The document summarizes key concepts related to time value of money including:
1) Money today is worth more than money in the future due to factors like interest rates and inflation.
2) Compound interest means interest is earned on both the principal amount and any previous interest earned.
3) Present value calculations determine the current worth of future cash flows while future value calculates the future worth of present cash flows.
4) Annuities represent a stream of regular payments and their present and future values can be calculated using standard formulas.
The time value of money means that the value of money is higher at one point in time than another. Interest rates represent the exchange value between current and future money values and account for risk and inflation. Compounding interest calculates future value by adding interest to the principal over time, while simple interest only applies interest to the original amount. Discounting determines the present value of future money by accounting for the cost of waiting to receive payment later.
This document discusses the time value of money concept. It defines TVM as the idea that money available now is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its potential to earn interest. TVM is important for financial management as it allows comparison of investment alternatives and solving problems involving loans and savings. The document provides examples of how TVM is used to evaluate capital projects using methods like net present value and internal rate of return. It also explains techniques for calculating future and present value to adjust for the time value of money.
3 time value_of_money_slides - Basic Financenakomuri
The document discusses the time value of money, which is the basic principle that a dollar received today is worth more than a dollar received in the future due to opportunity costs. It defines key terms like compound interest, future value, present value, and annuities. The five learning objectives are to define the time value of money, understand its significance, learn how to calculate future and present values of cash flows, understand compounding and discounting, and work with annuities and perpetuities.
This document discusses concepts related to the time value of money, including present and future value calculations. It covers key topics like compound interest, discounting cash flows, loan amortization schedules, and the internal rate of return. Examples are provided to illustrate how to use formulas to calculate future values, present values, loan payments, and identify the internal rate of return for an investment project. The goal is to understand how to adjust cash flows for differences in timing and risk.
The document discusses the time value of money and how to calculate present and future value of cash flows. It explains that $10,000 received today is worth more than the same amount received in the future due to interest earnings. It provides examples of calculating future and present value over different time periods using a 4.5% interest rate. The key idea is that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow because of investment growth opportunities.
This document discusses the time value of money concept which is fundamental to actuarial science. It covers key topics like time preference, productivity of capital, and how uncertainty affects interest rates. Actuaries use time value of money to calculate present values which form the building blocks of actuarial models. They also apply this concept in insurance, which involves long term investment contracts, and other areas of finance. The next activity is to prepare a synopsis of a case study report on group life insurance to submit at the next Board of Directors meeting.
This document provides information about a webinar on the time value of money presented by Barbara O'Neill. The webinar objectives are to discuss basic time value of money concepts, apply them to real-life financial planning decisions, and demonstrate calculations. The webinar covers key concepts like compound interest, inflation, and calculators. It provides examples of future value, present value, and annuity calculations. Participants work through problems and discuss steps people can take to maximize savings and purchasing power over time.
The document summarizes key concepts related to time value of money including:
1) Money today is worth more than money in the future due to factors like interest rates and inflation.
2) Compound interest means interest is earned on both the principal amount and any previous interest earned.
3) Present value calculations determine the current worth of future cash flows while future value calculates the future worth of present cash flows.
4) Annuities represent a stream of regular payments and their present and future values can be calculated using standard formulas.
The time value of money means that the value of money is higher at one point in time than another. Interest rates represent the exchange value between current and future money values and account for risk and inflation. Compounding interest calculates future value by adding interest to the principal over time, while simple interest only applies interest to the original amount. Discounting determines the present value of future money by accounting for the cost of waiting to receive payment later.
This document discusses the time value of money concept. It defines TVM as the idea that money available now is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its potential to earn interest. TVM is important for financial management as it allows comparison of investment alternatives and solving problems involving loans and savings. The document provides examples of how TVM is used to evaluate capital projects using methods like net present value and internal rate of return. It also explains techniques for calculating future and present value to adjust for the time value of money.
3 time value_of_money_slides - Basic Financenakomuri
The document discusses the time value of money, which is the basic principle that a dollar received today is worth more than a dollar received in the future due to opportunity costs. It defines key terms like compound interest, future value, present value, and annuities. The five learning objectives are to define the time value of money, understand its significance, learn how to calculate future and present values of cash flows, understand compounding and discounting, and work with annuities and perpetuities.
This document discusses concepts related to the time value of money, including present and future value calculations. It covers key topics like compound interest, discounting cash flows, loan amortization schedules, and the internal rate of return. Examples are provided to illustrate how to use formulas to calculate future values, present values, loan payments, and identify the internal rate of return for an investment project. The goal is to understand how to adjust cash flows for differences in timing and risk.
The document discusses the time value of money and how to calculate present and future value of cash flows. It explains that $10,000 received today is worth more than the same amount received in the future due to interest earnings. It provides examples of calculating future and present value over different time periods using a 4.5% interest rate. The key idea is that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow because of investment growth opportunities.
This document discusses the time value of money concept which is fundamental to actuarial science. It covers key topics like time preference, productivity of capital, and how uncertainty affects interest rates. Actuaries use time value of money to calculate present values which form the building blocks of actuarial models. They also apply this concept in insurance, which involves long term investment contracts, and other areas of finance. The next activity is to prepare a synopsis of a case study report on group life insurance to submit at the next Board of Directors meeting.
This document provides information about a webinar on the time value of money presented by Barbara O'Neill. The webinar objectives are to discuss basic time value of money concepts, apply them to real-life financial planning decisions, and demonstrate calculations. The webinar covers key concepts like compound interest, inflation, and calculators. It provides examples of future value, present value, and annuity calculations. Participants work through problems and discuss steps people can take to maximize savings and purchasing power over time.
This PPT is made to give basic idea of time value of money, this will explain the simple interest and compound interest also the cash flows through compounding and discounting methods. In the second part of PPT we will take some practical problems and solutions.
The document discusses the concept of time value of money. It states that money received today is worth more than the same amount received in the future, for a few key reasons: inflation decreases purchasing power over time, interest can be earned on money received today, and human preferences favor immediate consumption over future consumption. It provides formulas for calculating future and present value using compound interest, and defines net present value as the difference between the present value of all cash inflows and outflows of an investment project.
TVM, Future Value Interest Factor (FVIF), Present Value Interest Factor (PVIF), present value interest factor of an annuity (PVIFA)
Using estimated rates of return, you can compare the value of the annuity payments to the lump sum.
The present value interest factor may only be calculated if the annuity payments are for a predetermined amount spanning a predetermined range of time.
Time Value of Money Formula
FV = PV x [ 1 + (i / n) ] (n x t)
Formula for Future Value Interest factor:
FVIF = (1+r)n
Formula for PVIF
PVIF = 1 / (1 + r)n
This document discusses the time value of money and factors that affect it. It defines key concepts like present value, future value, annuities, and formulas for calculating them. Specifically:
- The time value of money means that a sum of money received in the future is less valuable than receiving it today, because it can be invested and earn interest.
- Present value is the amount needed today to be worth a future sum, while future value is what a sum will grow to over time with compound interest.
- Annuities represent a series of equal payments over time, and formulas are given to calculate their future and present values.
- Three main factors that affect time value are time (the
The document discusses the concept of time value of money, which is the principle that money received today is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its potential to earn interest. It defines key terms like present value and future value and provides formulas to calculate them. An example calculation demonstrates that receiving $10,000 today is preferable to receiving the same amount in 3 years, since the present value of $10,000 in 3 years at a 10% interest rate is $7,513.10. Understanding time value of money is important for financial decision making regarding investments, loans, savings, and more.
The document discusses the time value of money concept. It states that time value of money is the principle that money received today has greater value than the same amount in the future due to factors like risk, preference for present consumption, and investment opportunities. It also discusses discounting and compounding techniques used to adjust cash flows for time value of money such as calculating the present and future values of single cash flows, annuities, perpetuities, and uneven cash flows using discounting and compounding formulas.
This document discusses the time value of money concept. It defines key terms like present value, future value, interest rates, and annuities. It provides formulas to calculate future value, present value, and annuities. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating simple and compound interest, present and future value of cash flows over single and multiple periods, and ordinary and due annuities. The document also covers topics like finding interest rates, time periods, and loan amortization.
The document summarizes key concepts about the time value of money including:
- Compound interest formulas to calculate future and present value over time.
- The parable of the talents discusses how servants invested their master's money and earned returns, teaching the lesson of investing money for growth.
- Examples are provided to illustrate compound vs simple interest calculations and applications to mortgages, loans, and retirement savings.
- Formulas are defined for simple interest, compounding, discounting, annuities, perpetuities and varying compound periods.
The document discusses the time value of money concept. It explains that money has a higher value today than in the future due to its ability to earn interest over time. There are two main techniques used to evaluate the time value of money: 1) compounding, which calculates the future value of an investment, and 2) discounting, which determines the present value of a future amount. An example is provided to illustrate compounding, showing how interest compounds annually on a Rs. 1,000 investment over three years. A second example demonstrates how to use discounting to calculate that the present value of Rs. 1,060 to be received one year in the future, with a 6% interest rate, is Rs. 1,000
The document discusses the time value of money concept. It defines time value of money as the principle that a dollar received today is worth more than a dollar received tomorrow due to interest earnings. It then provides examples of simple and compound interest calculations to illustrate the difference. Finally, it outlines the key formulas used in present value, future value, and annuity calculations including variables like present value, future value, interest rate, and time periods.
This document provides an overview of time value of money concepts, including definitions, formulas, and types of calculations. It covers key topics such as classification of TVM, TVM formulas, future and present value, annuities, cash flow diagrams, benefits of TVM knowledge, and identifying TVM problems. The document is intended as an educational reference on time value of money principles and their applications in financial analysis.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to time value of money including:
- Defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans and how benefits are calculated under each.
- Common retirement account types like 401(k) plans which allow tax-deferred contributions and earnings.
- The core concept that money has a time value because it can be invested and earn returns over time.
- Key time value of money calculations like present value, future value, and determining interest rates or time periods for investments to double in value.
- The differences between simple and compound interest and how compound interest leads to exponential growth.
- How annuities represent a stream of regular cash flows and the calculations
This document provides an overview of key concepts for calculating present and future values, including:
1) How to calculate present and future values of single cash flows using discount factors and compound interest formulas.
2) How to calculate present value for a stream of multiple cash flows by summing the discounted cash flows.
3) Examples are provided to illustrate calculating present value for investments, loans, perpetuities, annuities, and growing cash flows.
4) Shortcuts for calculating perpetuities and annuities are explained.
5) The differences between nominal interest rates, effective interest rates, and how interest is quoted are defined.
6) Useful spreadsheet functions for present value calculations are listed.
The document discusses the time value of money concepts. It defines key terms like present value, future value, interest rate, and timelines. It provides examples of calculating future value through compounding and present value through discounting. It also discusses annuities as a series of equal periodic cash flows and how to calculate the present and future value of annuities using the principle of value additivity.
The document discusses the time value of money concept. It states that time value of money refers to money received today being more valuable than the same amount received in the future. It also underpins the concept of interest. The document then provides techniques for adjusting cash flows for time value of money using discounting and compounding. It explains discounting as calculating the present value and compounding as calculating the future value of cash flows. Specific formulas and examples are given for single cash flows, annuities, and perpetuities under both discounting and compounding.
This document discusses the time value of money concept. It explains that money available now is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its potential to earn interest. It identifies reasons for the time value of money like risk, inflation, investment opportunities. It discusses the importance of TVM in investment and capital budgeting decisions. It also explains techniques to calculate future and present value of money like compounding and discounting.
The document discusses time value of money concepts including future value, present value, and compounding and discounting techniques. It provides examples of calculating future value using the equation approach (FV=PV(1+i)n) and tabular approach (FV=PV(FVIFi,n)) for annual, semi-annual, quarterly, monthly, and continuous compounding. It also gives an example problem calculating the future value of Tk. 1,000 invested for 3 and 10 years at various interest rates ranging from 10-100% compounded annually, semi-annually, quarterly, monthly, and continuously.
This document discusses the time value of money (TVM), which refers to how the value of money changes over time based on factors like inflation and interest rates. TVM can be calculated using formulas, tables, spreadsheets or financial calculators. It has many applications in business and finance, such as capital budgeting, bond valuation, loan payments, and retirement planning. TVM involves determining the present or future value of cash flows given inputs like the rate of return, time period, and frequency or timing of payments.
* A (periodic cash flow) = Rs. 270
* i (interest rate) = 12% = 0.12
* Using the formula: PVperpetuity = A/i
* PVperpetuity = Rs. 270/0.12 = Rs. 2,250
Therefore, the present value of the perpetuity is Rs. 2,250.
This document discusses the concepts of time value of money including future value and present value of single amounts and annuities. It provides formulas and examples to calculate future value, present value, and annuities. It also discusses topics like compound interest, rule of 72, sinking funds, and using capital recovery factor to calculate loan installments. Practice questions at the end test the reader's understanding of concepts like calculating future value of savings over 15 years and determining annual savings needed to accumulate a target amount over 10 years.
This PPT is made to give basic idea of time value of money, this will explain the simple interest and compound interest also the cash flows through compounding and discounting methods. In the second part of PPT we will take some practical problems and solutions.
The document discusses the concept of time value of money. It states that money received today is worth more than the same amount received in the future, for a few key reasons: inflation decreases purchasing power over time, interest can be earned on money received today, and human preferences favor immediate consumption over future consumption. It provides formulas for calculating future and present value using compound interest, and defines net present value as the difference between the present value of all cash inflows and outflows of an investment project.
TVM, Future Value Interest Factor (FVIF), Present Value Interest Factor (PVIF), present value interest factor of an annuity (PVIFA)
Using estimated rates of return, you can compare the value of the annuity payments to the lump sum.
The present value interest factor may only be calculated if the annuity payments are for a predetermined amount spanning a predetermined range of time.
Time Value of Money Formula
FV = PV x [ 1 + (i / n) ] (n x t)
Formula for Future Value Interest factor:
FVIF = (1+r)n
Formula for PVIF
PVIF = 1 / (1 + r)n
This document discusses the time value of money and factors that affect it. It defines key concepts like present value, future value, annuities, and formulas for calculating them. Specifically:
- The time value of money means that a sum of money received in the future is less valuable than receiving it today, because it can be invested and earn interest.
- Present value is the amount needed today to be worth a future sum, while future value is what a sum will grow to over time with compound interest.
- Annuities represent a series of equal payments over time, and formulas are given to calculate their future and present values.
- Three main factors that affect time value are time (the
The document discusses the concept of time value of money, which is the principle that money received today is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its potential to earn interest. It defines key terms like present value and future value and provides formulas to calculate them. An example calculation demonstrates that receiving $10,000 today is preferable to receiving the same amount in 3 years, since the present value of $10,000 in 3 years at a 10% interest rate is $7,513.10. Understanding time value of money is important for financial decision making regarding investments, loans, savings, and more.
The document discusses the time value of money concept. It states that time value of money is the principle that money received today has greater value than the same amount in the future due to factors like risk, preference for present consumption, and investment opportunities. It also discusses discounting and compounding techniques used to adjust cash flows for time value of money such as calculating the present and future values of single cash flows, annuities, perpetuities, and uneven cash flows using discounting and compounding formulas.
This document discusses the time value of money concept. It defines key terms like present value, future value, interest rates, and annuities. It provides formulas to calculate future value, present value, and annuities. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating simple and compound interest, present and future value of cash flows over single and multiple periods, and ordinary and due annuities. The document also covers topics like finding interest rates, time periods, and loan amortization.
The document summarizes key concepts about the time value of money including:
- Compound interest formulas to calculate future and present value over time.
- The parable of the talents discusses how servants invested their master's money and earned returns, teaching the lesson of investing money for growth.
- Examples are provided to illustrate compound vs simple interest calculations and applications to mortgages, loans, and retirement savings.
- Formulas are defined for simple interest, compounding, discounting, annuities, perpetuities and varying compound periods.
The document discusses the time value of money concept. It explains that money has a higher value today than in the future due to its ability to earn interest over time. There are two main techniques used to evaluate the time value of money: 1) compounding, which calculates the future value of an investment, and 2) discounting, which determines the present value of a future amount. An example is provided to illustrate compounding, showing how interest compounds annually on a Rs. 1,000 investment over three years. A second example demonstrates how to use discounting to calculate that the present value of Rs. 1,060 to be received one year in the future, with a 6% interest rate, is Rs. 1,000
The document discusses the time value of money concept. It defines time value of money as the principle that a dollar received today is worth more than a dollar received tomorrow due to interest earnings. It then provides examples of simple and compound interest calculations to illustrate the difference. Finally, it outlines the key formulas used in present value, future value, and annuity calculations including variables like present value, future value, interest rate, and time periods.
This document provides an overview of time value of money concepts, including definitions, formulas, and types of calculations. It covers key topics such as classification of TVM, TVM formulas, future and present value, annuities, cash flow diagrams, benefits of TVM knowledge, and identifying TVM problems. The document is intended as an educational reference on time value of money principles and their applications in financial analysis.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to time value of money including:
- Defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans and how benefits are calculated under each.
- Common retirement account types like 401(k) plans which allow tax-deferred contributions and earnings.
- The core concept that money has a time value because it can be invested and earn returns over time.
- Key time value of money calculations like present value, future value, and determining interest rates or time periods for investments to double in value.
- The differences between simple and compound interest and how compound interest leads to exponential growth.
- How annuities represent a stream of regular cash flows and the calculations
This document provides an overview of key concepts for calculating present and future values, including:
1) How to calculate present and future values of single cash flows using discount factors and compound interest formulas.
2) How to calculate present value for a stream of multiple cash flows by summing the discounted cash flows.
3) Examples are provided to illustrate calculating present value for investments, loans, perpetuities, annuities, and growing cash flows.
4) Shortcuts for calculating perpetuities and annuities are explained.
5) The differences between nominal interest rates, effective interest rates, and how interest is quoted are defined.
6) Useful spreadsheet functions for present value calculations are listed.
The document discusses the time value of money concepts. It defines key terms like present value, future value, interest rate, and timelines. It provides examples of calculating future value through compounding and present value through discounting. It also discusses annuities as a series of equal periodic cash flows and how to calculate the present and future value of annuities using the principle of value additivity.
The document discusses the time value of money concept. It states that time value of money refers to money received today being more valuable than the same amount received in the future. It also underpins the concept of interest. The document then provides techniques for adjusting cash flows for time value of money using discounting and compounding. It explains discounting as calculating the present value and compounding as calculating the future value of cash flows. Specific formulas and examples are given for single cash flows, annuities, and perpetuities under both discounting and compounding.
This document discusses the time value of money concept. It explains that money available now is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its potential to earn interest. It identifies reasons for the time value of money like risk, inflation, investment opportunities. It discusses the importance of TVM in investment and capital budgeting decisions. It also explains techniques to calculate future and present value of money like compounding and discounting.
The document discusses time value of money concepts including future value, present value, and compounding and discounting techniques. It provides examples of calculating future value using the equation approach (FV=PV(1+i)n) and tabular approach (FV=PV(FVIFi,n)) for annual, semi-annual, quarterly, monthly, and continuous compounding. It also gives an example problem calculating the future value of Tk. 1,000 invested for 3 and 10 years at various interest rates ranging from 10-100% compounded annually, semi-annually, quarterly, monthly, and continuously.
This document discusses the time value of money (TVM), which refers to how the value of money changes over time based on factors like inflation and interest rates. TVM can be calculated using formulas, tables, spreadsheets or financial calculators. It has many applications in business and finance, such as capital budgeting, bond valuation, loan payments, and retirement planning. TVM involves determining the present or future value of cash flows given inputs like the rate of return, time period, and frequency or timing of payments.
* A (periodic cash flow) = Rs. 270
* i (interest rate) = 12% = 0.12
* Using the formula: PVperpetuity = A/i
* PVperpetuity = Rs. 270/0.12 = Rs. 2,250
Therefore, the present value of the perpetuity is Rs. 2,250.
This document discusses the concepts of time value of money including future value and present value of single amounts and annuities. It provides formulas and examples to calculate future value, present value, and annuities. It also discusses topics like compound interest, rule of 72, sinking funds, and using capital recovery factor to calculate loan installments. Practice questions at the end test the reader's understanding of concepts like calculating future value of savings over 15 years and determining annual savings needed to accumulate a target amount over 10 years.
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; UNIT 2: TIME VALUE OF MONEY; UNIT 3: FINANCING & DIVIDEND DECISIONS; UNIT 4: INVESTMENT DECISION;UNIT 5: WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
The key difference between an ordinary annuity and an annuity due is the timing of the payments:
- For an ordinary annuity, payments are made at the end of each period. So for a 3-year ordinary annuity, there would be 3 payments made at the end of years 1, 2, and 3.
- For an annuity due, payments are made at the beginning of each period. So for a 3-year annuity due, there would be 3 payments made at the beginning of years 1, 2, and 3.
So in summary:
Ordinary annuity - payments occur at the end of each period
Annuity due – payments are made at the beginning of each period
This document discusses the concept of time value of money, which means that a unit of money received today is worth more than the same amount received in the future. It explains the techniques of compounding and discounting, which allow converting cash flows received or paid at different points in time to a common point for comparison. Compounding calculates the future value of an amount invested now, growing at a specified interest rate over time. Discounting calculates the present value of a future cash flow. The document provides examples of using compounding and discounting formulas to solve time value of money problems involving single and multiple cash flows over time.
1. The document discusses the time value of money concept, which states that money available at the present has more value than the same amount in the future due to interest, inflation, and individuals' preference for current consumption.
2. It explains tools like compounding and discounting that are used to calculate future and present values when comparing cash flows that occur at different points in time.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating future and present values of lump sums, annuities, and cash flow streams using time value of money formulas.
Financial planning is the process of advising investors on managing their finances and investments to achieve financial goals. It involves determining key details like income, dependents, risk tolerance, and time horizon. Savings are then allocated across investment options that vary in risk and return, from safe options like bank deposits to higher-risk equity. While equities carry more risk in the short term, long-term data shows they have outperformed other asset classes over periods of 20 years or more due to the power of compounding returns. Successful long-term investing requires maintaining a long-term perspective, understanding short-term volatility, and resisting fear and greed.
This document outlines key concepts related to time value of money including: future value and present value calculations using formulas that take into account interest rate, time period, and frequency of compounding. It provides examples of how to determine future or present value of single and multiple cash flows, as well as annuities and perpetuities. Key terms defined include time value, compounding, discounting, and effective annual rate.
This document outlines key concepts related to time value of money including: future value and present value calculations using formulas that take into account interest rate, time period, and frequency of compounding. It provides examples of how to determine future or present value of single and multiple cash flows, as well as annuities and perpetuities. Key terms defined include time value, compounding, discounting, and effective annual rate.
Capital Budgeting And Investment Decisions In Financial Management 11 Nov.Dr. Trilok Kumar Jain
The document discusses capital budgeting and investment decisions. It provides examples of calculating net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), payback period, and modified internal rate of return (MIRR) for projects. It also discusses types of capital budgeting decisions, criteria for evaluation, and traditional vs discounted cash flow methods.
This document discusses the time value of money and how to calculate present and future values. It defines the time value of money as the principle that a unit of currency is worth more at one point in time than another due to factors like uncertainty, inflation, and investment opportunities. The key techniques covered are compounding, which calculates future value, and discounting, which calculates present value. Formulas are provided to calculate the future and present values of single amounts, annuities, and cash flows using interest rates and interest factor tables.
The document discusses various concepts related to personal finance planning including the importance of financial planning, steps in the financial planning process, and tools for financial planning like SMART goals, savings and investment, time value of money, present value, and future value. It provides examples and activities to explain these concepts in a clear and easy to understand manner.
A introdu ction to financial management topic time value of moneyVishalMotwani15
- Time value of money refers to the concept that money available at present has more value than the same amount in the future due to its potential to earn interest.
- There are two types of interest - simple interest calculated on principal only and compound interest calculated on principal and previously earned interest.
- Present value discounts future cash flows to express them in terms of current purchasing power, while future value expresses a present amount in terms of its worth at a future date.
- Annuities refer to a fixed regular payment or series of payments and their present and future values can be calculated using special formulas and tables.
- Present value is the current worth of a future sum of money or stream of cash flows given a specified rate of return.
- Discounting is the process of determining the present value of future cash flows.
- The document provides examples of using formulas to calculate future and present values under different interest rates and time periods, demonstrating the impact of compounding.
Capital budgeting is the process of evaluating investments and major expenses to obtain the best returns. It allows organizations to choose between projects when funds are limited. Key techniques include net present value (NPV), profitability index (PI), internal rate of return (IRR), and payback period. NPV discounts future cash flows to determine if a project is profitable. PI calculates the ratio of present value of benefits to initial investment. IRR finds the interest rate that makes NPV equal to zero. Payback period is the time needed to recover the initial costs of a project. Capital budgeting helps organizations select projects that maximize returns and profits over the long run.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to the time value of money, including calculating the future and present value of annuities. It defines annuities as equal annual cash flows and provides formulas and examples for determining the future value and present value of annuities using interest tables. It also introduces the concepts of sinking fund factor and capital recovery factor for calculating present and future values.
The document discusses the time value of money and various time value of money concepts. It begins by outlining key concepts like future value, present value, compounding and discounting. It then provides examples and formulas for calculating future and present value of single amounts and annuities. These include factors like interest rate, compounding periods, time horizon. The document also discusses related concepts like loan amortization, effective interest rates and annual percentage yield.
Basics of financial management & time value of moneyYagna Vyas
1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in financial management including time value of money, sources of finance, investment decisions, and objectives of financial management.
2. It discusses concepts such as simple and compound interest, present and future value, and cash flows. Formulas and examples are provided for compound interest, annuities, and present value.
3. The objectives of financial management are discussed as profit maximization and wealth maximization, with wealth maximization preferred as it considers factors like risk and time value of money.
This document discusses key concepts in business mathematics including time value of money, future value, and present value. It provides formulas to calculate future value and present value for single amounts as well as annuities. For future value, it explains the difference between simple and compound interest. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the formulas to calculate future and present value in different scenarios.
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
How to Invest in Cryptocurrency for Beginners: A Complete GuideDaniel
Cryptocurrency is digital money that operates independently of a central authority, utilizing cryptography for security. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments (fiat currencies), cryptocurrencies are decentralized and typically operate on a technology called blockchain. Each cryptocurrency transaction is recorded on a public ledger, ensuring transparency and security.
Cryptocurrencies can be used for various purposes, including online purchases, investment opportunities, and as a means of transferring value globally without the need for intermediaries like banks.
Madhya Pradesh, the "Heart of India," boasts a rich tapestry of culture and heritage, from ancient dynasties to modern developments. Explore its land records, historical landmarks, and vibrant traditions. From agricultural expanses to urban growth, Madhya Pradesh offers a unique blend of the ancient and modern.
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
13 Jun 24 ILC Retirement Income Summit - slides.pptxILC- UK
ILC's Retirement Income Summit was hosted by M&G and supported by Canada Life. The event brought together key policymakers, influencers and experts to help identify policy priorities for the next Government and ensure more of us have access to a decent income in retirement.
Contributors included:
Jo Blanden, Professor in Economics, University of Surrey
Clive Bolton, CEO, Life Insurance M&G Plc
Jim Boyd, CEO, Equity Release Council
Molly Broome, Economist, Resolution Foundation
Nida Broughton, Co-Director of Economic Policy, Behavioural Insights Team
Jonathan Cribb, Associate Director and Head of Retirement, Savings, and Ageing, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Joanna Elson CBE, Chief Executive Officer, Independent Age
Tom Evans, Managing Director of Retirement, Canada Life
Steve Groves, Chair, Key Retirement Group
Tish Hanifan, Founder and Joint Chair of the Society of Later life Advisers
Sue Lewis, ILC Trustee
Siobhan Lough, Senior Consultant, Hymans Robertson
Mick McAteer, Co-Director, The Financial Inclusion Centre
Stuart McDonald MBE, Head of Longevity and Democratic Insights, LCP
Anusha Mittal, Managing Director, Individual Life and Pensions, M&G Life
Shelley Morris, Senior Project Manager, Living Pension, Living Wage Foundation
Sarah O'Grady, Journalist
Will Sherlock, Head of External Relations, M&G Plc
Daniela Silcock, Head of Policy Research, Pensions Policy Institute
David Sinclair, Chief Executive, ILC
Jordi Skilbeck, Senior Policy Advisor, Pensions and Lifetime Savings Association
Rt Hon Sir Stephen Timms, former Chair, Work & Pensions Committee
Nigel Waterson, ILC Trustee
Jackie Wells, Strategy and Policy Consultant, ILC Strategic Advisory Board
Optimizing Net Interest Margin (NIM) in the Financial Sector (With Examples).pdfshruti1menon2
NIM is calculated as the difference between interest income earned and interest expenses paid, divided by interest-earning assets.
Importance: NIM serves as a critical measure of a financial institution's profitability and operational efficiency. It reflects how effectively the institution is utilizing its interest-earning assets to generate income while managing interest costs.
Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio ProblemMajid Iqbal
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
Dr. Alyce Su Cover Story - China's Investment Leadermsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
The Rise and Fall of Ponzi Schemes in America.pptxDiana Rose
Ponzi schemes, a notorious form of financial fraud, have plagued America’s investment landscape for decades. Named after Charles Ponzi, who orchestrated one of the most infamous schemes in the early 20th century, these fraudulent operations promise high returns with little or no risk, only to collapse and leave investors with significant losses. This article explores the nature of Ponzi schemes, notable cases in American history, their impact on victims, and measures to prevent falling prey to such scams.
Understanding Ponzi Schemes
A Ponzi scheme is an investment scam where returns are paid to earlier investors using the capital from newer investors, rather than from legitimate profit earned. The scheme relies on a constant influx of new investments to continue paying the promised returns. Eventually, when the flow of new money slows down or stops, the scheme collapses, leaving the majority of investors with substantial financial losses.
Historical Context: Charles Ponzi and His Legacy
Charles Ponzi is the namesake of this deceptive practice. In the 1920s, Ponzi promised investors in Boston a 50% return within 45 days or 100% return in 90 days through arbitrage of international reply coupons. Initially, he paid returns as promised, not from profits, but from the investments of new participants. When his scheme unraveled, it resulted in losses exceeding $20 million (equivalent to about $270 million today).
Notable American Ponzi Schemes
1. Bernie Madoff: Perhaps the most notorious Ponzi scheme in recent history, Bernie Madoff’s fraud involved $65 billion. Madoff, a well-respected figure in the financial industry, promised steady, high returns through a secretive investment strategy. His scheme lasted for decades before collapsing in 2008, devastating thousands of investors, including individuals, charities, and institutional clients.
2. Allen Stanford: Through his company, Stanford Financial Group, Allen Stanford orchestrated a $7 billion Ponzi scheme, luring investors with fraudulent certificates of deposit issued by his offshore bank. Stanford promised high returns and lavish lifestyle benefits to his investors, which ultimately led to a 110-year prison sentence for the financier in 2012.
3. Tom Petters: In a scheme that lasted more than a decade, Tom Petters ran a $3.65 billion Ponzi scheme, using his company, Petters Group Worldwide. He claimed to buy and sell consumer electronics, but in reality, he used new investments to pay off old debts and fund his extravagant lifestyle. Petters was convicted in 2009 and sentenced to 50 years in prison.
4. Eric Dalius and Saivian: Eric Dalius, a prominent figure behind Saivian, a cashback program promising high returns, is under scrutiny for allegedly orchestrating a Ponzi scheme. Saivian enticed investors with promises of up to 20% cash back on everyday purchases. However, investigations suggest that the returns were paid using new investments rather than legitimate profits. The collapse of Saivian l
3. 1. Inflation
2. Future Value (Compounding Technique)
3. Present Value (Discounting Technique)
4. Mutual Fund
5. Sites for Financial know ledges & Planning
OUR DISCUSSION
4. 1. What will be the value of Rs. 1000 after 20
Years.
2. What would had the value of Rs.1000 before 20
Years.
3. If you need Rs. 100000 every year for 10 years,
what amount you should have deposited in your
account, today?
4. If you deposit Rs. 100000 every year for 10
years, what will be the total value of money at the
last?
5.
6. 1. Basic Rule of Financial Management
2. To planning & achieve the Financial Goal
3. To reduce the Financial Risk
4. In valuation of property, securities, companies
etc.
5. To know the value of money in different period
horizon.
IMPORTANT OF TIME VALUE OF MONEY
7. TIME VALUE OF MONEY
-Rs. 1 of today is more valuable than the Rs. 1
of tomorrow.
- Time is Money.
-
8. 1. Rates of return or Inflation
2. Future Value (Compounding Technique)
3. Present Value (Discounting Technique)
OUR DISCUSSION
9. INFLATION OR RATE
- Inflation is the increasing in the general price level in
the economy or of the products for the long period of
time.
- Decreasing in the value of money or increase in
quantity of money.
10. 1. What will be the value of Rs. 1000 after 15
Years.
- It is a technique of calculating Future Value
from Present Value
Future Value (Compounding Technique)
FV = PV (1 + R)^n
Where,
FV = Future Value
PV = Present Value
R = Inflation or Rate of return
N = No. of Period
11. 2. What would had the value of Rs.1000 before 20
Years.
- It is a technique of calculating Present Value
from Future Value
Present Value (Discounting Technique)
PV = FV/(1+R)^n
Where,
PV = Present Value
FV = Future Value
R = Inflation rate or Rate of return
N = No. of period
12. 3. If you need Rs. 100000 every year for 10 years, what amount you
should have deposited in your account today?
PRESENT VALU OF ANNUTY
- Determines the present values of numbers of serious of future
periodic payment.
PV = CF1/(1+r)^1 + CF2/(1+r)^2 + CF3/(1+r)^3 + …..CFn/(1+r)n
Where,
CF = Cash Flow
R = Rate of return
- What is the present value of your future annuity cash flow?
13. FUTURE VALU OF ANNUTY
-- Determines the future values of numbers of serious of periodic payment.
- What is the future value of present annuity cash flow.
4. If you deposit Rs. 100000 every year for 10 years, what will be the total
value of money at the last?
FV = CF1(1+r)^n + CF2(1+r)^2 + … CFn(1+r)^n
Where,
CF = Cash Flow
R = Rate of return