This document is the table of contents for a textbook on transmission and distribution of electric power. It lists 10 chapters that will cover topics like introduction to power systems, transmission systems, transmission line characteristics, transmission line representations, transmission line constants, transmission line compensation, power distribution systems, primary and secondary distribution, losses in distribution systems, and distribution network topologies. The textbook is authored by Dr. Ramadoni Syahputra and published by LP3M UMY in Yogyakarta, Indonesia in 2017.

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i
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
POWER
DR. RAMADONI syahputra
Publisher LP3M UMY

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TEXTBOOKS
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY
Author: Dr. Ramadoni Syahputra Editor:
Dr. Beautiful Soesanti @ 2017 LP3M UMY
Yogyakarta
Copyright Reserved Originally published by
Publisher LP3M UMY Yogyakarta in March
2017
members IKAPI
It is strictly forbidden to translate, copy, or reproduce part or all of the contents of this book
without the written permission of the publisher.
Printed by Printing CV Kaliwangi
LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA NUMBER 19 OF
2002 ON COPYRIGHT Article 72:
1. Whoever deliberately and without rights commits acts1. Whoever deliberately and without rights commits acts
as referred to in Article 2 paragraph (1) or Article 49 paragraph (1) and (2) shall be
punished with imprisonment of at least 1 (one) month and / or a fine of US $ 1,000,000.00
(one million rupiah), or imprisonment for a period of 7 (seven) years and / or a fine of Rp
5,000,000,000.00 (five billion rupiah).
2. Whoever deliberately broadcast, exhibit, distribute,2. Whoever deliberately broadcast, exhibit, distribute,
or selling to the public a work or goods infringing copyright or related rights referred to in
paragraph (1) shall be punished with imprisonment of 5 (five) years and / or a fine of Rp
500,000,000.00 (five hundred million rupiah ).

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iii
Preface
Bismillaahirrahmaanirrahiim
Thank God the author prayed to Almighty to GOD for all His mercy and
grace so that I can finish a book manuscript entitled "Textbook of Transmission
and Distribution of Electric Power". With textbook writing is expected to help
readers, especially students of the Electrical Engineering Department to better
know and understand the concept of transmission systems and power
distribution. Textbooks can be used by students and professors in particular the
concentration of Electrical Engineering Program Electrical Power Systems as the
main reference for the course Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power.
Textbooks can also be used as an additional reference to spy lectures related to
the electric power system such as Introduction to Electric Power System, System
Power Supplies, Power System Protection,
Completion of this textbook can not be separated from some of the
parties who have helped. Therefore, along with the writer thanked profusely to:
1. Dr. Ir. H. Gunawan Budiyanto, MP, rector1. Dr. Ir. H. Gunawan Budiyanto, MP, rector
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta,
2. Jazaul Ikhsan, ST., MT., Ph.D., Dean of the Faculty2. Jazaul Ikhsan, ST., MT., Ph.D., Dean of the Faculty
Mechanical UMY
3. Ir. Agus Jamal, M. Eng., As Chairman of the Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering in St. Louis,
4. Budi Nugroho, S. Sos., As the Head of the Publishing Division LP3M4. Budi Nugroho, S. Sos., As the Head of the Publishing Division LP3M
UMY who have helped so ISBN of the book can be obtained,
5. The entire faculty, staff, and students of Department of5. The entire faculty, staff, and students of Department of
Faculty of Electrical Engineering in St. Louis, which has a lot of help and
provide feedback to the author and in carrying out the tasks entrusted to
the author,
6. Beloved wife Dr. Beautiful Soesanti, ST, MT, which has a lot of help and
provide feedback which is very useful in the resolution of this textbook,

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7. Mother who always pray for the author and father (late), and
8. All those who have helped that can not be8. All those who have helped that can not be
mentioned one by one.
Hopefully semuaya recorded as charity righteous who
get a reply in this world and hereafter.
The author realizes that this textbook is still far from perfect. For that all
criticism and constructive suggestions will be authors accept gracefully. Finally,
this text may be useful in the learning process, especially in Electrical
Engineering Program at concentrations of Electric Power System.
Yogyakarta, March 2017
Author,
Dr. Ramadoni Syahputra

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ........................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................... v
1. INTRODUCTION POWER SYSTEM ............ ......... 1
1.1. preliminary1.1. preliminary ........................... 1
1.2. Electricity System Components .... ............ 81.2. Electricity System Components .... ............ 8
2. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 13
2.1. preliminary2.1. preliminary ........................... 13
2.2. Classification of Transmission Line ........................... 152.2. Classification of Transmission Line ........................... 15
2.3. Voltage Transmission Line ........................... 162.3. Voltage Transmission Line ........................... 16
2.4. Main Components Transmission Line .... ............ 182.4. Main Components Transmission Line .... ............ 18
2.4.1. Transmission tower ........................... 18
2.4.2. Insulator ........................... 18
2.4.3. Conductor wire ........................... 19
2.4.4. Soil wire ........................... 20
3. CHARACTERISTICS ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION LINES 21
3.1. resistance ........................... 22
3.2. The series inductance and reactance Inductive Single
Phase ........................... 26
3.2.1. Magnetic flux on a Wire
Conductor Long ........................... 26
3.2.2. The scope of the Wire Flux Position Feedback Adjacent
............... .. ......... 28
3.2.3.1 Inductance Self ............ .. ............ 31
3.2.3.2 Channel Usage Table for Constants
............ .. ............ 34
3.3. Geometric Mean Radius (GMR) and Geometric
Mean Distance (GMD) ......... .. ... 35

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3.3.1. Geometric Mean Radius (GMR) ............... 35
3.3.2. Geometric Mean Distance (GMD) ............... 36
3.4. Capacitance and capacitive reactance circuit Single
Phase ........................... 37
3.4.1. capacitance ........................... 38
3.4.2. Capacitive reactance ........................... 40
4. REPRESENTATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES .................. 43
4.1. preliminary ........................... 43
4.2. Classification of Transmission Line ........................... 46
4.2.1. Classification for Purposes Diagram Transmission Line
Replacement ......... .. ....... 46
4.2.2. Classification According Working Voltage Transmission
Line ............. ............... 47
4.2.3. Function Classification Based Transmission Line in
Operation ............ .. .... 48
4.3. Substitute Diagram Transmission Line .... ............ ... 48
4.3.1. Transmission Line Distance Short .................. 48
4.3.2. Medium Range Transmission Line ,, ...... 50
4.3.2.1. nominal T ............................ 50
4.3.2.2. Nominal •4.3.2.2. Nominal • ........................... 51
4.3.3 Channel Transmission Distance Long .................. 56
5. GENERAL constants TRANSMISSION LINES
........................... 61
5.1. Four pole circuit ........................... 61
5.2. Four Pole Transmission Line As ............... 63
5.2.1. Transmission Line Distance Short .................. 635.2.1. Transmission Line Distance Short .................. 63
5.2.2. Medium Range Transmission Line ...... 64
5.2.2.1 Nominal T ........................... 64
5.2.2.2 Nominal •5.2.2.2 Nominal • ........................... 65
5.2.3. Long Distance Transmission Line .................. 67
6. COMPENSATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE ...... 69

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vii
6.1. preliminary ........................... 69
6.2. Compensation With Shunt Reactors ..................... 73
6.3. With Series Compensation Capacitor ..................... 80
7. POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM .................. 83
7.1. preliminary .................. 83
7.2 Subtransmisi .................. 86
7.3. Distribution Substation .................. 89
8. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ......... 95
8.1. Primary Distribution System ........................... 95
8.2. Secondary Distribution System ........................... 100
8.3. Distribution transformer ........................... 103
8.3.1. Distribution Transformer construction ................... 103
8.3.2. type Transformer ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 107
9. INCOME-LOSS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND BUSINESS minimize
........................... 111
9.1. preliminary ........................... 111
9.2. Reconfiguration of Distribution Network ........................ 112
9.3. Distribution Network Reconfiguration Method Using
Fuzzy-Multiobjective ........................... 115
10. DISTRIBUTION NETWORK TOPOLOGY ...... .. ......... 129
10.1. Radial Distribution Network System ... .. ............ 130
10.2. Loop Distribution Network System ... .. ............ 132
10.3. Spindel Distribution Network System ... .. ............ 132
10.4. Short circuit ... .. ............. ......... 135
10.5. Short-circuit Disorders Impact on Distribution Network
... .. ............. ......... 137
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................ 141
GLOSSARY ........................ 143

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nomenclature
Q DGQ DG DG reactive power
P lossP loss The objective function of active power losses
i Number of branch distribution net
j Total net distribution bus
P jP j Active power through to-bus j Q jActive power through to-bus j Q jActive power through to-bus j Q j
Active power through to-bus jn bActive power through to-bus jn bActive power through to-bus jn b
number of branches
R jR j Resistance at to-bus j V jResistance at to-bus j V jResistance at to-bus j V j
The magnitude of the voltage on the to-bus j V j, minThe magnitude of the voltage on the to-bus j V j, minThe magnitude of the voltage on the to-bus j V j, min
The magnitude of the lowest voltage to-bus j V j, maxThe magnitude of the lowest voltage to-bus j V j, maxThe magnitude of the lowest voltage to-bus j V j, max
The magnitude of the highest voltage on the to-bus j I j, minThe magnitude of the highest voltage on the to-bus j I j, minThe magnitude of the highest voltage on the to-bus j I j, min
Limit magnitude to-lowest current on bus j I j, maxLimit magnitude to-lowest current on bus j I j, maxLimit magnitude to-lowest current on bus j I j, max
The highest current magnitude limit to-bus j P lossThe highest current magnitude limit to-bus j P lossThe highest current magnitude limit to-bus j P loss
Active power losses
P jP j Active power losses out of the bus j Q jActive power losses out of the bus j Q jActive power losses out of the bus j Q j
Reactive power losses out of the bus j R iReactive power losses out of the bus j R iReactive power losses out of the bus j R i
Resistance to the bus j V jResistance to the bus j V jResistance to the bus j V j
The magnitude of the voltage on the bus j N iThe magnitude of the voltage on the bus j N iThe magnitude of the voltage on the bus j N i
The total number of branches at a time switches all i closedThe total number of branches at a time switches all i closedThe total number of branches at a time switches all i closed
P loss, iP loss, i Total active power losses when the i-th branch opened
P loss, BP loss, B Total active power losses pre reconfiguration
N BN B The total number of buses of the distribution system
V sV s Voltage Substation, in pu
V jV j Bus voltage, in pu | I i, m |Bus voltage, in pu | I i, m |Bus voltage, in pu | I i, m |
The magnitude of the voltage when the branch-m-th order opened
I c, mI c, m -m branch channel capacity.
V kV k To-bus voltage iteration k Y jkTo-bus voltage iteration k Y jkTo-bus voltage iteration k Y jk
Admittance to-bus iteration kAdmittance to-bus iteration k

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PART I
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION POWER SYSTEMS
General Instructional Objectives:
Providing insight and analytical review of the transmission and distribution
electric power with the development and
technology in electric power systems.
Specific Instructional Objectives:
1. Provide an introductory knowledge of power systems1. Provide an introductory knowledge of power systems
electricity.
2. provides knowledge2. provides knowledge about condition electrical
national.
3. Providing knowledge of power system components3. Providing knowledge of power system components
electricity.
4. Providing basic knowledge of power system analysis4. Providing basic knowledge of power system analysis
electricity.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Based on statistical data of PT PLN (Persero) in 2013,
the achievement of the entire Indonesian electrification ratio reached 78.06
% In 2013. This ratio With the growth in number of subscribers
household of 46.21978 million subscribers at the end of 2012
be 50,116,127 subscribers at the end of 2013. Furthermore,
at the end of December 2013, the total installed capacity and number of units
PLN's power plants reached 34 206 MW and 4,925 units, with

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26 768 MW (78.26%) in Java. The total installed capacity
increased by 3.96% compared to the end of December 2012.
Percentage of installed capacity per type of plant as follows:
15 554 MW power plant (45.47%), 8814 MW Combined Cycle Power Plant (25.77%), diesel
2,848 MW (8.33%), 3,520 MW hydro power plant (10:29%), 2,894 MW power plant
(8.46%), 568 MW geothermal power plant (1.67%), PLT and PLT Bayu Surya 8.37
MW (0.02%). The peak load in 2013 reached 30 834 MW,
increased by 6.76% over the previous year. The peak load
interconnection system Java - Bali reached 22 575 MW, or up
6.30% from the previous year.
Technology development and utilization of energy has
plays an important role in the social and economic aspects
small to large scale, from household to national level
and internationally. However, with energy issues do not stand alone,
because it is always associated with environmental issues and impacts
crop. Until now, the countries in the world still depends
to fossil fuels to generate electricity, particularly
fuel oil and coal. In addition to environmental issues
caused by power generation with fossil fuels, as well
availability problems. Fossil fuels are the type of source
non-renewable energy ( non-renewable energy), so slownon-renewable energy ( non-renewable energy), so slownon-renewable energy ( non-renewable energy), so slow
gradually dwindling supplies and resulted in the tendency
prices are higher. Because the energy problems with substance
the longer the fossil fuels raises difficult issues,
then the experts from various countries have done terobosan-
a new breakthrough by intensifying management of energy resources

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renewable energy to generate electricity, including energy
water, wind, solar, ocean waves, biomass, and others.
At the beginning of its development, the technology of the electric energy
Renewable energy sources are still partial. Good energy water,
wind, solar, ocean waves, biomass, and others are still designed-
wake up to generate electricity in order to address the issues
electricity shortages in certain areas only. generation capacity
electrical energy also varies from small size to cover a few
tens of watts to medium size, ie up to mega watts. Will
However, subsequent developments since the beginning of the 21st century has been
many efforts through studies
Comprehensive about how to integrate pembangkit-
renewable energy power plants with power grids
already available ( interconnection system). Integration plantsalready available ( interconnection system). Integration plantsalready available ( interconnection system). Integration plants
renewable energy power with these interconnected electrical network
known as distributed generation ( distributedknown as distributed generation ( distributed
generation, DG). Figure 1.1 shows the basic structure of the systemgeneration, DG). Figure 1.1 shows the basic structure of the system
electricity.

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Figure 1.1 The basic structure of the electric power system
Today DG has become an important part of the system
electricity. During these power plants large scale
derived from steam power plant (power plant), plants
nuclear power plant (NPP), hydroelectric power plant (HEPP)
and others, are located in a particular place which is often called
with centralized power plants ( Centralized generation). Withwith centralized power plants ( Centralized generation). Withwith centralized power plants ( Centralized generation). With
Thus the presence of DG make an important contribution in order
assist the government to provide electricity for the community.
Term distributed generation actually is not something new,Term distributed generation actually is not something new,Term distributed generation actually is not something new,
because the current electrical grid interconnection system is basically
is a system that is distributed generation. Howeveris a system that is distributed generation. Howeveris a system that is distributed generation. However
term distributed generation have emerged recently due to moreterm distributed generation have emerged recently due to moreterm distributed generation have emerged recently due to more
attached to the power generation capacity is relatively more
small is generally derived from renewable energy sources to

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interconnected with existing power networks where
has been supplied by a large-capacity power plants. Picture
DG 1.2 shows an important part of power system
electricity, while Figure 1.3 shows the plant concept
centralized electricity ( centralized generation) and power generationcentralized electricity ( centralized generation) and power generationcentralized electricity ( centralized generation) and power generation
spread ( distributed generation).spread ( distributed generation).
Figure 1.2 DG becomes an important part in electric power systems

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(A)
(B)
Figure 1.3 (a) The concept of centralized power plants ( centralized generation) and (b)Figure 1.3 (a) The concept of centralized power plants ( centralized generation) and (b)Figure 1.3 (a) The concept of centralized power plants ( centralized generation) and (b)
The concept of distributed generation ( distributedThe concept of distributed generation ( distributed
generation)

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Efforts to integrate the various plants energy
renewable into the interconnection network is not a problem
simple. An example is a solar power plant
( solar cell). The electrical energy produced by power plants( solar cell). The electrical energy produced by power plants( solar cell). The electrical energy produced by power plants
solar is in the form of direct current ( direct current, dc). tensionsolar is in the form of direct current ( direct current, dc). tensionsolar is in the form of direct current ( direct current, dc). tension
dc electricity generated also varies, besides depending on the
the number of solar cells are mounted, also depends on the intensity
sunlight that reaches it. First of all electric voltage dc
The resulting solar cells must be raised voltage using
dc converters, because the interconnected power grid voltage level
generally much higher. Furthermore dc voltage that has
The elevated converted into an alternating electric voltage on
frequency equal to the system frequency (50 or 60 Hz),
using the inverter. Likewise for this type of power plant
Another that has unique characteristics, such as power plants
wind power generating turbine rotation that vary widely
from time to time during the day, because the wind speed
fickle. For this purpose it is necessary to the system
Reliable control so that the low round of the wind turbines and
change can turn a generator with a high round
and stable. Issues such as this is what the author considers
Interesting to raised and discussed in this book, and of course
how overcoming based on the results of research
from experts in the world of research results can be read
in international journals of high repute.

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1.2 POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
One of the most economical, easy and safe to
sending energy is through a form of electrical energy. Electrical energy
can be continuously transmitted from one place to another
distance apart in a power system. power system
electricity is a collection of components or tools
electricity such as generators, transformers, transmission line, channel
distribution, and load, which is linked and form
system.
Electric power industry began in 1882 when
The first electric power plant named Pearl Street
Elestric Station began operating in the city of New York, United States.
Furthermore, the electric power industry is very rapid development, and
generating stations and transmission and distribution networks
have sprung up in various countries.
Electrical energy is the energy which is very beneficial.
Can not be denied that humans today are
such a large level of dependence on electrical energy.
So that the electric energy for the needs of human life today
is almost "equal" with oxygen. Even a measure of progress
a country can be measured by the level of consumption of electrical energy.
For example, the United States is a country as
highly developed countries in 2000 had the capacity
total installed power generation of about 1200 GW or 1.2 x 10 12total installed power generation of about 1200 GW or 1.2 x 10 12total installed power generation of about 1200 GW or 1.2 x 10 12total installed power generation of about 1200 GW or 1.2 x 10 12
Watt. Can be compared to our beloved country, Indonesia,
which is still a developing country by the end of 2004

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for the Java-Bali system has installed generating capacity
about 20 GW of electricity. Consumers of electricity in Indonesia is largely
in Java-Bali, so most of its power plants
concentrated in Java and Bali.
In general, the definition of the electric power system includes system
generation, transmission systems, and distribution systems, which are
outline shown in Figure 1.4. This latter system
distribution when viewed from a national scale, is approximately equal to
generation facility investment costs. The distribution system collectively
together with the generation system based on the experience usually
cost of investment of up to 80% of the total investment
issued to the power system.
Cycle flow of electrical energy in the power system can
described as follows. At the plant, the resource
primary energy such as fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and
coal), hydro, geothermal, and nuclear energy is converted into electrical energy.
Synchronous Generators transform mechanical energy produced in
the turbine shaft into electrical energy of three phases. through transformer
step up, electrical energy is then sent through a channelstep up, electrical energy is then sent through a channel
high-voltage transmission to the load centers.

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Figure 1.4. The main components of the power system.
Increasing the voltage is intended to reduce the number of
current flowing on the transmission line. Thus the channel
high-voltage transmission will carry a low current flow
and means to reduce heat loss ( heat loss) I 2 R that accompanies it.and means to reduce heat loss ( heat loss) I 2 R that accompanies it.and means to reduce heat loss ( heat loss) I 2 R that accompanies it.and means to reduce heat loss ( heat loss) I 2 R that accompanies it.and means to reduce heat loss ( heat loss) I 2 R that accompanies it.
When the transmission line reaches the center of the load, the voltage
back downgraded to medium voltage through
transformer step-down. In the centers of the connected loadtransformer step-down. In the centers of the connected loadtransformer step-down. In the centers of the connected load
by channel of distribution, electrical energy is converted into form-
unused forms of energy such as mechanical energy (motor),
lighting, heating, cooling, and so on.
Energy electricity is a form of energy that is very
helpful. The progress of a country can be measured by
electrical energy consumption in the country. Electrical energy is
a form of energy that is "fun", because it can easily

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channeled and converted into various other forms of energy.
The electrical energy generated in the centers of power plant
electric power such as generators hydroelectric power (hydropower),
steam power plant (power plant), a gas power plant
(Power plant), nuclear power plant (NPP), and others.
The centers of power plants are generally far from the area-
areas where electrical energy is used, which is referred to as
load centers ( load centers). Therefore, the electrical energyload centers ( load centers). Therefore, the electrical energyload centers ( load centers). Therefore, the electrical energy
generated are channeled through a transmission line. Because
The resulting voltage generator is generally relatively low (ranging
6 kV to 24 kV), the voltage is usually raised by
power transformers assistance to a higher voltage level
between 30 kV and 500 kV (in some developed countries even
up to 1000 kV).
Level a higher voltage This in addition to
enlarge the channel conductivity is directly proportional to
square of the voltage, as well as to minimize power losses and falling
the voltage on the channel. With the heightening tension, then the resulting
Another problem is an isolation level should be higher,
thus the equipment cost is also higher.
The voltage drop of the transmission voltage level first-
all done in substations (GI), where the voltage is lowered to
for example a lower voltage of 500 kV to 150 kV, or of
150 kV to 70 kV, and so on. Then the second drop
done in distribution substations of 150 kV to 20 kV or 70
kV to 20 kV. Voltage of 20 kV is called a primary distribution voltage.

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Exercise:
1. Describe and explain the basic components of electric power systems
and describe their functions.
2. Explain the importance of energy for mankind today.
3. The progress of a country can be measured by the level of energy consumption
electricity. Analyze whether the statement be accepted.
Prove it with data on the consumption of electric energy
many countries, both developed and developing countries.
The data can be obtained from various sources, for example journals
scientific, magazines, or the Internet.

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129
CHAPTER X
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK TOPOLOGY
General Instructional Objectives:
Providing insight and analytical review of the transmission and distribution
electric power with the development and
technology in electric power systems.
Specific Instructional Objectives:
1. Provide an introductory knowledge of the network topology1. Provide an introductory knowledge of the network topology
electrical power distribution.
2. Provide knowledge about the distribution network system2. Provide knowledge about the distribution network system
electricity.
3. Provide knowledge about the distribution network system3. Provide knowledge about the distribution network system
loop.
4. Provide knowledge about the distribution network system4. Provide knowledge about the distribution network system
spindle.
5. Provide knowledge about the impact of circuit faults5. Provide knowledge about the impact of circuit faults
A short in the distribution network.
The classification of distribution network based on network layout
to the position of distribution substations can be divided into two (2) types:
• The primary distribution network (distribution network tension
intermediate).
• Secondary distribution network (voltage distribution network
low).

24. 130
The primary distribution network (JDTM) is a network
which is located before the distribution function of channeling the energy substation
medium voltage power (for example, 6 kV or 20 kV) .hantaran
soil can be either wired or channel / wire air
connecting substations (transformer secondary) with a distribution substation
or substation circuit (primary side of the transformer didtribusi).
Secondary distribution network (JDTR) is a
network that is located after the function channel distribution substation
bertagangan low power (eg, 220 V / 380 V). conductivity
in the form of ground cables or wires connecting the air from the substation
distribution (distribution transformer secondary side) to the consumer or
users (eg industrial or home - home).
As for the distribution substation itself is somewhere /
means, where there is a step-down transformer that is transformer
which lowers the voltage of medium voltage menajdi
low voltage (according to customer needs).
Based on the network configuration, the network system
distribution can be grouped into three (3) types, namely system
radial distribution networks, loops and spindles.
10.1 Radial Distribution Network System
The shape of this network is the simplest form,
widely used and inexpensive. Named radial for this channel

25. 131
131
withdrawn radially from a point which is sumberdari
and branched network - cabangkan to the point - the point of load
served, as shown in Figure 10.1.
Figure 10.1. Radial Distribution Network
The power supply comes from a single point source and for their
Bifurcation - the ramification, the load current flowing
along the channel becomes the same so that the cross-sectional area
conductor on the network this radial shape is not the same size
so broad penampamg conductor on the network this radial shape
size is not the same because most current flows in
tissue closest to the substation. so that the channel
closest to the substation is the size of its section
relatively large and branch channels - branches growing to end with
a smaller load current conductor has a size more
too small. Specifications of the radial shape network are:
a. The form is simple.a. The form is simple.
b. Cheap inverstasinya costs.b. Cheap inverstasinya costs.

26. 132
c. Its service quality is relatively bad, because the voltage lossc. Its service quality is relatively bad, because the voltage loss
and the power loss that occurs in relatively large channel.
d. Continuity of service is not guaranteed because power between pointsd. Continuity of service is not guaranteed because power between points
source and load point there is only one alternative channel
so that when the channel experienced a total blackout,
namely the channel region after or behind the point of interruption
during the disturbance has not been resolved.
To localize the radial interference on the form is usually
equipped with safety equipment, its function is to limit
who suffered a total blackout area, the area of ​​the channel
after or behind the point of interruption during the interruption yet
resolved.
10.2 The Loop Distribution Network System
This network is a closed form, also known as shape
ring network. Channel circuit arrangement forming the ring, such as
seen in Figure 2.3 that enable underserved load point
of a two-way channel, so that continuity of service is guaranteed
as well as its better quality, due to voltage drop and
channel power loss becomes smaller.

27. 133
133
Figure 10.2. Loop Distribution Network
The shape of the distribution network system of this loop there are 2 kinds:
a. Open-loop shape, when equipped with an open normalllya. Open-loop shape, when equipped with an open normallly
switch located in one part of distribution substations,
Under normal circumstances the circuit is always open.
b. Close loop shape, when equipped with a normally closeb. Close loop shape, when equipped with a normally close
switch located on one side between the substation
distribution, in a normal state of the circuit is always closed.
This network structure is a combination of the two
radial network structure, which at the end of the two networks
installed a breaker (PMT), a separator (PMS). In the event
disruption after disruption can be isolated, then the breaker or
separator is closed so that the power flow to a part lidtrik
disorder does not stop. In general, the conductor of
This structure has the same structure, the conductor size

28. 134
selected so as to distribute the entire power load of the structure
loop, which is the amount of electric power load of the structure
radial.
Loop distribution networks have the quality and continuity
power services better, but more expensive and the investment costs
suitable for use in areas with high concentrations and require reliability
high.
10.3 Distribution Network System Spindel
Spindle distribution network (such as Figure 10.3) is
medium voltage cable channel ground (SKTM) whose application
very suitable in cities - big cities.
Figure 10.3 Distribution Network Spindel

29. 135
135
As for the operation of the network system as follows:
a. Under normal circumstances all digardu channel circuit (GH)a. Under normal circumstances all digardu channel circuit (GH)
open so that all operating SKTM radial.
b. Under normal circumstances unencumbered express channels andb. Under normal circumstances unencumbered express channels and
connected with the rail in the substation circuit and used
as a backup supplier of substation circuit.
c. If one section of SKTM impaired, thenc. If one section of SKTM impaired, then
load switches at both ends of the affected section was opened.
Then sexy - sexy side of the substation (GI) has a feed
GI, and sexy - sexy substation circuit fed from
substation circuit through the express line.
Spindle distribution network system is suitable for
needs - needs such as:
a. Increased system reliability or continuity of service.a. Increased system reliability or continuity of service.
b. Menunukan or suppress loss - loss due to interference.b. Menunukan or suppress loss - loss due to interference.
c. Excellent for supplying the load area which hasc. Excellent for supplying the load area which has
load density is quite high.
d. The network expansion is easily done.d. The network expansion is easily done.
10.4 Short-circuit
According to VDE 0100 3 N g 3 short circuit is defined
as follows :
Is a short circuit that occurs because hubungna
error - error between parts - the part which working voltage,
as a result of the absence of an obstacle to the flow loop
where the error occurred.

30. 136
For the next short circuit will often abbreviated by the letters
- hs letters
Because - because a short circuit.
a) Because of the isolation of the translucent / defective because it does nota) Because of the isolation of the translucent / defective because it does not
withstand voltage, whether caused by
overvoltage in (due to manipulation / switching) or
overvoltage outside (due to lightning strikes) or due to insulation
The already old / outdated.
b) The influence - the influence of mechanical causesb) The influence - the influence of mechanical causes
conduction break and the phase / phase - the other phase
as a result of wind, kites - kites or due to excavation -
excavation less heart - the heart and the other - the other.
c) Caused by animals such as mice, bats, lowak, snakes andc) Caused by animals such as mice, bats, lowak, snakes and
etc.
Kind of - kind of short circuit types.
A. According to the resistance at the point of short circuit,A. According to the resistance at the point of short circuit,
dibeda - distinguished:
1) Full short circuit1) Full short circuit
Here it is metallic hs
2) Short circuit arc.2) Short circuit arc.
Here h barrier. Bordered by the magnitude of the arc S.
electric fire which amount to several hundred Ohm.
B. According to the number of affected hs dibeda phase - distinguished:B. According to the number of affected hs dibeda phase - distinguished:
1) Short circuit of 3 (three) phase1) Short circuit of 3 (three) phase
2) Short circuit 2 (two) phase2) Short circuit 2 (two) phase

31. 137
137
3) a. Short circuit 1 (one) phase, when the circuit with3) a. Short circuit 1 (one) phase, when the circuit with
the zero / neutral rigid.
a. Short circuit through the coil and this Petersena. Short circuit through the coil and this Petersen
not called hs but circuited ground.
4) Dual-circuit ground (via the Petersen coil or4) Dual-circuit ground (via the Petersen coil or
not) is hs 2 (two) phase-circuited with the ground.
C. According to the scene of the short circuit, dibeda - distinguishedC. According to the scene of the short circuit, dibeda - distinguished
:
1) Short circuit that occurs in the generation system.1) Short circuit that occurs in the generation system.
Here the question is hs happened to clothespin
- tongs generator (also called hs tongs) and
generally very dangerous.
2) Yasng short circuit occurs close enough from the system2) Yasng short circuit occurs close enough from the system
generator. What is meant here is that hs
may occur on the rail - the rail behind the transformer.
3) Short circuit that occurs away from generating systems.3) Short circuit that occurs away from generating systems.
What is meant here is the possible hs
on power lines away from the generation system.
Short-circuit 10.5 Disorders Impact on Distribution Network
Short circuit that occurs can lead to:
1. The fall in voltage on the network system, or even the1. The fall in voltage on the network system, or even the
spot - a particular place such stress disappear altogether.
See figure 10.4.

32. 138
Figure 10.4 Profile voltage on normal exploitation and hs
The fall in voltage (usually accompanied by shock voltage)
which can disrupt the network stabillitas.
2. The occurrence of short circuit can cause2. The occurrence of short circuit can cause
influence - the influence of dynamic mechanical components -
electrical installation components such as rail -rel / insulator, brick -
brick cable cover, coil - coil transformer and others -
more. The inrush current is proportional to kwardat
short circuit.
3. Start time of the short circuit can cause3. Start time of the short circuit can cause
effect - the effect of which may be quite high thermic
to raise the temperature of the component-component electrical installations
until the heat - heat that is harmful, such as:
Damage the insulation material - insulation conduction, melting materials -

33. 139
139
conduction materials, boil / vaporize grease - transformer oil,
circuit breaker and so on.
4. Can interfere with the continuity and flow of exploitation4. Can interfere with the continuity and flow of exploitation
network system, due to the circuit breaker
horny and work out the breaker - breaker
power of a certain current circuit as a result
the operation of the circuit breaker hs may
causing the fire.
Therefore, planning should electric insatalasi
calculated and due to the possibility of hs
the influence and effects akbat mentioned above. at the beginning
development of a strong current installation techniques - normal electrical installations.
Effect of short circuit has not yet been realized to increase
the size of the network system (limited by power system
greater generation anyway) the effect and consequences
tersebutnya short hububng was the greater. Therefore
the effects of short circuit must be limited to the road
limit long time of a short circuit. case this
implemented for example by installing a more current trellis with
time components in the breaker - circuit breaker or by
using fuses - fuses memetus circuited
brief that in a relatively short time. With
setting time adjustment component of reality - reality can be
obtained a security selective disconnection means only
will occur in part - any part interrupted. Besides that

34. 140
also known as termination technique while it is based on
hs experience that not all are fixed, but rather
many temporary (ground circuit, electric arc, birds
bats and other - the other).
Exercise:
1. Explain the types of distribution network topology.1. Explain the types of distribution network topology.
2. Explain the advantages of each type of topology2. Explain the advantages of each type of topology
distribution network.
3. Explain the impact that may occur in the presence of3. Explain the impact that may occur in the presence of
short-circuit on the power distribution network.

35. 141
141
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GLOSSARY
AAAC, All Aluminum Alloy Conducor, ie wires thatAAAC, All Aluminum Alloy Conducor, ie wires thatAAAC, All Aluminum Alloy Conducor, ie wires that
entirely made of aluminum alloy. AAC, All Aluminum Conductor, ie wiresentirely made of aluminum alloy. AAC, All Aluminum Conductor, ie wiresentirely made of aluminum alloy. AAC, All Aluminum Conductor, ie wires
that
made entirely of aluminum.
ACAR, Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced, namely wireACAR, Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced, namely wireACAR, Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced, namely wire
conductive aluminum reinforced with metal alloys.
ACSR, Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced, namely wireACSR, Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced, namely wireACSR, Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced, namely wire
aluminum conductor steel core wire.
Bundled conductor, file or stranded conductors are usedBundled conductor, file or stranded conductors are used
as a conductor which is common in electrical power transmission systems.
DC, alternating current, an alternating current.DC, alternating current, an alternating current.DC, alternating current, an alternating current.
DC, direct current, direct current. DG, distributedDC, direct current, direct current. DG, distributedDC, direct current, direct current. DG, distributedDC, direct current, direct current. DG, distributed
generation, a very popular term in order to
describes the sources of renewable energy or non-renewable with small
to medium capacity that is injected into the power grid system, the
Indonesian term called "dispersed generation". EHV, extra high voltage, extraIndonesian term called "dispersed generation". EHV, extra high voltage, extraIndonesian term called "dispersed generation". EHV, extra high voltage, extra
high voltage. EMR, energy and mineral resources.
Fuel cell, a fuel cell, an electrical device that is usefulFuel cell, a fuel cell, an electrical device that is useful
generate electricity with hydrogen fuel.
Substation ( GI), a collection station electrical energy of the systemSubstation ( GI), a collection station electrical energy of the system
generation or transmission systems consisting of instruments of power
transformers, circuit breakers, switches separator, bus station,
reactor barrier current, transformer current,
voltage transformer, capacitor coupling, transformer
voltage capacitors, lightning arresters, relay protection, batteries, and other
support tools. GMD, Geometric Mean Distance.support tools. GMD, Geometric Mean Distance.
GMR, Geometric Mean Radius, or spokes, the geometric mean ofGMR, Geometric Mean Radius, or spokes, the geometric mean ofGMR, Geometric Mean Radius, or spokes, the geometric mean of
an area (area) is the limit of the geometric mean distance (GMD)
between pairs of elements in its own spacious iti
if the number of elements it was enlarged to not
finite. ,finite. ,

42. 148
Self inductance, a comparison between a voltage drop causedSelf inductance, a comparison between a voltage drop caused
by the current changes to the current changes themselves.
inverter, electrical device which serves to change the voltageinverter, electrical device which serves to change the voltage
direct current (DC) into alternating current voltage (AC).
Insulator, electrical devices used to prevent short circuitsInsulator, electrical devices used to prevent short circuits
between the wires to the tower.
Ground wire, ground wires, or wire protector ( shield wires),Ground wire, ground wires, or wire protector ( shield wires),Ground wire, ground wires, or wire protector ( shield wires),Ground wire, ground wires, or wire protector ( shield wires),
serves to protect the conductive wires or wire phase against lightning
strikes
converters, tool changer types of electrical voltage.converters, tool changer types of electrical voltage.
Compensation transmission line, an effort to improveCompensation transmission line, an effort to improve
unjukkerja transmission system by installing electrical devices in
between shunt reactors, capacitor series or a combination of both.between shunt reactors, capacitor series or a combination of both.
Power converters, electrical voltage converter device types withPower converters, electrical voltage converter device types with
large power capacity.
Magnetic flux, magnetic flux, magnetic lines of force in a fieldMagnetic flux, magnetic flux, magnetic lines of force in a field
magnetic.
Transmission towers, a cantilever construction of transmission lineTransmission towers, a cantilever construction of transmission line
can be a steel tower, steel pole, the pole of reinforced concrete or wooden
poles. MKS, meter-kilogram-second, the basic unit of international standardspoles. MKS, meter-kilogram-second, the basic unit of international standards
calculations in physics and related fields.
overhead lines, transmission or distribution channel air.overhead lines, transmission or distribution channel air.
Hydroelectric power, hydroelectricity. PLTAngin, wind power.
Power plant, gas power plants. MHP, micro hydro power plant.
Nuclear power plants, nuclear power plants. Solar power, solar
power plants. Power plant, steam power plants.
proximity effect, about the effects, the influence of another wire that is inproximity effect, about the effects, the influence of another wire that is in
side wire reviewed so asymmetric flux distribution again. But if the
conductor radius relaif kecl against the distance between the two wire
then around the effect is very small and can be ignored
reseources renewable energy, renewable energy sourcesreseources renewable energy, renewable energy sources
such as wind, water, solar, and others.

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Intermediate transmission line, middle-distance transmission line onIntermediate transmission line, middle-distance transmission line on
an electric tanaga system (80 to 250 km).
Short transmission line, short distance transmission line on aShort transmission line, short distance transmission line on a
tanaga system power supply (<80 km).
The transmission line length, long distance transmission line on aThe transmission line length, long distance transmission line on a
tanaga electrical systems (> 250 km).
skin effect, skin effect, the symptoms of the alternating current that the densityskin effect, skin effect, the symptoms of the alternating current that the density
current in the conductor cross-section towards the greater the surface of
the wire. But if we only review the working frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz),
the skin effect was very small and can be ignored.
Electric Power System, a system consisting of componentsElectric Power System, a system consisting of components
its main generation system, transmission system, distribution systems,
and electrical loads.
Electricity Distribution System, a system that serves toElectricity Distribution System, a system that serves to
receive power electricity from transmission system and
channeling it to the load centers in electrical power systems, with a
medium voltage level by the standards prevailing in a country.
Power Generation Systems, a system that functionsPower Generation Systems, a system that functions
to generate electrical power which generally consists of a turbine and a
generator, to further distribute the electrical power transmission systems to be
delivered to the distribution system.
Subtransmisi system, part of the system of electrical equipmentSubtransmisi system, part of the system of electrical equipment
transmit power from the bulk power sources (BPS), as well as large
transmission substations.
Power Transmission Systems, a system that serves toPower Transmission Systems, a system that serves to
linking generation system to the distribution system in electric power
systems, with a high voltage level, extra high voltage and ultra high
voltage or by the standards prevailing in a country. Indonesia's standard
transmission voltage is 66 kV, 150 kV, 380 kV and 500 kV.
solar cell, solar cells, electrical devices for generating elenrgisolar cell, solar cells, electrical devices for generating elenrgi
electricity with solar energy sources (solar).
solid wire, solid or solid conductors are used assolid wire, solid or solid conductors are used as
a common conductor in the power system.
Transformer, electrical device that serves to raise orTransformer, electrical device that serves to raise or
lowering the power supply voltage.

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Current transformer, electrical devices that serve to raiseCurrent transformer, electrical devices that serve to raise
or lowering the electrical current (generally lowering current) used in the
protection and measurement systems.
Power transformers, electrical devices that serve to raisePower transformers, electrical devices that serve to raise
or lowering the power supply voltage at power plants and electric power
transmission system.
Distribution transformer, electrical device that serves toDistribution transformer, electrical device that serves to
increase or decrease tension electricity on
power generation and power distribution systems. UHV, ultrapower generation and power distribution systems. UHV, ultra
high voltage, ultra high voltage.high voltage, ultra high voltage.
underground cable, transmission or distribution line undergroundunderground cable, transmission or distribution line underground
using underground power cables.

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Bios AUTHOR
A. Identity
Full Name Dr. Ramadoni Syahputra, ST, MT
Functional Assistant Expert ( Associate Professor in the process)Assistant Expert ( Associate Professor in the process)
Place and date
of birth
Galang, Deli Serdang, North Sumatra, October
10th, 1974
Religion Islam
Work Lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University
of Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
Education S1: Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Industrial Technology
Institute of Technology Medan, Medan, 1993-1998 S2: Science
Program in Electrical Engineering
Graduate School of Gadjah Mada University, 1999-2002
S3: Science Program in Electrical Engineering
Postgraduate courses Institute of Technology, Surabaya,
2011-2015
Home Address Perum Popongan No. AA1, Jl. Magelang Km 5 Sinduadi,
Mlati, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55284
Mobile phone number 081215526565
Office address Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering UMY Jl. West
Rim, Tamantirto, Pity, Bantul, Yogyakarta 55183
Number
Phone / Fax
0274-387656 / 0274-387646
Email address ramadoni@umy.ac.id