This document contains notes from anatomy class sessions discussing tissues. It defines the four primary tissue types - epithelium, connective tissue, nervous tissue, and muscle tissue. It provides details on the characteristics, functions, and locations of epithelial tissues, including simple and stratified squamous, simple cuboidal, pseudostratified columnar, and transitional epithelial tissues. The document also distinguishes between endocrine and exocrine glands.
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Tissues_1_ppt.pptx
1. Warm-Up
Which of the above is (are) involved in
maintaining homeostasis?
1. Effector
2. Control
Center
3. Receptor
4. Feedback
5. Lack of
Change
a. 1, 3, 4, 5
b. 1, 2, 3, 4
c. 1, 2, 3, 5
d. 1, 3, 4, 5
2. ANATOMY SEPT 28
SAP 1e: STUDENTS WILL DESCRIBE HOW STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION ARE RELATED IN TERMS OF CELL AND TISSUE
TYPES.
โข WARM UP:
1. What is the relationship between cells, tissues, organs and
organ systems?
โข CLASSWORK: Tissue notes
โข CLOSING: STUDENT LED โPOPCORNโ QUESTIONS FROM
NOTES
4. Tissues: groups of cells that are
similar in structure and
function.
Four Primary Types:
1. Epithelium - covering
2. Connective Tissue - support
3. Nervous Tissue - control
4. Muscle - movement
5. Epithelial Tissue (EPITHELIUM)
โข The lining, covering, and
glandular (forms various
glands of the body) tissue of
the body.
โข Covers all free body surfaces
and contains versatile cells
7. Special Characteristics of Epithelium
โข Fit closely together bound together
by specialized cell junctions to form
continuous sheets(except glandular)
โข Have one free surface or edge (also
called apical surface) smooth or
modified with cilia of microvilli
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. โข Tail-like projections
โข There are two types:
motile and non-motile
โข Motile: used to move cells
throughout certain parts of
the organisms; act as
sweepers in the trachae to
sweep mucus and dirt out
of the lungs
โข Non-motile: found in the
eyes and the nose; used to
trap dirt and other objects;
in the nose they act as
olfactory sensors
โข protrusions that increase
the surface area
โข Main functions are
absorption, secretion,
cellular adhesion,
mechanotransduction
(convert mechanical
stimulus to chemical
activity)
โข Only NON-MOTILE
โข Act in conjunction with
sensory organs of the body
14.
15.
16. ANATOMY SEPT 29
SAP 1e: STUDENTS WILL DESCRIBE HOW STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION ARE RELATED IN TERMS OF CELL AND TISSUE
TYPES.
โข WARM UP:
1. What are the characteristics of epithelial
tissue?
โข CLASSWORK: Tissue notes, cont.; tissue color sheet
โข CLOSING: STUDENT LED โPOPCORNโ QUESTIONS FROM
NOTES
17.
18. Endocrine Exocrine
olose their connection to
the surface (duct)
o often called ductless
glands
o their secretions (all
hormones) diffuse
directly into the blood
vessels that leave through
the glands
o Examples: Thyroid,
๏ง retain their ducts
๏ง Their secretions empty
through the ducts to the
epithelial surface
๏ง Examples: sweat and oil
glands, liver, and
pancreas
19. POPCORN
โข What is the name for a single layer flattened
shape tissue?
โข Simple Squamous
20. POPCORN
โข What is the name for a single layer cube
shaped tissue?
โข Simple Cuboidal
21. POPCORN
โข What is the name for a single layer column
shaped tissue?
โข Simple Columnar
22. POPCORN
โข What is the name for a multi layer flattened
shaped tissue?
โข Stratified Squamous
23. POPCORN
โข Where is simple squamous found in the body?
Why?
โข Air sacs of lungs, capillaries
โข thin, allows for gases to easily pass through
24. POPCORN
โข Where is simple cuboidal found in the body?
Why?
โข Salivary glands and pancreas; walls of kidney
tubules; surface of ovaries
โข Secretions
25. POPCORN
โข Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelial
found in the body? Why?
โข Respiratory tract
โข Cilia propel dust and debris upward away from
lungs
26. POPCORN
โข Where is transitiona epithelial found in the
body? Why?
โข Urinary bladder, urethra
โข Stretches and then returns to normal
27. POPCORN
โข What is the difference between endocrine and
exocrine glands?
โข Endocrine glands secrete directly into blood
stream while exocrine glands use ducts to
carry their secretions somewhere else.
30. ANATOMY SEPT 30
SAP 1e: STUDENTS WILL DESCRIBE HOW STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION ARE RELATED IN TERMS OF CELL AND TISSUE
TYPES.
โข WARM UP:
1. Explain the difference between endocrine and
exocrine glands
2. Differentiate between simple squamous and
stratified squamous
โข CLASSWORK: Tissue Classification Lab-Individual papers
โข CLOSING: Tissue Identification pictures
68. Neurons Supporting Cells
โข Receive or conduct
electrical impulses from
one part of the body to the
other.
โข Major function is irritability
and conductivity
โข Their cytoplasm is drawn
out into long processes, as
much as three feet or more
in the leg, which allows a
single neuron to conduct an
impulse over long distances
in the body.
โข Work along with the
neurons
โข insulate, support, and
protect the delicate
neurons
โข Make up the structures of
the nervous system (brain,
spinal cord, and nerves)
69.
70.
71. Epithelial
Membranes
Connective Tissue
Membranes
โข Also called COVERING
and LINING membranes
โข Name is inaccurate
โข Although they do
contain a sheet of
epithelial tissue, it is
always combined with
an underlying layer of
connective tissue. These
membranes are actually
SIMPLE ORGANS.
โข synovial membranes
โข composed of soft areolar
connective tissue and contain
NO epithelial cells.
โข Line fibrous capsules
surrounding joints, where they
provide a smooth surface and
secrete a lubricating fluid.
โข Also line small sacs of
connective tissue called bursae
and tube like tendon sheaths.
โข Both cushions organs moving
against each other during
muscle activity
Editor's Notes
Outer layer of the skin
Others line cavities
Because epithelium forms the boundaries that separate us from the outside world, nearly all substances that the body gives off or receives mst pass through the epithelium.
The epithelium of the skn protects against bacterial and chemical damage, and the epithelium lining the respiratory tract has cilia, which sweep dust and other debris away from the lungs.
Epithelium specialized to absorb substances lines some digestive system organs such as the stomach and smal intesines, which absorb food nutrients into the body
In the kidneys, epithelium both absorbs and filters
Secretion is a specialty of glands, which produce such substances as perspiration, oil digestive enzymes, and mucus.
Apical: exposed to the bodyโs exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ
Basement membrane: structureless material secreted by both the epithelial cells and connective tissue cells
Simple Squamous Epithelium: fit closely together like floor tiles
Forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion occurs.
Air sacs of lungs (O2 and CO2 are exchanged); forms thin walls of capillaries (nutrients and gases pass between tissue cells and blood in the capillaries)
Also forms serous membranes (serosae) slick membranes that line the ventral body cavity and cover the organs in that cavity.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium โ common in glands and other ducts (salivary glands and pancreas) Also forms the walls of the kidney tubules and covers the surface of the ovaries
Simple Columnar โ lines the entire length of the digestive tract from the stomach to the anus. Epithelial membranes that line body cavities open to the body exterior are called mucosae or mucous membranes. Goblet cells (produce a lubricating mucus, are often seen in this type of epithelium)
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium โ some of the cells are shorter than others; and their nuclei are at different heights above the basement membrane
This epithelium gives the false impression that it is stratified
Functions in absorption and secretion
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium โ lines most of the respiratory tract. The mucus produced by the goblet cells in the epithelium traps dust and debris and the cilia propel the mucus upward and away from the lungs.
Stratified Epithelia โ considerably more durable that the simple epithelia; function in protection; when looking at these tissue types examine the cells at the surface rather than at the base
Stratified Squamous โ most common type
Found in sites that receive a good deal of abuse and friction; esophagus, mouth, outer portion of the skin
Stratified Cuboidal and Columnar- fairly rare in the body
Found mainly in ducts of large glands
Transitional โ highly modified stratified squamous epitheliumthat forms the lining of only a few organs (urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra)
All of these organs are part of the urinary system and are subject to considerable stretching.
Cells at the basal layer are cuboidal or columnar; those at the surface vary in appearance.
โTransitionalโ able to change the shape of the cells when the organs in this system need to stretch and then return to normal (unstretched shape)
The extracellular matrix forms a soft packing tissue around other organs, to bear weight, and to withstand stretching and other abuses.
Adhesion proteins: serve as glue that allows the connective tissue cells to attach themselves to the matrix fibers embedde in the ground substance
Charged polysaccharides- trap water as they intertwine; as these increase, they cause the matrix to vary from fluid to gel-like to firm rock-hard in consistency. Since ground substance has the ability to absord large amounts of water, it serves as a water reservoir for the body.
The building blocks or monomers, of these fibers are made by connective tissue cells secreted into the ground substance in the extracellular space.
Because of its rock like hardness, bone has an exceptional ability to protect and support other body organs.
Hyaline Cartilage: (most abundant) forms support structures in the larynx (voice box) attaches the ribs to the breast bone and covers the ends of many bones (where they form joints). Fetal skeletons are made largely by hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage: forms cushion like disks between the vertebrae of the spinal column
Elastic Cartilage: found where a structure with elasticity is desired
Tendons (muscle to bones) and Ligaments (bones to bones)
Areolar: soft, pliable, โcobwebbyโ tissue that protects the body organs it wraps
Functions as a universal packing tissue and connective tissue โglueโ that helps to hold internal organs together and in their proper position.
Edema: when an area swells or becomes puffy; areolar tissue soaks up the excess fluid like a sponge
Adipose: commonly called fat
Functions in insulation, protection, stored energy
Reticulr Tissue: network of interwoven reticular fibers
Kimited to certain sites: it forms the stroma (bed) or internal framework which can support many free blood cells in the lymphatic system (spleen bone marrow)
