Nowadays knowledge is an important asset in every company and it is continuously collected and maintained to serve various purposes. During this presentation we will see how knowledge is created, transformed, and ends up being used by Google, Alexa, and Siri. This presentation also show the importance of an ecology of knowledge, how this knowledge affects our identity and the way we live.

1. Towards an Ecology of Knowledge
Elwin Huaman
Sep 4, 2021

2. 2
About me...
Elwin Huaman
❏ PhD Student
✓ University of Innsbruck, Austria
❏ Research on
✓ Knowledge Graphs
✓ Semantic Web
✓ Knowledge Curation
❏ Some books
✓ Knowledge Graphs, 2020
❏ Some Documentaries
✓ “Wikipedia – Die Schwarmoffensive”
❏ Contact
@ElwinHuaman
http://elwin.huamanquispe.com/

3. Towards an Ecology of Knowledge I Elwin Huaman I 04/09/2021
❏ Motivation
❏ Knowledge Graphs
❏ Ecology of Knowledge
❏ Next Steps and Ideas
❏ Takeaway
3
Outline

4. Towards an Ecology of Knowledge I Elwin Huaman I 04/09/2021
❏ Motivation
❏ Knowledge Graphs
❏ Ecology of Knowledge
❏ Next Steps and Ideas
❏ Takeaway
4
Outline

5. Towards an Ecology of Knowledge I Elwin Huaman I 04/09/2021 5
Motivation
Knowledge
❏ Knowledge in the past, e.g., it was saved on QUIPUs or talking knots, Quipu [key-poo] is an ancient
Incan knowledge base and “writing system”, consisting of various type and colours of knots tied to a
main cord, which represents both statistical (crops grown, taxes, workers, mines, etc.) and narrative
information (stories and histories).

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Motivation
Knowledge
❏ Knowledge is an important asset in all companies and it is continuously gathered and maintained in
order to serve several purposes, e.g. powering applications like Google search.
…

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Motivation
Knowledge
❏ Knowledge is an important asset in all companies and it is continuously gathered and maintained in
order to serve several purposes, e.g. powering applications like Google search.
“The global economy has been
transformed from a material-based
economy into a knowledge-based
economy. Whereas you can conquer
oil fields through war, you cannot
acquire knowledge that way. Hence,
today the main source of wealth is
knowledge.”
(Yuval Noah Harari)

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Motivation
Knowledge
❏ Knowledge is an important asset in all companies but not only there.
● Transparency
○ Open Government
● Leadership
○ Initiatives
○ Apps
● Society
○ Knowledge belong to us
○ We want better services
● Open trends
○ Open data
○ E-learning
OK, Long live to knowledge!
but…
How to publish it?

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Motivation
Knowledge
❏ Intelligence behaviour is conditioned by knowledge.
We make decisions about what to do
based on what we know (or believe)
❏ Artificial Intelligence (AI) studies intelligent behaviour
achieved through computational means.
❏ Knowledge Representation and Reasoning is the study
of thinking as a computational process.

11. Towards an Ecology of Knowledge I Elwin Huaman I 04/09/2021
❏ Motivation
❏ Knowledge Graphs
❏ Ecology of Knowledge
❏ Next Steps and Ideas
❏ Takeaway
11
Outline

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Knowledge Graphs
What is a Knowledge Graph?
❏ Knowledge Graphs are very large semantic nets that integrate various and heterogeneous information
sources to represent knowledge about certain domains of discourse.
❏ Is information understandable by Humans and Machines?
The University of Altiplano is located in the city of Puno
A simple statement or triple.
A triple = (subject, predicate, object)
A triple: is located in
University of Altiplano City of Puno

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A triple:
An RDF triple:
An RDF triple in N-Triples format:
13
Knowledge Graphs
What is a Knowledge Graph?
❏ Knowledge Graphs are very large semantic nets that integrate various and heterogeneous information
sources to represent knowledge about certain domains of discourse.
❏ Is information understandable by Humans and Machines?
is located in
University of Altiplano City of Puno
http://schema.org/containedInPlace
http://example.com/University_of_Altiplano http://example.com/Puno
<http://example.com/University_of_Altiplano> <http://schema.org/containedInPlace> <http://example.com/Puno> .

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An RDF triple in N-Triples format:
An RDF triple in Turtle format:
14
Knowledge Graphs
What is a Knowledge Graph?
❏ Knowledge Graphs are very large semantic nets that integrate various and heterogeneous information
sources to represent knowledge about certain domains of discourse.
✓ Is information understandable by Humans and Machines?
<http://example.com/University_of_Altiplano> <http://schema.org/containedInPlace> <http://example.com/Puno> .
prefix ex: <http://example.com/>
prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
prefix so: <http://schema.org/>
ex:University_of_Altiplano so:containedInPlace ex:Puno ;
so:name “National University of Altiplano Puno” .
URI
Literal
Property

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Knowledge Graphs
How to create a Knowledge Graph?
❏ Knowledge Graphs are very large semantic nets that integrate various and heterogeneous information
sources to represent knowledge about certain domains of discourse.
❏ Can heterogeneous information sources easily integrated?
:anna
Entity
Relationship
:cs101
:enrolledIn
Basic statements = a simple triple
prefix : <http://example.org/>

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Knowledge Graphs
How to create a Knowledge Graph?
❏ Knowledge Graphs are very large semantic nets that integrate various and heterogeneous information
sources to represent knowledge about certain domains of discourse.
❏ Can heterogeneous information sources easily integrated?
:anna
Entity
Literal
Relationship
:cs101
21
Anna
:enrolledIn
:name :age
…we can add more statements
prefix : <http://example.org/>

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Knowledge Graphs
How to create a Knowledge Graph?
❏ Knowledge Graphs are very large semantic nets that integrate various and heterogeneous information
sources to represent knowledge about certain domains of discourse.
❏ Can heterogeneous information sources easily integrated?
:anna
Entity
Literal
Relationship
:cs101
21
Anna
:enrolledIn
:carol
:name :age
:enrolledIn
:knows
Carol
:name
…more statements can be added
prefix : <http://example.org/>

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Knowledge Graphs
How to create a Knowledge Graph?
❏ Knowledge Graphs are very large semantic nets that integrate various and heterogeneous information
sources to represent knowledge about certain domains of discourse.
❏ Can heterogeneous information sources easily integrated?
:anna
Entity
Literal
Relationship
:cs101
21
Anna
:enrolledIn
:carol
:name :age
:enrolledIn
:knows
Carol
:name
Programming
:subject
:Puno
:birthPlace
Puno
:name
…and more…
… forming a graph
prefix : <http://example.org/>

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Knowledge Graphs
How to create a Knowledge Graph?
❏ Knowledge Graphs are very large semantic nets that integrate various and heterogeneous information
sources to represent knowledge about certain domains of discourse.
❏ Can heterogeneous information sources easily integrated?
Graphs can be created independently
:anna
Entity
Literal
Relationship
:cs101
21
Anna
:enrolledIn
:carol
:name :age
:enrolledIn
:knows
Carol
:name
Programming
:subject
:Puno
:birthPlace
Puno
:name
:luis
:Puno
Puno
:name
:birthPlace
None
Luis
:name :age
:cs102
:enrolledIn
Algebra
:subject
prefix : <http://example.org/>

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Knowledge Graphs
How to create a Knowledge Graph?
❏ Knowledge Graphs are very large semantic nets that integrate various and heterogeneous information
sources to represent knowledge about certain domains of discourse.
✓ Can heterogeneous information sources easily integrated?
:anna
:cs101
21
Anna
:enrolledIn
:carol
:name :age
:enrolledIn
:knows
Carol
:name
Programming
:subject
:Puno
:birthPlace
Puno
:name
:luis
:birthPlace
None
Luis
:name :age
:cs102
:enrolledIn
Algebra
:subject
...and can be integrated
:enrolledIn
Entity
Literal
Relationship
prefix : <http://example.org/>

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Knowledge Graphs
How to create a Knowledge Graph?
❏ To overcome interoperability conflicts generated by the wide variety of knowledge sources published in
an unstructured format, standards were developed for the syntax and data model, e.g. RDF.
❏ How to overcome interoperability conflicts?
<http://example.com/anna> <http://example.com/name> "Anna" .
<http://example.com/anna> <http://example.com/age> "23"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer> .
<http://example.com/anna> <http://example.com/enrolledIn> <http://example.com/cs101> .
<http://example.com/anna> <http://example.com/knows> <http://example.com/carol> .
<http://example.com/anna> <http://example.com/birthPlace> <http://example.com/Puno> .
<http://example.com/carol> <http://example.com/name> "Carol" .
<http://example.com/carol> <http://example.com/enrolledIn> <http://example.com/cs101> .
<http://example.com/carol> <http://example.com/enrolledIn> <http://example.com/cs102> .
<http://example.com/cs101> <http://example.com/subject> "Programming" .
<http://example.com/luis> <http://example.com/name> "Luis" .
<http://example.com/luis> <http://example.com/age> "None" .
<http://example.com/luis> <http://example.com/birthPlace> <http://example.com/Puno> .
<http://example.com/luis> <http://example.com/enrolledIn> <http://example.com/cs102> .
<http://example.com/cs102> <http://example.com/subject> "Algebra" .
<http://example.com/Puno> <http://example.com/name> "Puno" .
An RDF graph in
N-Triples format

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Knowledge Graphs
How to create a Knowledge Graph?
❏ To overcome interoperability conflicts generated by the wide variety of knowledge sources published in
an unstructured format, standards were developed for the syntax and data model, e.g. RDF.
❏ How to overcome interoperability conflicts?
prefix : <http://example.com/>
prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
:anna :name "Anna" ;
:age "21"^^xsd:integer ;
:enrolledIn :cs101 ;
:knows :carol ;
:birthPlace :Puno .
:carol :name "Carol" ;
:enrolledIn :cs101 .
:cs101 :subject "Programming" .
:luis :name "Luis" ;
:age "None" ;
:enrolledIn :cs101 , :cs102 ;
:birthPlace :Puno .
:cs102 :subject "Algebra" .
:Puno :name "Puno" .
An RDF graph in Turtle format.
Some simplifications:
; when triples share the subject
, when triples share subject and property

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Knowledge Graphs
How to create a Knowledge Graph?
❏ To overcome interoperability conflicts generated by the wide variety of knowledge sources published in
an unstructured format, standards were developed for the syntax and data model, e.g. RDF.
❏ Try out examples at:
http://rdfplayground.dcc.uchile.cl/
● Copy the previous graph
● Copy the following query
PREFIX : <http://example.com/>
SELECT ?nombre ?edad
WHERE {
?s :name ?nombre .
?s :age ?edad .
}

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Knowledge Graphs
Schema.org
❏ In order to create, maintain, and promote schemas for structured data on the web various vocabularies
were developed, e.g. Schema.org, which is the most widespread vocabulary.
❏ The Web for humans only? ✓ The Web for humans and machines.

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Knowledge Graphs
Schema.org
❏ In order to create, maintain, and promote schemas for structured data on the web various vocabularies
were developed, e.g. Schema.org, which is the most widespread vocabulary.
✓ Schema.org?
Work started in August 2010
● Google, Yahoo!, Microsoft, and Yandex
Goals:
● One vocabulary understood by all search engines
● Make it very easy for the webmaster

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Knowledge Graphs
Schema.org
✓ Schema.org
✓ language to describe “Things” on the Web
✓ commonly used type:
✓ Event
✓ Organization
✓ Person
✓ Place, LocalBusiness, Restaurant
✓ Product, Offer
…

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Knowledge Graphs
Schema.org
✓ Schema.org
✓ direct and “invisible” integration
in websites.
For example:
… without markup
…
<p>Christopher Froome was sponsored
by Sky in the Tour de France.</p>
…
…
<p itemscope itemprop ="Person" itemtype ="http://schema.org/Person" >
<span itemprop ="name">Christopher Froome </span>
was sponsored by
<span itemprop ="sponsor"
itemtype ="http://schema.org/Organization" >
<a itemprop ="url" href="http://www.skysports.com/ ">Sky</a>
</span>
in the Tour de France.
</p>
…
… using Microdata syntax

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Knowledge Graphs
Schema.org
✓ Schema.org
✓ direct and “invisible” integration
in websites.
For example:
… without markup
…
<p>Christopher Froome was sponsored
by Sky in the Tour de France.</p>
…
…
<p vocab="http://schema.org/" typeof="Person" >
<span property ="name">Christopher Froome </span>
was sponsored by
<span property ="sponsor" typeof="http://schema.org/Organization" >
<a property ="url" href="http://www.skysports.com/" >Sky</a>
</span>
in the Tour de France.
</p>
…
… using RDFa syntax

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✓ Schema.org
✓ direct and “invisible” integration
in websites.
For example:
… without markup
29
Knowledge Graphs
Schema.org
…
<p>Christopher Froome was sponsored
by Sky in the Tour de France.</p>
…
<script type="application/ld+json"
>
{
"@context": "http://schema.org/"
,
"@type": "Person",
"name": "Christopher Froome"
,
"sponsor":
{
"@type": "Organization"
,
"name": "Sky",
"url": "http://www.skysports.com/"
}
}
</script>
… using JSON-LD syntax

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Knowledge Graphs
Schema.org
✓ Schema.org
✓ wide distribution on the Web
✓ News: Nytimes, guardian.com, bbc.co.uk, …
✓ Movies: imdb, rottentomatoes, movies.com, …
✓ People: linkedin.com, …
✓ Products: ebay.com. alibaba.com, …
✓ Videos: YouTube, dailymotion, frequency.com, …
✓ Medical: drugs.com, …
✓ Local: yelp.com, allmenus.com, …
✓ Events: wherevent.com, meetup.com, eventful, …
✓ Music: last.fm, myspace.com, soundcloud.com
…

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Knowledge Graphs
Schema.org
❏ Try out examples at:
https://developers.google.com/search/docs/advanced/structured-data
● Select Schema Markup Validator
● Copy a URL from a website.

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Knowledge Graphs
What can go wrong?
❏ The Knowledge Curation process implies to provide cost-sensitive methods to improve the knowledge
graph quality, which involves the assessment, cleaning, and enrichment of knowledge graphs.
❏ To assess and improve their quality.
✓ Assessment
✓ Correctness
✓ Completeness
❏ To detect and correct wrong assertions.
✓ Instance assertions
✓ Property-value-assertions
✓ Equality assertions
❏ To improve their completeness.
✓ Duplicate detection
✓ Resolving conflicting property values

33. Towards an Ecology of Knowledge I Elwin Huaman I 04/09/2021
❏ Motivation
❏ Knowledge Graphs
❏ Ecology of Knowledge
❏ Next Steps and Ideas
❏ Takeaway
33
Outline

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Ecology of Knowledge
What does ecology of knowledge imply?
❏ Knowledge can be studied from different points of view.
❏ Knowledge is generated from the relationship existing
between humans and the knowledge itself.
©gemreportunesco.wordpress.com

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Ecology of Knowledge
What does ecology of knowledge imply?
❏ Knowledge has the capacity to produce concrete results,
whether this is immediately evident or not.
❏ Knowledge does produce positive and negative effects.
“The Web does not just
connect machines, it
connects people”
(Tim Berners-Lee)

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Ecology of Knowledge
What does ecology of knowledge imply?
❏ The faster knowledge develops, the more
interdependent countries become and the more their
cultures are affected by each other.
How does language shape your
experience of the internet?

37. Towards an Ecology of Knowledge I Elwin Huaman I 04/09/2021
❏ Motivation
❏ Knowledge Graphs
❏ Ecology of Knowledge
❏ Next Steps and Ideas
❏ Takeaway
37
Outline

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Next Steps and Ideas
Quechua language-based Knowledge Graph
❏ Building a Knowledge Graph based on the Quechua language.

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Next Steps and Ideas
Quechua Infoboxes
❏ Generating and promoting Quechua infoboxes

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Next Steps and Ideas
Quechua Search Engine
❏ Promoting Google in Quechua: google.com/?hl=qu

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Next Steps and Ideas
Quechua Chatbot
❏ Developing Assistants in Quechua: Chatbots

42. Towards an Ecology of Knowledge I Elwin Huaman I 04/09/2021
❏ Motivation
❏ Knowledge Graphs
❏ Ecology of Knowledge
❏ Next Steps and Ideas
❏ Takeaway
42
Outline

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Takeaway
❏ Facilitate sustainable development of cultural heritage knowledge in developing countries through
promoting technological support in a native language.
❏ Increase access to information and communication technology in their native language and will
decrease the digital illiteracy.
❏ Reduce inequalities by given access to new technologies to indigenous communities, it can ensure that
the new decisions for developing technologies (e.g. interfaces) also have to consider the Quechua
language.
❏ Quality education (e.g. ensure that children and old people can acquire the knowledge and skills
needed in their native language).

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