This document discusses different patterns for comparing and contrasting ideas: the comparison pattern, contrast pattern, and comparison-and-contrast pattern. It provides examples of transitions words that can introduce each pattern, like "likewise" for comparison and "however" for contrast. It also discusses the cause-and-effect pattern and gives an example comparing online and regular banks, noting they offer similar services but differ in how those services can be accessed.

1. alike in a similar way just like
as in a similar manner likewise
both in like manner resemble
This pattern shows how ideas are alike.
Compare bank services before deciding upon which
bank is the best for you. Most online banks offer
similar services as regular banks. Likewise, most
online banks offer many support options as well.
Examples of transitions showing
comparison
The Comparison Pattern
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2. The Contrast Pattern
Examples of transitions showing
differences
although different instead
as opposed to even though on the contrary
but however on the other hand
This pattern shows how ideas are
different.
Online banks differ from regular banks in a
number
of ways. Regular banks offer set banking
hours.
Online banks, however, offer twenty-four-hour
services.
PREPARED BY NUR FARRA NAJWA

3. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 3
The Comparison-and-Contrast Pattern
Ideas can be similar, different, or both.
Online banks and regular banks are similar in
that they both offer a full range of bank
services.
However, they differ in the way the services
may
be accessed.
Comparison
A is like B
Contrast
A is different from B
A islike B, but A also differs from B
PREPARED BY NUR FARRA NAJWA

4. The Cause-and-Effect Pattern
Examples of transitions showing cause and
effect
accordingly if . . . then so
as a result leads to therefore
because results in thus
This pattern shows why something happens
and the results.
Alcohol poisoning can result from several
different
sources. Primarily alcohol poisoning is
caused by
drinking too much alcohol in a short period of
time.
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5. Effect
1
Effect 2
Effect 3
Cause 1
Cause 2
Cause 3
Cause Effect
Cause-and-effect chain
reaction
Format of Cause-and-Effect Pattern
PREPARED BY NUR FARRA NAJWA