Topic_8_-_Hazardous_Material_Incident_Decontamination_and_Control_Zone.pdf

Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan (EPRP)
Topic 8 : Hazardous Material Incident, Decontamination & Control Zone

Objectives
Define what is the
Hazardous Material
Describe what is
the Hazardous
Material Respond
State 3 types of
common
Hazardous Material
Incident
Explain steps in
decontaminations
procedure
© NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved (D13-R22-U##) 2
At the end of the session, participant will be able to;

Contents
What is Hazardous Materials?
Identification of Hazmat
Definitions of RECCO
HAZMAT Incident Command System
Spill Kit and Containment Tools
Biological Hazard
Procedure for Spills of Human Blood or Other Potentially Infectious
Materials (OPIMs)
Decontamination

• HAZMAT is an abbreviation for “hazardous materials”—substances in
quantities or forms that may pose a reasonable risk to health,
property, or the environment.
• HAZMATs include such substances as toxic chemicals, fuels, nuclear
waste products, and biological, chemical, and radiological agents.
• HAZMATs may be released as liquids, solids, gases, or a combination
or form of all three, including dust, fumes, gas, vapor, mist, and smoke.
Source : NOAA, US
What is Hazardous Materials?

HAZMAT Definition (OSHA US)
• The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) defines a
hazardous material as any substance or chemical which is a “health
hazard” or “physical hazard,” including:
• chemicals which are carcinogens, toxic agents, irritants, corrosives,
sensitizers;
• agents which act on the hematopoietic system;
• agents which damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes;
• chemicals which are combustible, explosive, flammable, oxidizers,
pyrophorics, unstable-reactive or water-reactive; and

• Chemicals which in the course of normal handling, use, or storage
may produce or release dusts, gases, fumes, vapors, mists or smoke
which may have any of the previously mentioned characteristics.
• The EPA incorporates the OSHA hazardous material definition, and
adds:
• any item or chemical which can cause harm to people, plants, or
animals when released by spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring,
emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching,
dumping or disposing into the environment.
HAZMAT Definition (OSHA US) (Continuation)

HAZMAT Definition (EPA US)
The Department of Transportation (DOT) defines a hazardous
material as a substance or material that is capable of posing an
unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property when
transported in commerce, and has been designated as
hazardous under the federal hazardous materials transportation
law.

A material in any form or quantity
which poses an unreasonable risk to
the health and safety of people and
the environment if it is not properly
controlled
Hazardous Material Definition
4
© NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved (D13-R22-U##)

Production
Transportation
Storage
Use
Disposal
Occupancy and location:
The potential locations can be
categorized into 5 basic areas:
Identification of Hazmat
5

Bulk
Non Bulk
(Single Packaging)
Hazardous Material Basic Packaging Form

DOT or IATA hazard class of the material:
Class Hazard
1.1 – 1.6 Explosives ordered by severity and sensitivity
2.1 – 2.3 Compressed gas
3 Flammable liquid
4.1 – 4.3
Flammable solid, spontaneously combustible,
or dangerous when wet
5.1 – 5.2 Oxidizers or organic peroxides
6.1 – 6.2 Toxic or infectious substances
7 Radioactive
8 Corrosive
9 Miscellaneous
Classification of Hazmat

United Nation Hazard Sign
8

NFPA 704 Hazard Sign

HAZCHEM Emergency
Action Code
Hazard Warning
Diamond
UN Substance
Identification Number
Contact Telephone
Number or
Specialist Advice
Company Logo
HAZCHEM Code

Refer to the Emergency Response Guidebook for further
information about the products.
HAZCHEM Code (Continuation)

HAZCHEM Emergency Action Code

Intake
through the
respiration
system
Inhalation
Intake
through the
mouth
Ingestion
Introduced
through the
skin
Absorption
Introduction
into body by
syringe or
sharp object
Injection
Chemical Mode of Entry
13

R - Rescue
E - Exposure Control
C - Confinement
C - Containment
O - Overhaul
Hazardous Material Respond
14

Rescue
•Any action or techniques used to safe casualty (life).
Exposure Control
• Any action or techniques used to mitigate the incident, including confinement, containment
& extinguishment.
Confinement (Defensive mode)
• Action taken to keep released product to a specific area. This actions is carried out away
from the leak area and is therefore DEFENSIVE in nature.
Containment (Offensive mode)
• Action taken to keep product inside its container and carried out in the HOT ZONE at the
point of leak and is therefore OFFENSIVE in nature.
Overhaul
• Action taken to determine no hazard can build up before TERMINATE the incident.
Definitions
15

Incident Commander
Planning Operation Finance Logistic
Liaison/ Information
Officer
SHO
Emergency Medical Technicians (EMT) :
HAZMAT Incident Command System

HAZMAT Incident Command System (Continuation)
HAZMAT Commander
Recognition/ Entry Decontamination Medical
Safety Officer Process Control
Communication Staging
Emergency Response Team (ERT) :

GREEN ZONE :
• CS.
• Civil defense (JPA 3)
• Medical Services
• Sentry Post
• Food Supply
• Counseling Center
• Family Center
• Triage
• Media Post
22
Emergency response plan
management of disaster
area by zone:
GREEN ZONE
YELLOW ZONE
RED ZONE
INCIDENT AREA
RED ZONE :
• Operation Command Centre
• Search And Rescue Unit
• Emergency Response Team
YELLOW ZONE :
• Incident Commander
• ERT & Security (Back up Force)
• SMART
• JBPM
• Civil Defense
• PDRM
• ATM
• Emergency Medical Services
Hazardous Emergency Response Control Zones

Spill Kit
Containment Tools
Spill Kit and Containment Tools

24
1) A chemical spill is any spillage of a chemical
that is considered harmful, such as hydrochloric
acid or methanol.
2) The chemicals have a common factor in that
they tend to be:
• Corrosive (HCl or NaOH).
• Flammable (methanol, acetonitrile).
• Toxic (cyanide, mercury).
• Irritants (solid sodium carbonate).
• Environmental poisons (any soluble zinc salt,
mercury and its compounds).
• Smelly (mercaptans, sulfide gases).
Chemical Spillage

• Hazmat Incident : Leakage of gas
or release of chemicals, radioactive
materials, or biological materials
inside a building or in the
environment.
• Control measure : Breathing
apparatus, atmospheric testing
equipment, scrubber, water curtain,
fault water spray.
Gas Leakage Incident
25

• Bio-hazardous materials are infectious agents
or biologically-derived infectious materials
that present a risk or potential risk to the
health of humans, animals, plants, or the
environment. The risk can be direct through
infection or indirect through damage to the
environment.
• Biohazard Spill Kits are equipped with spill
control material along with instructions for
use. ERT personnel are to use these materials
to clean up small to medium size bio-
hazardous spills within their work area.
26
Biological Spills

Biological Hazard
• A biological hazard, or biohazard, is a biological substance that
poses a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily
humans. This could include a sample of a microorganism, virus,
toxin or human body fluid that can adversely affect
human health.
• A biohazard could also be a substance harmful to other animals.

Biological Hazard Symbol
• The biohazard symbol was developed
in 1966 by Charles Baldwin, an
environmental-health engineer working
for the Dow Chemical Company on the
containment products.
• It is used in the labeling of biological
materials that carry a significant health
risk, including viral samples and
used hypodermic needles.

• Category A, UN 2814 – Infectious substance, affecting
humans: An infectious substance in a form capable of
causing permanent disability or life-threatening or fatal
disease in otherwise healthy humans or animals when
exposure to it occurs.
• Category A, UN 2900 – Infectious substance, affecting
animals (only): An infectious substance that is not in a form
generally capable of causing permanent disability or life-
threatening or fatal disease in otherwise healthy humans
and animals when exposure to themselves occurs.
• Category B, UN 3373 – Biological substance transported for
diagnostic or investigative purposes.
• Regulated Medical Waste, UN 3291 – Waste or reusable
material derived from medical treatment of an animal or
human, or from biomedical research, which includes the
production and testing.
Biological Hazard – UN Classification

COVID-19
• Biohazard Level 1: Bacteria and viruses including E.
coli, Bacillus and Varicella (chicken pox).
• Biohazard Level 2: Bacteria and viruses that cause
only mild disease to humans, or are difficult to
contract via aerosol such as Hepatitis A,B,C virus,
Salmonella, Dengue fever virus and HIV.
• Biohazard Level 3: Bacteria and viruses that can
cause severe to fatal disease in humans, but for
which vaccines or other treatments exist, such SARS
virus, MERS-CoV, Tuberculosis and COVID-19.
• Biohazard Level 4: Viruses that cause severe to fatal
disease in humans, and for which vaccines or other
treatments are not available such as Ebola virus,
Nipah virus and Lassa fever virus.
Ebola Virus
Salmonella
Bacillus Subtilis
Biological Hazard – CDC Classification

• Endemic - describes a disease that is present permanently in a region or
population for example Dengue Fever in Malaysia and Malaria Fever in
African Nation.
• Epidemic - is an outbreak that affects many people at one time and can
spread through one or several communities for example MERS-CoV in the
Middle East and Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in West Africa.
• Pandemic - is the term used to describe an epidemic when the spread is
global such as COVID-19.
Endemics, Epidemics and Pandemics
Endmic Epidemic Pandemic

Notable Pandemic Events
Year Agent Mortality
1899 - 1923 - Cholera pandemic Vibrio cholera More than 800,000
1939 - 1945 - Typhus fever Rickettsia prowazekii 5.7 million
2000 - Measles Measles virus Almost 777,000
2009 - 2010 - Swine flu H1N1 virus Almost 500,000
2019 – 20** - COVID-19 Coronavirus 645,000 and counting

PPE to Handle Contagious Diseases Such as COVID-19

COVID-19 Prevention

COVID-19 Prevention (Continuation)

The First Line of Defense

To contain the spread of illness. These are common health care practices to
control the spread of a contagious disease by limiting people's exposure to it.
1.) Isolation :
• Isolation is used to separate ill persons who have a communicable disease from
those who are healthy.
• Applies to persons who are known to be ill with a contagious disease.
2.) Quarantine :
• Quarantine is used to separate and restrict the movement of well persons who may
have been exposed to a communicable disease to see if they become ill.
• Applies to those who have been exposed to a contagious disease but who may or
may not become ill.
Quarantine and Isolation

1) Biological spillages can fall within 2 types:
• Infectious material which has been handled or generated
within a laboratory (e.g. liquid cultures of micro-organisms).
• Involving human or animal bodily fluids or materials such as
blood, urine, vomit or feces either accidentally or
maliciously spilled.
2) The use of Biohazard Spill Kits is vital to absorb any
spillage quickly and at the same time to sanitize the
area.
3) Biohazard Spill Kits are equipped with spill control
material along with instructions for use. ERT personnel
are to use these materials to clean up small to medium
size bio hazardous spills within their work area.
Biological Hazard Spillage

• Concentrated disinfectant (e.g. bleach).
• Paper towels and absorbent pads.
• Spray bottle (for mixing 10% bleach).
• Biohazard/Autoclave bags.
• Sharps container (for contaminated
broken glass or needles).
• PPE (gloves, goggles, lab coat).
• Forceps, tongs or dust pan and broom to
pick up broken glass.
Bio Spillage Kit – What in it?

• Wear gloves, eye protection and a lab coat (or
Tyvek).
• Cover the spill with paper towels or absorbent
pads and flood with an appropriate
disinfectant, or place disinfectant-soaked
paper towels over the spill.
• Allow for appropriate contact time.
• Gather absorbent materials and place into a
biohazard bag. Collect any sharp objects with
a mechanical device and place in a sharps
container.
Procedure for Spills of Human Blood or Other
Potentially Infectious Materials (OPIMs)

• Wipe down the spill area with disinfectant
solution, removing all visible blood or OPIMs.
• Spray the spill site with disinfectant and allow
for appropriate contact time.
• After the contact time, wipe the area down
with disinfectant-soaked paper towels. Discard
all disposable materials used to decontaminate
the spill and any containment PPE into a
biohazard bag and autoclave appropriately.
Decontaminate any reusable items with
disinfectant.
• Wash your hands.
Procedure for Spills of Human Blood or Other
Potentially Infectious Materials (OPIMs) (Continuation)

• Decontamination (sometimes abbreviated as decon, dcon,
or decontam) is the process of cleansing an object or
substance to remove contaminants such as micro-organisms
or hazardous materials, including chemicals, radioactive
substances, and infectious diseases.
• The purpose of decontamination is to prevent the spread of
micro-organisms and other noxious contaminants that may
threaten the health of human beings or animals, or damage
the environment.
• Decontamination is most commonly used in medical
environments, including dentistry, surgery and veterinary
science, in the process of food preparation,
in environmental science, and in forensic science.
Decontamination

DRESS UNDRESS RINSING WASHING WAITING
At least 30
meters
• At least 30m upwind.
• At least 60m downwind.
• In the case of explosion danger 500m.
• These distance is a guideline and not
a fixed rule.
Set up at the border between the
area of direct hazard and isolation
area :
Decontamination (Continuation)

44
Decontamination Scene

45
Visual
Observation
Monitoring
Devices
Wipe Sampling
Assessing the Effectiveness of Decontamination

46
Decontamination corridor established between hot zone and
warm zone
All personnel leaving the hot zone must be decontaminated
Proper decontamination reduces the possibility of injury or death
from exposure to hazardous substances
Decontamination is the physical or chemical process of reducing
and preventing the spread of hazardous materials by persons
and equipment
Precaution

Conclusion
What is the Hazardous Material
What is the Hazardous Material Respond
3 types of common Hazardous Material Incident
Steps in decontaminations procedure
Participant must able to explain:

Thank you
general@niosh.com.my
NIOSH MALAYSIA
03 8769 2100 / 8911 3800
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
WhatsApp (Training): https://wa.me/60132224966
WhatsApp (Exam): https://wa.me/60196668599

Topic_8_-_Hazardous_Material_Incident_Decontamination_and_Control_Zone.pdf

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