William Hanna and Joseph Barbera created the Tom and Jerry cartoon shorts between 1940-1958 while working at MGM Cartoons, producing 114 shorts until MGM closed its animation studio. Gene Deitch took over production between 1961-1962 but his shorts were considered unusual and the worst. Chuck Jones then directed from 1963-1967 at his studio Sib Tower 12, producing 34 more episodes and changing the characters' appearances. Hanna and Barbera reunited to produce another 48 episodes from 1975-1977 under Turner Entertainment, adapting the characters to be nonviolent friends following new broadcasting rules.