam, LPCC-SDaryush Parvinbenam
The Hallmark of complex trauma is disconnection:
- neurobiological/psychological systems
- personality/self system
- relational system
- spiritual system
"Dissociation" is a key symptom of complex trauma or DESNOS
Meditation as Medication Mastering the Art of Mindfulness (Long Version)Daryush Parvinbenam
Meditation as Medication Mastering the Art of Mindfulness (Long Version)
By: Daryush Parvinbenam M.Ed., M.A., LPCCS, LICDC
Appleseed Community Mental Health Center
R.S.V.P Conference
Sept 29, 2010
Mental Training & Mastering the Art of Mindfulness (Short Version)Daryush Parvinbenam
Mental Training & Mastering the Art of Mindfulness (Short Version)
By: Daryush Parvinbenam M.Ed., M.A., LPCCS, LICDC
South Community, Inc.
Feb 20, 2013
Counseling Strategies Action & Maintenance
By: Linda L. Barclay PH.D. LPCC/S LICDC
CHD 635
Chemical Dependency
"Recovery from addictions requires lifestyle changes"
"Recovery from addictions requires developing and working with relapse prevention or maintenance plans."
Mental Training & Mastering the Art of Mindfulness
By: Daryush Parvinbenam M.Ed, M.A., LPCCS, LICDC
South Community, Inc.
Feb 20, 2013
"This human being is a guest house. Every morning a new arrival. Still, treat each guest honourably. He may be clearing you out for some new delight."
Meditation as Medication Mastering the Art of Mindfulness
By: Daryush Parvinbenam M. Ed, M.A, LPCCS
R.S.V.P Conference September 29, 2010
- This presentation does not suggest mindfulness practices should immediately replace current medication.
- A holistic model of treatment, as opposed to the current medical model, should be considered.
- Medication issues should be negotiated with the prescribing physician prior to discontinuation or change of medication.
- At least initially, in many cases, the combination of medication and alternative therapies seems to be the best possible option toward recovery for many people.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. History
• During the formative years of contemporary
psychiatry much attention was paid to the
continuing role of past traumatic experiences on
the current lives of people.
• Janet showed how traumatized individuals
become fixated on the trauma: difficulties in
assimilating subsequent experiences as well. It is
"as if their personality development has stopped
at a certain point and cannot expand anymore by
the addition or assimilation of new elements”.
3. History
• Many traumatized people expose themselves,
seemingly compulsively, to situations reminiscent
of the original trauma. These behavioral
reenactments are rarely consciously understood
to be related to earlier life experiences.
• Children seem more vulnerable than adults to
compulsive behavioral repetition and loss of
conscious memory of the trauma.
4. Harm to Others
• Harm to Others
– Criminals have often been physically or sexually abused as
children.
– In a study of 14 juveniles condemned to death for murder in the United
States in 1987, 12 had been brutally physically abused, and five had
been sodomized by relatives.
– In a study of self-mutilating male criminals, researchers concluded that
"the constellation of withdrawal, depressive reaction, hyper reactivity,
stimulus seeking behavior, impaired pain perception, and violent
aggressive behavior directed at self or others may be the consequence
of having been reared under conditions of maternal social deprivation.
This constellation of symptoms is a common phenomenon among a
member of environmentally deprived animals."
5. Self-destructiveness
• Self-destructiveness
– Self-destructive acts are common in abused children.
– Green found that 41 per cent of his sample of abused
children engaged in head banging, biting, burning, and
cutting.
– In a study by Van der Kolk (1989) highly significant
relationship between childhood sexual abuse and
various kinds of self harm later in life, particularly
cutting and self-starving.
6. Self-destructiveness
• Several studies have concluded, self
destructive activities were not primarily
related to conflict, guilt and superego
pressure, but to more primitive behavior
patterns originating in painful encounters
with hostile caretakers during the first
years of life.
7. Revictimization
• Revictimization
– Revictimization is a consistent finding. Victims of rape
are more likely to be raped and women who were
physically or sexually abused as children are more likely
to be abused as adults.
– Victims of child sexual abuse are at high risk of
becoming prostitutes.
– Russell (1986) in a very careful study of the effects of
incest on the life of women, found that:
8. Revictimization
• History of physical violence in women's’
marriages seems to have some association
with sexual advances by an unrelated
authority figure such as a teacher,
clergyman, or therapist.
• Victims of father-daughter incest were four
times more likely than non-incest victims to
be asked to pose for pornography.
9. SEX DIFFERENCES
• SEX DIFFERENCES
– The frequency with which abused children
repeat aggressive interactions has suggested a
link between the compulsion to repeat and
identification with the aggressor, this
identification may replaces fear and
helplessness with a sense of omnipotence.
– There are significant sex differences in the way
trauma victims incorporate the abuse
experience.
10. SEX DIFFERENCES
– Abused men and boys tend to identify with the aggressor
and later victimize others where as abused women are
prone to become attached to abusive men who allow
themselves and their offspring to be victimized further.
– Assuming responsibility for the abuse allows feelings of
helplessness to be replaced with an illusion of control.
– Ironically, victims of rape who blame themselves have a
better prognosis than those who do not assume this
false responsibility: it allows the locus of control to
remain internal and prevent helplessness.
11. SEX DIFFERENCES
Anger directed against the self or others is
always a central problem in the life of people
who have been violated. This 'acting out' is
seldom understood by either victims or
clinicians as being a repetitive re-enactment
of real events from the past.
12. INCREASED ATTACHMENT IN THE
FACE OF DANGER
• INCREASED ATTACHMENT IN THE FACE OF
DANGER
– People in general, and children in particular, seek
increased attachment in the face of external danger.
– When there is no access to ordinary sources of comfort,
people may turn toward their tormentors.
• Adults as well as children may develop strong emotional
ties with people who intermittently harass, beat, and
threaten them.
13. INCREASED ATTACHMENT IN THE
FACE OF DANGER
• Hostages have put up bail for their captors,
expressed a wish to marry them, or had
sexual relations with them.
• abused children often cling to their parents
and resist being removed from the home.
• inmates of Nazi prison camps sometimes
imitated their captors by sewing together
clothing to copy SS uniforms.
14. INCREASED ATTACHMENT IN THE
FACE OF DANGER
• Walker, Button and Painter have noted that
the bond between batter and victim in
abusive marriages resembles the bond
between captor and hostage or cult leader
and follower. Social workers, police, and
legal personnel are constantly frustrated by
the strength of this bond.
15. INCREASED ATTACHMENT IN THE
FACE OF DANGER
– During the abuse, victims tend to dissociate emotionally
with a sense of disbelief that the incident is really
happening.
– This is followed by the typical post traumatic response of
numbing and constriction, resulting in inactivity,
depression, self-blame, and feelings of helplessness.
– tension gradually builds (during phase one), an
explosive battering incident occurs (during phase two),
and a calm, loving respite follows phase three).
16. INCREASED ATTACHMENT IN THE
FACE OF DANGER
– The violence allows intense emotional
engagement and dramatic scenes of
forgiveness, reconciliation, and physical
contact that restores the fantasy of fusion and
symbiosis.
– There are two powerful sources of
reinforcement: the "arousal-jag" or excitement
before the violence and the peace of surrender
afterwards, Both of these responses, placed at
appropriate intervals, reinforce the traumatic
bond between victim and abuser.
17. VULNERABILITY TO DEVELOP
TRAUMATIC BONDING
• VULNERABILITY TO DEVELOP TRAUMATIC
BONDING
– Non-human primates subjected to early abuse
and deprivation also are more likely to engage
in violent relationships with their peers as
adults.
– People who are exposed early to violence or
neglect come to expect it as a way of life.
18. VULNERABILITY TO DEVELOP
TRAUMATIC BONDING
• As adults they hope to undo the past by love,
competency, and exemplary behavior . When
they fail they are likely to make sense out of this
situation by blaming themselves.
• When they have little experience with nonviolent
resolution of differences, partners in
relationships alternate between an expectation
of perfect behavior leading to perfect harmony
and a state of helplessness, in which all verbal
communication seems futile.
19. BEHAVIORAL RE-ENACTMENT
– A return to earlier coping mechanisms, such
as self-blame, numbing (by means of
emotional withdrawal or drugs or alcohol),
and physical violence sets the stage for a
repetition of the childhood trauma and "return
of the repressed.