The document discusses various types of construction cranes, emphasizing tower cranes due to their extensive coverage and material transportation abilities, despite their lower capacity compared to mobile cranes. It outlines key components of tower cranes, operational conditions, maintenance requirements, and selection determinants based on factors such as location and lifting capacity. Additionally, it provides procedural guidelines for the erection and dismantling of cranes, along with case studies highlighting the practical applications of different crane types in construction projects.

1. Discuss the Erection of Tower
Cranes.
Justify the selection in terms of
size, location, and erection
methods

2. COMMON CRANE TYPES
Truck Mounted Cranes
• loading / unloading purposes
• may be attached with telescopic or lattice arms, slewing or fixed

3. COMMON CRANE TYPES
Mobile Crane
• normally fitted with strut (lattice) or hydraulic
jibs
• common for them to come with a flying jib as
well
• difficulties in accurate positioning of
components such as cooling towers at top of
building
• limited site coverage

4. COMMON CRANE TYPES
Climbing Crane
• climb up a shaft within a building
using a limited number of mast
sections
• strategic coverage yet maximizing
land use in congested sites

5. COMMON CRANE TYPES
Gantry Crane
• jib supported on a 4-legged portal carried on rails with adjustable height
for flexibility
• normally used for material handling in the construction of caissons

6. COMMON CRANE TYPES
Tower Crane
• extensive coverage
• ability to transport materials quickly across the site
• low capacity (as compared to mobile cranes) as a result of their
slenderness
Goliath
Cranes

7. TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF A
TOWER CRANE
All tower cranes consists of the
same basic parts
B A S E
• bolted to a large
concrete pad that
supports the crane
• connects to the mast
(or tower)

8. M A S T
• the “body” of the crane that gives its height
TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF A
TOWER CRANE

9. S L E W I N G U N I T
• gear and motor that allows the crane to rotate
TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF A
TOWER CRANE

10. J I B
• the portion of the crane that
carries the load
• a trolley runs along the jib to
move the load in and out from
the crane's center
TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF A
TOWER CRANE

11. B O O M A R M
contains :
• crane's motors that lifts the load
• control electronics
• cable drum
• large concrete counter weights
TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF A
TOWER CRANE

12. O P E R A T O R C A B I N
TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF A
TOWER CRANE

13. VARIATIONS TO THE TYPICAL
COMPONENTS
• Counter weights may be
fixed at the ground level.
This is normally done in
situations where the load to
be lifted by the tower cranes
changes frequently

14. Derricking (Luffing) Crane
• exceptionally tall buildings or in very restricted spaces
• able to slew through 360o
under load at only 8m slewing radius
• compact slewing radius and steep jib angle (between 15° and 70°)
• suitable for use on confined sites where several cranes have overlapping
slewing radii
VARIATIONS TO THE TYPICAL
COMPONENTS

15. The H series The TT series The K series The A series
H, TT and K series of bottom-slewing cranes are designed
as fast-erecting cranes and are ideal for small, narrow
building sites. Lifting capacities of up to 120 metric ton can
be handled with hook heights of up to 34m
DIFFERENT SERIES OF TOWER
CRANES

16. DIFFERENT SERIES OF TOWER
CRANES
The LC series The EC / EL series The EC-B series The EC-H series
The LC and EC / EL- top-slewing cranes are particularly easy to
transport and assemble. The construction series ranges from 30
to 100 metric ton, with trolley jib extensions from 30.0 to 52.5m

17. The top-slewing cranes in the HC series are general-purpose cranes for
use in medium- to large-scale construction projects of all kinds. The
series covers capacities from 800 to 5,000 metric ton with luffing or
telescopic jib lengths of up to 100m; maximum loads of 80 ton and free
traveling hook heights of up to 110m.
DIFFERENT SERIES OF TOWER
CRANES
The HC series The HC-L series The HC-T series The HC-K series

18. CP 62: 1995 Code of Practice for safe use of tower cranes
Section 2
Operational Conditions
• Sitting and General Safety Considerations
-- adequate soil bearing capacity
-- should not encroach upon public areas
-- cranes must not be in the way of aircraft flight path
-- adequately grounded and protected from lightning
LEGISLATION

19. LEGISLATION
Operational Conditions
• Stability
-- data on the maximum forces acting at the crane’s base
-- crane’s dead weight, weight of attachments and the maximum dynamic
forces
-- estimates on wind load
-- must be plumped
• Proximity Hazards
-- site boundaries
-- slewing limits switches could be used to restrict jib movements
-- trolleying limits switches
-- jib of higher crane must be at least 2m above the top of lower crane when 2
or more cranes are used
-- jib of one crane should not interfere with the mast of another crane

20. LEGISLATION
Operational Conditions
• Erection and Dismantling
-- sufficient working space
-- inspection by competent engineer before erection and by relevant
authorities
-- check all bolts, locking devices, wire ropes, indicators, alarms, other
safety devices, ladders, platforms, walkways, handrails, etc
-- anchorage should be used when the crane exceeded free standing
height
-- radius indicator and load capacity chart must be fixed
-- load limit switch must be fixed

21. LEGISLATION
• Operation and Control
-- should not be used for dragging and pulling of load, inclined load,
piling work, demolition
-- load capacity chart
-- operator and signaler
-- when crane is unattended, all loads must be unloaded and hook
raised to highest position and minimum radius
-- tag lines

23. Section 3
Maintenance, Inspection and Repair
-- logbook should be maintained for each crane
-- routine inspection should be made on parts of the crane
-- all cranes are required by section 31(2) of the Factories Act to be
thoroughly examined by an approved person at least once in every 12
months
-- any parts of the crane which is damaged and worn should be
repaired or replaced with out due delay and should comply with
manufacturer’s specification
LEGISLATION

24. Installation of Tower Cranes
Submission Checklist
1. Site plans showing position of cranes.
2. Technical data for the tower cranes, including maximum in-service and out-of-service
overturning and torsional moments, self-weight, horizontal reaction, and jib length.
3. Contractor's P.E.'s calculations and design drawings for the foundation.
4. A diagram of the crane indicating the location and types of safety devices to be
installed.
5. Method statement on the system of communication between the riggers (banksmen)
and the crane operator.
6. Clearances from relevant authority (eg. Ministry of Labour and Ministry of Defence) for
the layout and height of cranes.
7. Documents showing that the height of the crane is within the limits imposed by the
relevant aviation authority (eg. the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore).
8. Latest 3 months' maintenance certificates.
9. Name of the riggers who shall be formally trained and shall possess the Certificates of
Training from an approved authority.
10. Names of supervisors to supervise the use of the cranes.
11. Name list of authorized crane operators.
12. Certificates of competency for the crane operators.
13. Rules for the safe use of the cranes.
14. Capacity charts for each type of crane to be used

25. Guide to Carrying out Restricted Activities within the
Railway Protection and Safety Zones

26. TOWER CRANE ACCIDENTS DO HAPPEN

27. Code of Practice, Safety and Health of Construction
Worksites Part I, 1985
Chapter 9 – Lifting appliances and Equipment
Section 5.3 and 5.6
• Structure
-- Crane should be made from materials that absorb shock such as mild
steel
-- Cabin should be made of fire resisting material and provided with a
fire extinguisher
-- Access to the cabin should be from a safe place in the crane
LEGISLATION

28. LEGISLATION
Section 5.3 and 5.6
• Anchorage and ballast
-- Every fixed crane should either be securely anchored or be
adequately weighed by suitable ballast firmly secured to ensure stability
-- Counterweights should be so arranged that they do not subject the
backstays, sleepers or pivots to excessive strain

29. LEGISLATION
Section 5.3 and 5.6
• Load and radius indicator
-- The maximum permitted angle of inclination of the crane jib must be
clearly marked on the crane
• Operation
-- Jib cranes should not be moved or operated in dangerous proximity
to electric power lines

30. Erection Procedures
(refer to Video Clip and Report for
comprehensive guide)

31. Dismantling Procedures
(for telescopic, self jacking tower crane)

32. Hydraulic
Jacking Cage
Inner mast
Outer mast

33. Hydraulic
Jacking Cage
jacks inner mast
downwards
First section
bolts released
Bolts to secure
the inner mast to
the second
section of the
outer mast

34. First section mast
will be removed

35. Hydraulic
Jacking Cage
will be jacked
downwards

36. Inner mast is jacked
downwards
Hydraulic Jacking
Cage is now in
position of first
section

37. Case Study : Proposed 30th
storey HDB site along
Joo Chiat Road
DISMANTLING
•Singapore’s first pre-cast water tanks
to be installed in HDB flats
•Water tanks to be positioned on top of
flats
•Heavy load capacity profile
•K-4 series self-jacking crane chosen

38. Fitting of the Hydraulic Jacking Cage to the inner mast
The Hydraulic Jacking Cage is fitted to the inner mast by using bolts
and the sections of the Hydraulic Jacking Cage are hoisted up by the
crane itself
DISMANTLING

39. Start of the Jacking Down Process
Securing the inner mast to the second section of main mast to
ensure effective load transfer
DISMANTLING

40. DISMANTLING
Right now, the entire jib arm is resting on the second main
mast section, which allow the first section to be safely lifted
up and dismantled

41. DISMANTLING
After the inner mast have been secured to the second section of the
main mast, the bolts securing the first main mast section to the second
will be removed

42. DISMANTLING
The Hydraulic Jacking Cage will be activated and jacked upwards
to release the first section of the main mast from the second
section

43. DISMANTLING
With all the bolts removed, the first main mast section
will be lifted off from its position
Bottom view of the main mast Top view of the main
mast

44. DISMANTLING
Removal of the lynch pin which is holding the first section of the
main mast together

45. DISMANTLING
Lifting off the dismantled section and bringing it down
to the ground by using the crane itself

46. DISMANTLING
Lowering down of
the Hydraulic Jacking
Crane to the second
main mast section
Securing the Hydraulic Jacking
Cage to the second main mast
section

47. Which crane to use ?
Tower? Mobile? Climbing??
Selection determinants
CRANE SELECTION
Location Structure
Utilization
Availability

48. CRANE SELECTION
Structure
• Tall or short
• Widespan
• Support for crane (tower and climbing)
• Complexity of design (slewing, luffing, rotating limits)

49. Location
• Site layout
• Site area – outside or within building footprint ??
• Vehicular access ( 10 to 15 m from site entrances )
• Coverage – ideally approaching 100%
• Soil conditions
• Space to assemble and disassemble
CRANE SELECTION

50. Utilization
Crane Configuration
Two main determinants
• Lifting weight
• Lifting distance – height and reach
Use load charts to determine crane configuration
capabilities
CRANE SELECTION

51. CRANE SELECTION
Load Chart Conditions
•Jib and boom extensions not
installed
•Jib and/or boom extensions
installed but load is lifted from
the main boom
•Jib and/or boom extensions
installed and load is lifted from
either

52. Factors Affecting Conditions
• Weight to be lifted
• Crane Base Geometry & Configuration
• Crane Configuration
• Quadrant(s) of Operation (mobile crane)
• Boom Length
• Load Radius
• Deductions from Gross Capacity
CRANE SELECTION

53. Availability
• Financial resources
• Market availability
CRANE SELECTION

54. a Liebherr 390HC horizontal jib tower
crane located in Las Vegas, NV on the
Stratosphere (tallest structure in
Nevada); final hook height of 1120'; it is
being used to construct the roller
coaster and radio tower on the top of
this restaurant. It has a forward jib and a
rear jib with a trolley running on the
forward jib controlling the hoisting cable

55. In 1995 Sheedy received
the SC&RA Rigging Job of
the Year Award for
removing a Liebherr 390
HC tower crane from the
Stratosphere Tower in Las
Vegas, Nevada
In order to remove the tower crane, at an
elevation of 1200 ft., a detailed engineering
plan was developed and implemented

56. a Liebherr 550C rail-traveler horizontal jib tower crane located at
Houston Intercontinental Airport, Houston, TX; the tracks provide a
much greater working range; the construction of the tracks is quite
substantial and provision has to be made for use or removal when the
crane is removed

57. this is how a tower crane can be attached temporarily to an
existing structure to give the tower of the crane stability

58. two Liebherr 500 HC-L luffing boom tower cranes used on the
Luxor Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas, NV.
Why would a horizontal boom not be used?

59. Need for Tower Crane?
Facts and figures:
• The extension of the Royal Hotel is on the right wing of the site.
• Left wing is for A&A.
• Right wing had been demolished for a new 5-storey extension
of the Royal Hotel.
• Site dimension approx 40m by 30m.
• Piling had already been done.
• Congested Site.
• Tower Crane is needed, as congested site do not allow easy
movement of mobile crane
CASE STUDY 1: SCOTTS WALK
NB. Pls refer to report and video clip

60. CASE STUDY 1: SCOTTS WALK

61. Facts:
• Along Tanglin Road
• Considered relatively uncongested site
• Extensive coverage of materials transportation and handling
necessary due to system formwork chosen
• Height of buildings did not justify climbing cranes
• Considerations for vehicular access and load capacity
• Number, type and location of tower cranes to utilise
CASE STUDY 2: GRANGE
RESIDENCES
NB. Pls refer to report and video clip

62. CASE STUDY 2: GRANGE
RESIDENCES
Blk A
Blk B
Blk C

63. Blk A
Blk B
Blk C

64. Blk A Blk B
Blk C

65. Blk A Blk B
Blk C

66. The End